the cold war & post wwii world relations the onset from 1945-1950
TRANSCRIPT
THE COLD WAR THE COLD WAR & POST WWII & POST WWII
WORLD RELATIONSWORLD RELATIONSThe Onset from The Onset from
1945-19501945-1950
THE UNITED NATIONSTHE UNITED NATIONS
A.A. Post-war International Post-war International peacekeeping organizationpeacekeeping organization
1. Created August 19451. Created August 1945
1. Fifty nations met in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, to establish the UN on CA, to establish the UN on April 25,1945April 25,1945 (Before WWII even came to an end)
2. It officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when it was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a majority of other signatories.
3. Permanent headquarters are now located in NYC.
4. Originally had 50 members; now has 192.
5. Delegates developed a General Assembly and a Security Council.
6. Security Council 6. Security Council has 15 members: 5 has 15 members: 5 permanent (US, GB, permanent (US, GB, USSR, France, & USSR, France, & China) and 10 China) and 10 rotating members. rotating members.
7. According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: a. to maintain international peaceinternational peace and
security b. to develop friendly relations among nations c. to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rightsrespect for human rights d. to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
II. Two Major Meetings to II. Two Major Meetings to decide the Postwar Setup of decide the Postwar Setup of
the World:the World:
Yalta & PotsdamYalta & Potsdam
A. YALTAA. YALTA
1. February, 1945
2. The Yalta Conference was seen as was seen as the beginning of the Cold War.the beginning of the Cold War.
3. FDR (US), Churchill (GB), and Stalin (Russia) met on the Crimean southern border of the Black Sea Feb. 4-11, 1945.
4. At this time, Stalin had control 4. At this time, Stalin had control of the largest army in Europeof the largest army in Europe (12 million soldiers).
5. MAJOR POINTS a. Germany (and the city of Berlin)
would be divided into U.S., British, French, and Soviet occupation zones
b. Berlin, although in the quadrant
controlled by the Soviets, would be divided as well.
FRENCHAMERICANS
SOVIETS
BRITISH
c. US and GB let the Soviet occupation of Poland continue in the hopes of retaining Soviet alliance. Stalin did, however, promise to be fair with elections in Poland.
b. b. POTSDAMPOTSDAM
1. July 16- August 2, 1945
2. Stalin, Truman, and Churchill (who was replaced during the conference by new PM of GB Clement Atlee) met near Berlin.
3. The “Big Three” finalized the divisions of Germany and Berlin, establishing the borders and occupation zones.
4. The leaders also offered an ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be annihilated.
5. Nuremberg Trials: 1945-1949a. After the war, some of those
responsible for crimes of the Holocaust were brought to trial in Nuremberg, Germany. b. Judges from the Allied powers (GB, France, the USSR, and the US) presided over the hearings of 21 major Nazi criminals. 12 prominent Nazis were sentenced to death.
6. Japan’s War Crimes Trials: 1946-1948 a. Took place in Tokyo, under direction of General MacArthur. b. Tojo was among those sentenced to execution. (7 in all sentenced to death)
"The crimes which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated.“
~ Robert Jackson ,US Supreme Court
iii. THE COLD WARiii. THE COLD WAR
A. The Cold War was the competition for competition for global power and influence global power and influence between between the US and the USSR.the US and the USSR.
B. It was waged on mostly political and economic fronts, but there was always but there was always a threat of all-out war. a threat of all-out war.
The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc
Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
5. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
!!!!! USSR tested its first
atomic bomb in 19491949!!!!!
1. At the heart of the conflict were two very different world-views held by the two nations and their allies:a. The USSR viewedviewed capitalism capitalism as a as a
monstermonster, which, if unchecked, would consume the entire world. b. America viewed Communism as an evil tool designed to destroy the evil tool designed to destroy the rights and liberties of all mankindrights and liberties of all mankind.
2. Both sides believed that the other was seeking world domination.
C. RELATIONS AFTER WWII1. US and GB aligned themselves with the
USSR during WWII because of its location near Japan. Although the US and GB had many concerns about the type of rule in the Soviet Union, its lacklack of economic wealth, of economic wealth, military power, and national unity military power, and national unity made made them a non-threatening allythem a non-threatening ally.
2. However, after WWII, old dissentions over governmental ideals arose. Plus, the USSR had military and occupational USSR had military and occupational strength strength that was not prominent before.
D. SUSPICIONS AGAINST THE USSR
1. America feared that Soviet expansion would increase communism.
2. At this time, Soviet Union controlled most of Eastern Europe (satellite satellite nationsnations).
3. Soviet leaders promised free free elections in their satellite nations;elections in their satellite nations; however, they did not follow through.
E. STALIN’S SUPPRESSIONS
1. The Soviet Union crushed all crushed all opposition in Eastern Europe opposition in Eastern Europe (which it had liberated from Nazi control) after 1945, rigging elections in order to receive communist votes.
2. The Communists gained control by promising to abolish poverty, to abolish poverty, privilege, and private propertyprivilege, and private property.
3. By 1948, with the occupying Soviet Red Army always in the background, the communists had taken over the taken over the governments of governments of 8 Eastern 8 Eastern European European countriescountries.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcaster funded by the US Congress that provides news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East“ where the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed”
Founded as an anti-communist propaganda source during the Cold War
F. THE IRON CURTAIN1. 3/12/1946: Fulton, Missouri2. Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill visited
Westminster College and summed up Soviet relations with the US and GB:
“From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron CurtainIron Curtain has descended across the Continent.”
3. 3. “Iron Curtain”: term used to “Iron Curtain”: term used to describe Soviet control in describe Soviet control in Europe, 1945-1990.Europe, 1945-1990.
THE
IRON
CURTAIN
Note to self: this is NOT the Berlin Wall!!!
G. CONTAINMENT1. George Kennan-George Kennan-
State Department official and Soviet expert- suggested the U.S. and Great Britain instill a policy of CONTAINMENT: CONTAINMENT: restricting the restricting the expansion of Soviet expansion of Soviet communismcommunism..
Good Afternoon!
Complete
bellringer on
back of last
class’s BR.
2. Containment measures included:a. The Truman Doctrinea. The Truman Doctrineb. The Marshall Planb. The Marshall Planc. The Berlin Airlift c. The Berlin Airlift d. The Korean Ward. The Korean Ware. The Eisenhower Doctrinee. The Eisenhower Doctrine (occurred
later during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower)
• It became "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
• Specifically targeted Greece and Turkey, who were fighting Communist forces.
• $400 million sent to these 2 countries! - This replaced British support in Greece!
March 12, 1947
Greece and Turkey
• U.S. economic aid to Europe – try to contain Soviet influence on the continent!!!
• Designed to help rebuild the Allied nations in Europe
• $13 billion over four years!• Under influence of Stalin, Eastern
Europe rejected the plan of aid. - Aka: European Recovery Program
Marshall Plan aid sent to
European countries
• First major crisis of Cold War• June 24, 1948: USSR blocked railroad
and street access to West Berlin. • American, British, and French
forces airlifted food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin.
• USSR did not respond with force, and war was avoided!
• Blockade ended on May 12, 1949
FRENCHAMERICANS
SOVIETS
BRITISH
The Berlin Airlift
• Message to Congress on Jan 5, 1957• Implied that U.S. would take military
action in response to imminent or actual aggression to the U.S.
• Countries that took stances opposed to communism would be given aid in various forms.
• Applied to Middle East the next year (troops to Lebanon)
H. NATO
1. In 1948, , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed. The organization established a system of collective security, in which its members pledged to defend the others in the case of an attack by an external party (communist nations were the threat!)
2. The Communists later formed the Warsaw Pact to counter NATO.
28
NATO
Countries
NATO in Europe
NATO Flag
The Soviet Warsaw Pact The Communists
will form the Warsaw Pact in 1955 to counter NATO.
In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war was
inevitable
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
AlbaniaAlbania
BulgariaBulgaria
CzechoslovakiCzechoslovakiaa
East GermanyEast Germany
HungaryHungary
PolandPoland
RumaniaRumania
NATONATO
WARSAWWARSAW
NEUTRALNEUTRAL
I. Israel is FormedI. Israel is Formed
1948: Following the mass-extermination of Jews by the Nazis during WWII, a homelandwas established for the Israelites. This was preceded by more than 50 years of efforts to establish a sovereign nation as a homeland for Jews.
The First Arab Israeli war
The proclamation of an independent Israel brought immediate attack by the Arab nations surrounding Palestine.
Although recognized by the US and Soviets the Arabs refused to recognize the Jewish Arabs refused to recognize the Jewish state.state.
The outnumbered Jews were able to defeat the Arabs armies of 4 nations and a UN negotiated armistice by Ralph Bunche ended the first conflict.
