The Cold War 1945-1990US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Semester Test Questions over Cold War

• 1. Understand the causes, effects, goals and major events of the Cold War.

2. Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict.

3. Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.

Definition

• A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945-1990.

• Spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Discussion

Communism vs. Democracy

Socialism vs. Capitalism

Democracy vs. Communism

Capitalism vs Socialism

Discuss History of the Soviet Union• Bolshevik Revolution• Lenin• Stalin

– Purges– Collectivization – Nationalization– Five Year Plans

• Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact• War with Germany• Battle of Berlin-April-May, 1945

Lenin Dies-1924

Stalin Takes Over-1927

Causes of the Cold War• Different political systems

-US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom-USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control

• The Red Scare-1919• Both thought their system was better and

distrusted the others intentions• Stalin despised capitalism• Distrust during WWII

Stalin and Hitler

Causes of Cold War

• Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference

• American fear of a communist attack(Red Scare) and USSR’s fear of a US attack

• USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb• USSR’s actions in their German zone • USSR’s goal to spread communism around the

world

Yalta Conference Feb 1945

Yalta Conference--February 1945• Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill

and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

1. The establishment of the United Nations.

2. Germany to be divided into four zones.

3. Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.

4. Russia promised to join the war against Japan.

•The “West”•The “East”

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US

• Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression

• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa

• Stop the spread of communism– Policy of Containment

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for the USSR

• Wanted to create greater security for itself-lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges-feared a strong Germany

• Establish defensible borders• Encourage friendly governments on its borders• Spread communism around the world

Key Terms• Iron Curtain Speech• Domino Theory(Effect)• Policy of Containment• Truman Doctrine• Marshall Plan• Brinkmanship• Massive retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual

Assured Destruction • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact• CIA vs. KGB

• Peaceful coexistence• De-Stalinization• Detente• Perestroika• Glasnost• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(Treaty)-1972• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 1972• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996• Missile Defense System

Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech1946

• “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.”

Domino Effect-Eisenhower-1954

Policy of Containment-1946

Truman Doctrine• In 1947, the British were

helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas.

• They appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine.

• Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists.

•

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan• In 1947, US Secretary of State

Marshall announced the Marshall Plan.

• This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war.

• There were two motives for this: – Helping Europe to recover

economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry.

– A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism.

Marshall Plan

Brinkmanship-1950’s-1960’s

Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction

NATO• In 1949 the Western nations formed the

North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia

• NATO was a defensive alliance• This was the first peacetime alliance in US

History• It consisted of:

-America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy

– Still around today and has expanded

Warsaw Pact-1955-1991

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

NATO Today

CIA vs KGB• Central Intelligence Agency-1947-Present• Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti

– Committee for State Security– 1954-1991

Stalin Dies-1953

Nikita Khrushchev-1953-1964

Peaceful Co-existence-After 1953

De-Stalinization-After 1953

Détente-1970’s

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR-1985

Perestroika and Glasnost-1985• Video• Perestroika-Restructuring

of the Soviet economy and political system– More democracy– Free elections

• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people – Free speech and press

USSR’s First Atomic Test-1949

Nuclear Powers of the World

• Can you name them?• How many nuclear missiles would it

take to blow up the Earth?

• United States-1945• Russia-1949• United Kingdom-

1952• France-1960• China-1964

• India-1974• Pakistan-1998• North Korea-2006• Israel-??• Iran-Developing?

– New Deal Struck(4-2-15)

– Maybe Not(4-9-15)

Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963

– Underground nuclear testing• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1968

– More on next slide• SALT I Treaty-1972-More on future slides

JFK Signing Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963

“As I Was Saying, a Test Ban Agreement Might Have Resulted in a Fatal Gap”

• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1970–“Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons

and weapons technology” –“Promote cooperation in the peaceful

uses of nuclear energy” –“Further the goal of achieving nuclear

disarmament and general and complete disarmament”

Anti-Ballistic Missile -1972-US/USSR

– Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched

– In the 1980’s, President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI)

– US withdraws in 2002 under George W. Bush• Withdrew due to missile defense system

The Ballistic Missile Defense System-Missile Defense Agency

• Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attack on the US or allies

• Video

SALT I TREATY-US/USSR-1972

• SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels

• Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).

RICHARD NIXONPresident of the United States of America

L.I. BREZHNEVGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

• SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress – Due to Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in

1979

• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996– Signed by President Bill Clinton– Not ratified by the Senate– Why? Senate reasoning:– “A ban on testing would damage the

safety and reliability of America’s existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee treaty compliance by all countries.”

• International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)-1957

INF Treaty-1987

• Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (300-3,400 miles).

• USSR and US

The START Treaties• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty• START I(1991)• Largest and most complex arms control treaty

in history• Resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of

all strategic nuclear weapons in existence• The START I treaty expired in 2009

START I-1991

SORT-2003• Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty• Between US and Russia• Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear

weapons was to be cut in half by 2012. • The goal was achieved in 2007 for US• Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took it’s

place

New START-2011

• Signed by President Obama and former Russian President Medvedev

• The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half

• A new inspection and verification system will be established

• Lasts until 2021

United Nations1945-Present

• Bright Blue-1945 original members• Dark Blue-1946-1959• Bright Green-1960-1989• Dark Green-1990-present

The First Berlin Crisis-(June 1948-May 1949)

•

• In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's(US,France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshal Plan.

• The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.

• In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector.

• Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission.

• The West responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive.

• In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

The Second Red Scare-1947-57

• Causes:1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial

-Found guilt of spying for the Soviets-executed in 1953

Causes of 2nd Red Scare Cont.

• The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe-1945

• The USSR detonating their atomic bomb-1949• China becoming communist in 1949• The Korean War starting in 1950-Domino

Effect• Stalin’s actions in Germany-Berlin Blockade

Alger Hiss Trial

Alger Hiss Trial-1950• In 1948, Alger Hiss was accused of being a

member of a Communist group whose purpose had been to infiltrate the U.S. government

• Hiss maintained innocence throughout trials• In 1949, the trial ended with a hung jury- 8-4 in

favor of conviction• The second trial began later in 1949 and found

Hiss guilty

• Hiss' conviction was later upheld by the Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court

• Hiss served five years in prison• In 1992, a former Soviet intelligence officer said

that Hiss was not a Soviet spy, but rather a victim of Cold War hysteria

East and West Germany-1949-1990

•

Chiang Kai Shek vs. Mao Zedong

Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act)

• Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government

• Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government

• Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists, Anarchists, and fascists

• Prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until a the Supreme Court decision declared law unconstitutional in 1957

Senator Joe McCarthy

McCarthy and McCarthyism• Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a Republican

Senator from Wisconsin• In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to

have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department

• No one in the press actually saw the names on the list, but McCarthy's announcement made national news and caused panic throughout the country

• McCarthy became one of the most powerful people in the US

Supporters of McCarthy

1. Republicans 2. Catholics 3. Conservative Protestants 4. Blue-collar workers 5. Joseph Kennedy and his family

McCarthy’s Downfall

• McCarthy’s downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate “communist infiltration into the military.”

• This was the final straw for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who realized that McCarthy’s movement needed to be stopped

• In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges.

• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.

McCarthyism

• The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

House Un-American Activities Committee-HUAC-1945-1975

• This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood

• The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda

• They set up hearings to investigate the movie industry

• Hollywood Ten– Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year

in prison and pay a $1,000 fine• Blacklisted Directors/Actors/Actresses

Charlie Chaplin

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952

• 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb

• Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

USSR Launches Sputnik-1957

Yuri Gagarin-1961

• Caused US to panic• JFK’s Moonshot

speech

Francis Gary Powers Shot Down in USSR-1960

Eisenhower Embarrassment

• Khrushchev:• “I must tell you a secret. When I made my first

report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well… and now just look how many silly things [the Americans]” have said.

Berlin Wall-1961

Why was the Wall Built?

• What did the USSR want?• Video

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

Bay of Pigs

• What was it?• What were the results?• How did it hurt President Kennedy?

Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis-October, 1962

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

The Compromise

• The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba• The US would promise never to invade Cuba• The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles

from Turkey within six months

Thirteen Days

• Be able to describe what happened in the crisis.

• Be able to describe the different choices that Kennedy had to choose from in dealing with this threat.

• Be able to explain the compromise that was reached to end the crisis.

• Be able to explain how this crisis was an example of brinkmanship.

Leonid Brezhnev-1964-1982

Détente-1970’s

Nixon Visits China

Nixon Visits Moscow

Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in Moscow, marking the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty on May 26, 1972.

Soviets Invade Afghanistan-1979

Ronald Reagan Becomes President1981

• Ran on a very strong anti-communist platform

• Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov-USSR Leader-1982

SDI- “Star Wars”

How it Missile Defense System Works

• CNN.com - Pentagon: Missile defense test successful - March 16, 2002

Konstantin Chernenko Takes Over 1985

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR-1985

Perestroika and Glasnost-1985• Video• Perestroika-Restructuring

of the Soviet economy and political system– More democracy– Free elections

• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people – Free speech and press

Berlin Wall Comes DownNov. 9, 1989

Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia1991-1999

Discussion

• Why did the US win the Cold War?• Why did the USSR lose the Cold War?

1. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn’t.

2. China started siding with us after 1972.3. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas

the US’s was flourishing.a. Huge deficitb. High inflationc. Corruptiond. Social problemse. Shortage of basic needs(food, housing)

4. The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan.

5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and reform.a. glasnost and perestroikab. admitted Soviet mistakesc. took blame for the Cold Ward. communist system had failede. allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted

6. Arms Reduction Talksa. SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings

7. Soviet Mistakesa. invasion of Afghanistanb. ignoring social concernsc. spent everything on military

Post-Cold War• In the 1990’s, the world seemed to be a much

more peaceful place• We didn’t have any major threat to worry

about• President Clinton closed down numerous

military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military

• 9-11 caught the US off guard

Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary Join NATO-1999

Putin New Leader in Russia-1999-2008 and 2012-??

Russia vs. Ukraine-2014-15• Ukraine wanted to join the European Union but

leader did not want to as he was Pro-Russia• Ukrainian leader is forced out• Russia moves troops in the Crimean Peninsula and

annexes it after Crimean voters vote to approve annexation

• The United Nations declares this act by Russia as illegal

• Russia invades Ukraine to protect pro-Russians in Ukraine

• Cease-fire was signed in February, 2015

Cease-Fire Signed-Minsk 2

• Russian Jets Causing Issues for US-4-19-2016