the complete diagnostic evaluation

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Pre-Diploma

Year 10

BIOLOGYDiagnostic evaluation

September 2014John Osborne


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Pre-Diploma Biology2014/2015/2016 Diagnostic Evaluations

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WHAT IS THIS DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION?

The DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONat the start of the Pre-Diploma biology course is designed to

assess the potential of the new Pre-Diploma students, assess particular targets, interests or aptitudes

and to find out how each individual in the group can be sufficiently challenged. This is achieved by

setting assignments in each of the learning/assessment objectives, A, B, C, D and E. The diagnosticevaluation also will show how well you are able to handle enquiry based learning.

Another most important factor of this diagnostic evaluation concerns your cooperation, management of

available time and the way in which you direct yourself to the tasks and meeting the deadlines. The

rubric copied here will be used to assess your personal commitment to this diagnostic evaluation.


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Obj. A (Knowledge and Understanding)

SOME FAMOUS DIABETICS. WHO WERE/ARE THEY?

Write your answers here:

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9


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Obj. B (Application of Knowledge and Problem Solving)

DIABETES.

results when the bodycannot control the levelof sugar (glucose) in the

blood. This control comesfrom a complexinteraction between two

hormones, insulinand

glucagon.

THESE TWO

DIAGRAMS SHOW THEINTERACTION

BETWEEN INSULIN

AND GLUCAGON TO

CONTROL BLOOD

GLUCOSE LEVEL


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Now, a little test. here is a drawing showing the interaction between glucagon and insulin,controlling blood sugar level. The labelling is another language, which proabaly you do notknow. Which language?

Draw the diagram again on the following blank page and change the labelling into English.


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Obj. C (Research and Communication)

ECUADOR - A BIOLOGICAL ISSUE

In general terms, the critical environmental issues in Ecuador are rooted in the side effects of industrialand agricultural production processes, as well as the misuse of resources. These issues include the highest

rate of deforestation amongst Amazonian countries; severe pollution due to oil production waste; conflictsabout the use of land think Yasuni and Galpagos; and soil, water and lake contamination. Ecuador isunique because of the diverse ecological zones condensed within its small geographical space, but thebiodiversity of these regions is at risk.http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htm

Ecuador, including the Galpagos Islands, is having to confront many issues and dilemmas which have abiological basis. Some of these include:

Deforestation - mostly in the jungle (for logging and oil exploration, and their knock-on effects)and the North-west of Ecuador (logging). Ecuador has the highest rate of deforestation of anycountry in South America.

Land use conflicts, such as the recently highlighted Yasuni crisis

Over-exploitation of natural resources such as fish

Disease mortality and epidemiology, eg. Dengue fever Invasive species, most prominently in Galpagos Global warming - human caused climate changes, which include alterations in the frequency of

abnormal Pacific currents Extinctions and loss of biodiversity - 52% of Ecuador's mammal species, including endemics, are

listed by IUCN as endangered, some virtually now extinct. Water pollution - mostly from the poor use of agro-chemicals and waste from the oil industry Land/soil erosion, much of it in the Sierra due to deforestation and poor farming practices, and

in the coastal lowlands. More than 50% of Ecuador's land is now considered to be arid and inneed of reforestation programmes.

Destruction of mangrove forests

The use of pesticides in agricultural production, which can leave residues in water, land and food. Garbage management - maybe 40% of urban garbage in Ecuador is not routinely collected

Many of these are environmental issues, but by no means all.

The assignment for Objective C is to research into one biologically-based issue, or specific example of anissue, in Ecuador, and make a presentation in whatever form you think best. The presentation needs toaddress at least some of the following:

The issue a description; the facts; the origins; data

Causes Impact or results of what is going on

Control and management Any special considerations or discussion or debate

Your work must utilise a minimum of THREE different resources, which of course, must be properlycredited ie a bibliography.

The assessment will be according to the rubric on the next page.
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htmhttp://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htmhttp://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htmhttp://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htm


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Objective D (Data Analysis and Making Conclusions)

HUMMING BIRDS

Hummingbirds have long narrow beaks that adapt them to collecting nectar from flowers. Nectar

provides energy in the form of sugar, but has very low concentrations of amino acids and protein.Therefore, hummingbirds have to supplement their diet by catching flying insects. They do this byflying with their beaks wide open towards insects. Scientists have used high-speed video to study

the success rate for catching insects. The pie charts below show the results, according to which partof the beak the insect touches first.

[Source: Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Gregor M. Yanega and Margaret A. Rubega, Feedingmechanisms :Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture,Nature(2004), vol. 428, p. 615, 2004]

(a) (i) State the relationship between the part of the beak that insects first touch and the

success rate.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Suggest a reason for the relationship in (a) (i).

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(1)

Key:

Insect successfully

caught and swallowed

Insect lost

17%

83%

44%

56%65%

35%

Base of beak Middle of beak Tip of beak


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Birds that feed only on flying insects have a different shape of beak from hummingbirds.

(b) Predict, with a reason, the shape of beak in a species of bird that feeds only on flying insects.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(2)

Very rapid wing beats keep a hummingbirds body steady near a flower while it collects nectar.This unusual type of flight behaviour is called hovering. Measurements were taken to investigate

hovering in four hummingbird species. The body mass and maximum frequency of wing beatswere measured. The velocity of the wing tips was measured when the wings were beating at their

maximum frequency. The mean results are shown in the table below.

Hummingbird species

VariableBlue-throated(Lampornisclemenciae)

Magnificent(Eugenesfulgens)

Black-chinned(Archilochusalexandri)

Rufous(Selasphorus

rufus)

Body mass / g 8.40 7.40 3.00 3.30

Maximum frequency of wingbeats per second

30.70 31.90 59.70 62.20

Velocity of wing tips / m s1

16.80 16.50 15.80 16.90

[Source: Chai, 1997,Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, pages 27572763]

(c) State the relationship between body mass and maximum frequency of wing beats.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(1)

The data in the table indicates that there is a similar maximum velocity for wing tip movement

whatever the overall size of the bird.

(d) Suggest oneproblem that would be caused by a velocity of wing tip movement greater thanthis.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(1)


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Hummingbirds are the smallest birds in the world, with adult masses ranging from approximately 2g to 20 g.

(e) Using the data in the table, suggest a reason why hummingbirds with a mass larger than 20 ghave not evolved.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(1)

Hummingbirds maintain constant internal body temperature despite variation in external

temperature. The effect of external temperature on Annas hummingbird (Calypte anna) wasstudied in a series of experiments. At 40C the hummingbirds were observed to rest after shortflights and ventilate their lungs rapidly to cool their bodies by evaporation of water (panting).

The hummingbirds were placed in different external temperatures and a dilute solution of sucrose

was given to them. Between 20C and 40C the volume of sucrose solution taken in per hour did

not vary significantly and was 0.70.8 cm3. At 10C the volume was significantly higher at 1.2 cm3per hour.

(f) Explain why the volume taken in per hour was higher at 10C than at the highertemperatures.

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...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(2)


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Urine was collected from the hummingbirds at the three different external temperatures and was

analysed to find the concentrations of nitrogenous waste products. The results are shown in the barchart below.

(g) Suggest onereason for the higher overall concentration of nitrogenous waste products in

urine at 40C.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(1)

The ratio between the concentration of ammonia and the concentration of uric acid in the urine of

hummingbirds changes as the temperature rises. The ratio at 10C is 4.4 :1.

(h) (i) Calculate the ratio between the concentration of ammonia and the concentration of

uric acid at 40C.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Explain the difference in the relative amounts of ammonia and uric acid at 10C and at40C.

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.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(2)

Concentration /

mol dm3

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Key:

ammonia

urea

uric acid

10 20 40

Temperature / C


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Hummingbirds use energy at a faster rate than any other bird or mammal.

(i) Explain tworeasons for the high rate of energy use in hummingbirds.

1. .........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

2. .........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(2)

(Total 15 marks)


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Objective D (Experimental Investigation)

ALTERNATIVE TO PRACTICAL

IGCSE Biology includes an examination paper designed for schools which have no laboratoriesor for whom it is impossible to conduct experimental investigations. The exam paper usually

carries three questions which together make up about 30% of the overall examination grade. The

students complete this paper instead of the usual practical exam paper.

Here is one of the questions for you to try. It is from the 2008 IGCSE examination session.


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