the context of ecd provisioning in south africa murray trust - context... · the context of ecd...
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The context of ECD provisioning in South Africa
David Harrison24 October 2014
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Three questions
What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in
South Africa?
What are the big gaps in provisioning for
ECD?
What if ECD did work?
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Question 1
What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in
South Africa?
What are the big gaps in provisioning for
ECD?
What if ECD did work?
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Attainment of human potential
Age
0 5 10 15 20 25‐9 mo
The individual impact of early childhood development
• Opportunity for early learning• Effective parenting & family
support• Health care • Nutrition• Social protection (e.g. CSG)
HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
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Greater equality
One of the most powerful
instruments for redistribution
Investment in early childhood development is the most powerful investment in human capital that a country can make ‐ with compounding returns
Engle P, Fernald L, Alderman H, Behrman J, O’Gara C, Yousafazi A, de Mello M, Hidrobo M, Ulkuer N, Ertem I, and the Global Child Development Steering Group (2011). Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low‐income and middle‐income countries The Lancet 378:1339‐1359
Better education
Higher cognitive scores & better
learning outcomes
Better health Tackles risk‐taking behaviour & adult chronic disease at
its roots
Stronger economy
The most efficient strategy for building
SA’s workforce
Better societyLess crime and public violence, greater social cohesion
The national impact of early childhood development
INDEPENDENT PREDICTORS• Opportunity for early learning• Effective parenting & family support• Health care • Nutrition• Social protection (e.g. Child Support Grant)
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Question 2
What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in
South Africa?
What are the big gaps in provisioning for
ECD?
What if ECD did work?
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Age
0 5 10 15 20 25‐9 mo.
The life trajectories of two children born in Johannesburg on 24 October 2014
Attainment of human potential
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The big gaps in an ‘essential package’ of ECD?
NUTRITION1
Normal (84.6%) Stunted (15.4%)
0 – 14 yrs
0 – 3 yrs Normal (73.6%) Stunted (26.4%)
FIRST THOUSAND DAYS
Facility‐based
1. The South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES‐1), HSRC 20132. National Income Dynamic Survey, 2008
Mainly health care for mother & child Missedopportunity,
↓quality, ↓access
Home ‐based
Vulnerable children who do not receive continuing support and follow‐up
EARLY LEARNING OPPORTUNITY
3‐4 yr olds who attend anypreschool or crèche (~50%)2
Participation in home visiting or community playgroups (0‐4 yrs)2
Community‐based
No exposure to early learning opportunity outside the home (0‐4 yr olds)
Centre‐based
3‐4 yr olds who do not attend any preschool or crèche (~50%)
Support for pregnant women & vulnerable children
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Stunting at 2 years of age: The strongest predictor of adult human capital
Source: Victora C et al (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet 371(9609): 340‐357
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The ABC’s of Nutrition Support are missing
C
B
A
NO EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF FOOD SUPPORT WHEN INDICATED FOR FAILURE TO THRIVE
NO NATIONAL NUTRITION STRATEGY FOR UNDER FIVES
KEY FOCUS IS MISSING:IT SHOULD BE SUPPORT FOR NUTRITION IN THE HOME
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Child development is shaped in ‘the first 1000 days’ –professional support is there for 2% of that time
Visit to a health centre
Visit to social development service
At home
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Source: Nelson C (2000). In Shonkoff J & Phillips D (eds). From Neurons to Neighbourhoods. National Academies Press
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Early learning: You can’t retrofit the brain
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2 ‐ 3 year olds 3 ‐ 4 year olds 5 years olds (Grade R)
Percen
tParticipation in out‐of‐home early learning opportunity
Adapted from: Richter L, Biersteker L, Burns J, Desmond C, Feza N, Harrison D, Martin P, Saloojee H & Slemming W (2012) Diagnostic Review of Early Childhood Development. Pretoria: Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation & Inter‐Departmental Steering Committee on ECD
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PRESCHOOL SCHOOL POST‐SCHOOL
Preschool programmes
Schooling
Job training
Rate of return to investment in human capital
Rate of economic return to human capital investment, initially setting investment to be equal at all ages
Opportunity cost of funds
Source: Heckman & Carneiro (2003). Human Capital Policy. http://nber.org/papers/w9495
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Expenditure per child/student enrolled in education as a percentage of GDP per capita
Source: Richter L, Biersteker L, Burns J, Desmond C, Feza N, Harrison D, Martin P, Saloojee H & Slemming W (2012) Diagnostic Review of Early Childhood Development. Pretoria: Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation & Inter‐Departmental Steering Committee on ECD
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Resource training organisation
Individual ECD facility
Community‐ and home‐visiting programme
Current scattershot organisation of ECD provision in SA
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Formal ECD provision: How are we funding it?
UNREGISTERED
REGISTERED, NO SUBSIDY
REGISTERED, WITH SUBSIDY
PUBLIC FUNDS DONOR FUNDSUSER FEES
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A new framework for provision of early childhood development services in South Africa
Nutrition support for mother & child
Good antenatal, perinatal and post‐natal care
Parenting support to enable
children to thrive
Early childhood education to maximise potential
Transition to Gr R
Health services
Social development services
Education services
FOCUS ON EARLY LIFE
NUTRITION
OPPORTUNITY FOR EARLY LEARNING
Home‐, community‐ and facility‐based services
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Question 3
What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in
South Africa?
What are the big gaps in provisioning for
ECD?
What if ECD did work?
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The real game‐changers
1. LAW State responsibility and accountability for an essential package of ECD services
2. LEADERSHIP National agency for ECD responsible for key ECD functions, working together with Departments responsible for other core aspects of ECD
3. NATIONAL PROGRAMME
Integrated, branded national programme for ECD (like SureStart [UK] or Educa a Tu Hijo[Cuba])
4. PLANNING Population‐based planning to achieve universal coverage of appropriate programmes from mother’s pregnancy to school‐going age, by 2020
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The real game‐changers
5. PRIORITIES Nutrition, first thousand days, early learning opportunity
6. FINANCING Per capita allocation extended to different modes of early learning programme + separate funding for programme management
7. HUMAN RESOURCES
Boosted capacity at FET colleges and universities, supported by Resource & Training Organisations.
New cadre of maternal & child care worker
8. PUBLIC DEMAND National communication strategy for ECDSocial franchise to build demand and rapid scale‐up
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National ‘performance’ of ECD
Year
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Marginal changes won’t give the expected returns
50%
40%
30%
For illustration only
Range of public demand
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National ‘performance’ of ECD
Year
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Adapted from Christensen C (2002). The Innovator’s Dilemma. Harper Business Essentials, New York
Range of public demand
Fundamental change in approach to ECD is needed
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