the cognitive information processing (cip) approach to career development and services
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cognitive Information Processing
(CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services
![Page 2: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) was developed around 1971 by
Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, and Lenz at the University of Florida.
![Page 3: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Who are these people?
![Page 4: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dr Gary W. PetersonProfessor Emeritus.
Biologist turned licensed psychologist and counsellor.
Chief interests: career problem solving and decision making, personality measurement and assessment, and career assessment.
![Page 5: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dr Robert ReardonProfessor Emeritus.
Social Studies graduate turned to counselling and guidance.
Chief interests: educational psychology and learning systems
![Page 6: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dr James P. SampsonProfessor of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems.
Psychologist turned career counsellor
Chief interests: standards of practice and ethical codes related to the design and use of computer applications in counselling.
![Page 7: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dr Janet Gale LenzProgram Director for Instruction, Research, & Evaluation
Sociologist turned career development expert.
Chief interests: counselling & human systems, with an emphasis on training career counsellors.
![Page 8: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
At the heart of this theory is the idea that computers mimic the way we
process information.
![Page 9: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The sound byte:
Career decision making is like a recipe: there are several ingredients that are put together in
order to get an end product.
![Page 10: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cognitive Information Processing Theory posits that we solve career problems and make
decisions by taking into account two things:
• CONTENT. This includes self-knowledge, occupational knowledge, decision-making skills, and metacognitions (thinking!).
• PROCESS. Working through the CASVE cycle: communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution.
![Page 11: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Content can be summarised as a pyramid.
Guide to Career Decision Making/Choosing a Major, Occupation or Job
Clients choose where to start.
![Page 12: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Process can be summarised by this flow diagram
Model Decision Making Process
![Page 13: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CIP theory is comparable to cognitive therapy as issues/challenges are said to arise from
dysfunctional thinking.
CIP counsellors rectify faulty behaviour and emotions by cognitive restructuring.
![Page 14: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
In short: CIP approach uses self-knowledge, options
knowledge, communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, execution, and executive processing as well as the assumptions, attitudes, behaviours, beliefs, feelings, plans, and/or strategies related to career problem solving and decision making and puts them all together when providing career counselling services.
![Page 15: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
There are 7 key elements to the Cognitive Information Processing Approach
![Page 16: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
#1 Screen Individuals for Career Decision Making Readiness Before Delivering
Services
Career decision problem making comes in different guises, including issues with:
• Vocational maturity (Super, 1974; Crites, 1996) • Career adaptability (Super, 1983; Savickas, 1994) • Vocational identity (Holland, 1997)• Career beliefs (Krumboltz, 1983) • Dysfunctional career thinking (Sampson et al., 1998;
Peterson, et al., 2002).
![Page 17: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
If the client’s needs aren’t properly identified, correct support can’t be
offered.
In order to identify the client’s needs:• Conduct an interview• Use the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI)
(Sampson et al., 1996a)
This results in an individual learning plan (ILP), carefully tailored to the client’s needs
![Page 18: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
About The Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI)
• Developed to measure dysfunctional career thoughts
• Has 48 CTI items that may be completed in 7 to 15 minutes
• Is scored in 5 to 8 minutes
• Comes with an accompanying workbook, Improving Your Career Thoughts: A Workbook for the Career Thoughts Inventory
![Page 19: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Career Thoughts Inventory construct scores include:
• Decision-Making Confusion (DMC) issues with the decision making process as a result of disabling emotions and/or a lack of understanding about the process itself.
• The Commitment Anxiety (CA) scale reflects the inability to make a commitment to a specific career choice, accompanied by generalized anxiety about the outcome of the decision making process. This anxiety perpetuates indecision.
• The External Conflict (EC) scale reflects the inability to balance the importance of one's own self-perceptions with the importance of input from significant others, resulting in a reluctance to assume responsibility for decision making.
![Page 20: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The workbook is in 5 sections
• Identifying your total amount of negative career thoughts: the CTI total score.
• Identifying the nature of your negative career thoughts.
• Challenging and altering your negative career thoughts and taking action.
• Improving your ability to make good decisions. • Making good use of support from other people
![Page 21: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
#2 Match Levels of Staff Assistance to Identified Individual Needs
Three levels of service delivery are included in the CIP approach:
1. Self-help, for those with a high level of readiness for decision-making
2. Brief staff-assisted, for those with a moderate level of readiness for decision making
3. Individual case-managed, for those with a low level of readiness for decision making
![Page 22: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
By sorting out who needs what type of help (service delivery) the CIP approach can limit expensive services (in terms of staff resources) to individuals with more
extensive needs.
![Page 23: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
#3 Use Career Theory to Help Individuals Understand and Manage Career Decision
Making
In 1991, the team produced non-academic language handouts to make their theory
intelligible to the general public.
These are available online at the FSU Career Center's Module Sheets. There are 16 modules:
![Page 24: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Module I: Working with the Career Center
Module II: Making a Career Decision
Module III: Exploring Your Interests, Values, & Skills
![Page 25: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Module IV: Finding Career Information
Module V: Matching Majors and Jobs
Module VI: Understanding Job Forecasts
![Page 26: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Module VII: Balancing Work and Leisure
Module VIII: Maximizing Diversity Module IX: Planning a Career as a Woman
![Page 27: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Module X: Emphasizing Strengths over Disabilities
Module XI: Making a Career Transition
Module XII: Get Experience!
![Page 28: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Module XIII: Launching Your Job Campaign
Module XIV: Careering Abroad & Cross Culturally
Module XV: Going to Graduate School
Module XVI: Choosing a Major
![Page 29: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Modules look like this:
![Page 30: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
#4. Use the Career Resource Room and Internet Web Site with All Levels of
Service DeliveryAs there are a lot of elements available, a properly set up career
resource room will ensure that clients will see what they need to see. Among the set-up rules, they recommend:
#1 A friendly, comfortable environment#2 Proper classification and labelling of resources#3 A clear path for users to follow#4 A FAQ to answer common questions#5 A helping hand from counsellors when and where
needed
![Page 31: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
#5 Use Career Resources that are Appropriate for Diverse Individual
Learners
Resources to be available in various forms so that everyone can access them:
• Written at different levels of language
• Written in different languages
• Presented as large text or audio/video for the blind/deaf
![Page 32: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
#6. Use Staff Teamwork in Delivering Services to Individuals
The success of CPI relies on the individual learning plan (ILP), not on an individual counsellor.
This gives the clients two benefits:• The client can consult any counsellor• The client decides how quickly he or she will use
available resources and services.
![Page 33: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
#7 Provide Common Staff Training for Delivering Resources and Services
“Common training experiences among staff are needed to reduce the likelihood of inconsistent or disjointed
service delivery when multiple staff serve one individual. Individuals may become confused and discouraged if some staff are unable to help them effectively use the resources and services included
on their ILP.” (Sampson, et al, 2001)
![Page 34: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Benefits of CPI
![Page 35: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
#1 It draws on a variety of resources, so it’s wide-ranging and flexible
#2 It is tailored to individual clients
#3 It sensitive to multi-cultural needs
![Page 36: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
#4 It is practical, working towards client sourced goals
#5 The individual learning plan empowers the client
#6 The individual learning plan allows for multi-counsellor guidance
#7 The client need not know about the theory to benefit
![Page 37: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Problems with CPI
• To be effective, counsellors have to develop rapport with clients - not easy in a busy school/job centre
• Although the test has been normed for adults, college and high school students in the US and tested rigorously, the workbook has not.
• There is no evidence at all that the workbook is effective.
• The workbook is written at 7.7 level, US college educated people
![Page 38: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
#1 problem with this theory: the human brain is nothing like a computer
Computers use serial processing, meaning they complete one process before starting the next.
People use parallel processing where some or all processes are involved in a cognitive task(s) at the same time.
Computers are fixed in their processing approach and knowledge
People ‘program’ themselves and are constantly adapting/evolving
![Page 39: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thinking is not a logical process nor is it simple. Issues we know about:
![Page 40: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Inattentional blindness: not seeing when we are busy with attention-demanding tasks. (Gorilla at the basketball game)
• Cognitive capture: inattentional blindness caused by fixation on instrumentation. (Handphone users ignore clown on the unicycle)
• Hot cognition: where thinking is influenced by emotional state. (Wrong coffee and race)
![Page 41: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Clustering illusion: where we see “streaks” or patterns where there are none (Lucky streaks)
• Heuristic bias/Availability bias: where one makes rules of thumb or stereotypical decisions on available information. (Man with who loves order and neatness: farmer or librarian)
• Correlation bias: where we believe correlation equals causation (Ashtrays cause cancer)
• Confirmation bias: where we give more weight to things that support our own beliefs (Wombs not brains)
![Page 42: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
#2 Studies don’t reflect reality
Most laboratory studies are artificial and lack ecological validity. In a lab one chooses the best job/approach; in real life other motivations come to pass: friendship, politics, money, resource constraints etc
![Page 43: The Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Approach to Career Development and Services](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0111a28abf838ccbbbf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
#3 Quick, dirty and temporaryCognitive therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy are empowering as they look at emotion and behaviour as controllable. However, their main limitation is that they are ‘quick and dirty’ fixes that don't always stick. (Corey, 2013, p298-300)