the critical views

8/9/2019 The Critical Views

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THE CRITICAL VIEWS

Collection

1- PROF. MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH QAZI

(PhD Is. St., PhD Linguistics)

PRINCIPAL GOVT COLLEGE BAHAWAL'NAGAR

PAKISTAN

Contents

1- "Othello" A Critical Review

2- Similarities and Dissimilarities Between Hamlet and King Lear

3- Comparison and Contrast between The Rape of the Lock and Paradise Lost

(Book I, IX)

4-A Critical Appreciation of Robert Frosts Poetry

5- Language experts can produce new letters

6- Sound sheen is very commen in the world languages

7- Languages are by the men and for the men


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"Othello" A Critical Review

Prof. Niamat Ali

Depatment of English

Govt. Islamia College, Kasur

Pakistan

Shakespeare, the crown of English literature, can rightfully boastof his marvelous achievements as a dramatist. His plays bothcomedies and tragedies, have a sterling worth of their own. The

magnet of his plays pulls the iron dust of thoughts, and the readerfeels himself bound by silky ropes of interest and pleasure. Hemaintains such an artistic balance in his writings as is found in anexpert acrobat walking on a tight rope. His tragedies develop frombeginning to an end as a rose progresses from budding to withering.Thoughts scent and feelings shade can be viewed in wordy flowersthrough the eye of imagination. Lost with Hamlet, ruined with kingLear, stunned with Macbeth and stupefied with Othello, the feelshimself much maturer as the finds a treasure of knowledge, wisdom,expression and power. At the same time, some faults can be traced

out as some spots can be seen on the shiny face of moon. In thefollowing passages an effort has been made to present a critique ofOthello.

On the very onset, we discuss the various causes of popularityfalleninOthellolot.Unique charaacters have been used in it who arrest our attention.Inthis regard ,first of allDesdemonasbeauty,nicety,adventurousness,etc., charm the reader tothe back bone. He wishes to keep her in his view all the time and whenshe is slain he feels a great grief in his heart for this delicacy of nature.

Secondly, Othellos unparalleled strength and bravery make the pieceextra-ordinarily magnetic. H.Coombes remarks:

Any feeling that is made to apear more importantthan it really is can be

called inflated


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We ever expect something most wonderful from this mountain ofmight. But this mountain proves a volcano that busts and burns toashes not only himself but also others. Thirdly, Iagos role casts amagic effect on the reader. He works wonders like Fate according tohis own will. He seems more cunning than devil himself; wearing the

thick mask of honesty, he cuts the ground from under the feet of thesimpletons. His planning is just like the movement of the puppetmaster who makes others obey his beck and call without an iota ofdoubt. His so called honesty is like the darkness of Evil. Cassios rolemakes the play more playful and magnetic.Hibraverycumsimplicity,hisattraction of personality and Desdemonas sympathy for him createdoubts that something will happen recently.Two momentous events thicken the interest of the play. In thebeginning ,clouds of war make the atmosphere very very alluring. Allsenses become alert to know something or the other about theimminent war. The arrival of the messengers with ones toes afterthe others heel make the reader as well as the audience spell boundto await the coming bloody- field. Along with others, Desdemonaherself wishes to visit the bloody fields to confirm Othellos braveryand skillfulness.Then instead of war, storm is involved to draw thesenses to another natural phenomenon that is most captivating forthose who are on the secure shores. The storm destoys the Turkishfleet, shatters their might ,even crumbles the very skeleton.

Now we describe some other causes of interest in the play.Othello islost for some moments and interest is strengthened; it is diverted from

one spectacle to another. The whole play presents stormy situation. Inthe beginning, Desdemonas elopement is an emotional storm for heraged father, Brabantio, the sudden information of the advancement ofTurkish fleet is the political storm for the State ; misunderstandingbetween Othello and Desdemona is the domestic storm; then at lastDesdemonas muder is the criminal storm. Thus the playwright shufflesthe situation from one storm to another. What else can attract mansattention more than a sound storm. It is at the same time bothsuccess and failure on the part of the author, who has expertlyhandled these storms. But he has made the storm the centre of the

readers thoughts not his artistic skill to make a piece of copper looklike a golden one.

The author uses the Herculean bow of exaggeration to shoot ficklearrows of imagination on all sides. Situation, character and languageall are saturated with exaggeration. A humble obedient girl departsfrom her home all alone at midnight and goes across a stream tomarry her lover. Her aged father, who himself had enjoyed love


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marriage, remained totally unaware like a tree from all of thisemotional attachment between Desdemona and Othello.And it is not a duration of a short while but a long span of more thanone year and the father could not even imagine such a self evidentexposure. It seems merely the subjective approach flourishes on the

banks of exaggeration. I.A.Richards says:

The two pillars upon which a theory of criticismmust rest are an account

of value and an account of communication.

On the very nightof the marriage,the news of war alarm theatmosphere. It shows the secret agencies of the kingdom are toopoor. They had no notion before it that the mighty enemy had beenplanning for war against them. Even storms can be predicted, why thewar cannot be? Unexpectedly the storm comes and the fleet isshattered. Again the author has made full use of his subjectiveauthority because no ship or person of the Venetions has been tracedout by the storm. It does not seem a natural storm but the Furiesbegot by the curses of the Venetians. The winds of exaggeration canbe felt blowing on the coasts of Cypress. Then overnight the marriedlove-palace is razed to the ground on the basis of a baseless doubt.Desdemona has spent no separate time with Cassio. Cassio visits thecastle once or twice and that also during the day.He has been theirconfidential friend and companion for an long time.

Othello is so childish that he cannot see the truth in Desdemonaseyes, rather the blind minded commander finds Cassios kisses on herlips. A commander has no insight to understand her household affairs;how he can make his army fight for the state. He lacks intelligence tosee behind the scene. This unexpected, sudden and somewhatirrational misunderstanding make the situation exaggerative. It seemsthe author ,not the conditions draw the rope to hang the characters.

The handkerchief episode is just a welding or engrafting of someinferior shoot in a superior one. Othello exposes the importance of the

handkerchief when it is lost; he must have done so at the moment ofpresenting it. This love- gift must not be a usual commonplace piece ofcloth that may fall with a simple jerk of knees. And at that verymoment true hearted Emilia picks it up and takes it to her wickedhusband even with the belief that he may use it in some devilishactivity. And she does not tell about it to Desdemona even whenOthello demands its very furiously in her presence . This scene couldbecome convincing if Desdemona had not been there. But when she is


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present and a skirmish occurs between her beloved couple and she isalso loyal, she must have exposed the secret of the lost handkerchief .Thus the situation becomes unconvincing rather, exaggerative. Andexaggeration is oppression for the rational minds.

Roderigo has been is love with Desdemona for a long time. Her fatherBrabantio knows the fact. He cherishes her glance, spends money,time and energy for her. But Desdemona is absolutely unaware ofRoderigos condition . Though Desdemona doesnt love him yet hispresence could be in her awareness. But the author has kept her incomplete isolation that is to a large extent unconvincing is a localitywhere the same wind visits all corners.Othello, the commander in chief, watches Cassio and Bianca from adistance. But he has no suspicion of the illegal relations between thetwo.Then he falls down unconscious and Cassio comes their abruptlyand Iago tells him that Othello suffers from epilepsy.Both Cassio andIago have spent almost the equal duration with Othello. It can beasserted that Cassio has been closer to him than Iago is who has gothis comfidence only a while ago. The ridiculous situation is that Iagoknows this secret that is a lie but Cassio doesnt. And Cassio, a braveman, runs away from the situation when when his loyalty demanded.In the end Othello doesnt prove to be an obedient commander in chiefbut a brazen faced self-conceited man occupied not by wisdom but byblind vigour to commit suicide after the murder of a marvelous lady.Thus the play is mot masterpiece of art but of exaggeration.The language of the play also creates a negative impression.

Discursive , unnecessary, long dialogues made the languagecumbersom and to some extent oppressive. The reader wishes toknow what happens next but the playwright stops him to listen tosome flowery expressions to make the reader realize the mastery ofthe artist.

Desemonas passionate condition where Othello did beguile her totears and she gave him a world of sighs must have made Brabantioaware of her heart.

Brabantio, a senior courtier, also seems to be totally unware of theimminent war and he hasnt told Desdemona anything about it. Thisnon-awareness of war among the characters is far from convincing.

He openly disobeys the orders brought by Lodvico and doesnt makeCassio the commander in chief as are the orders.Rather he rebelsagainst the state and acts upon the plan of murdering Cassio. Itproves he hasnt the forbearance of a good soldier. About all such


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matters, Lodvico remarks:

I am sorry that I am deceived in him(Act iv,sc-i)

The play fails to prove Othellos bravery except that he murders aninnocent and delicate lady, Desdemona:

Othello:

Sweet soul take heed take heed of perjuryThou art on thy death- bed.

He expresses his foolishness in these words:

My wife my wife, my wife I ha no wife(Act iv,sc-ii)

Towards the end of the play,disliking against Othello goes onincreasing among the characters and the reader, as Emilia utters:

O, the more angel she was,And you the blacker devil!She further abuses this mighty being:

O gull , O doltAs ignorant as dirt ; thou hast done a deed

(Act v Sc-ii)

He himself shatters his rationality when he declares about the sexualintercourse between Desdemona and Cassio:

A thousand times committed; Cassio confessed it

While it is only the exaggeration of his poor fantasy. He is furtherdeprecated when just before his suicide he expresses his prejudiceagainst other nations of the world:

like the base IndianI took the circumcised Dog

And smote him thus.

Othello plays as a jealous lover while Roderigo plays as a foolish lover.The first murders Desdemona while the second is murdered for her.


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Othellos might and bravery act lower than his status while Roderigosweakness and foolishness act higher than his position. Both of themhave one target_ Cassio, but both of them are blinded by Iago.The impartial analysis of the play leads us to the conclusion that

though it is one of the four major tragedies by Shapkespeare, yet ithas some logical, technical and psychological defeacts. The overallimpact and popualarity of the play are impressive enough to coverthese drawbacks.

References

Ralph.P.Boas and Edwin Smith Enjoyment of Literature

Harcourt, Brace and companyNewYork Chicage

I.A.Richards Principles of Literary CriticismRoutledge and Kegan Paul LTD

Broadway House; 68-74Carter Lane

H.Coombes Literatrure and Criticism

Penguin Books (1966)

www.online-literature.com

Similarities and DissimilaritiesBetween

Hamletand King Lear

Prof. Niamat Ali

Depatment of EnglishGovt. Islamia College, Kasur

Pakistan

Literature has ever used its weapons and strategy to explain the


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countless enigmas present in life. In his efforts, a littrateur looks atlife from one side and then from another. Each literary artist does thesame job though the devices and ways are separate. Human nature isthe most complex knot that perhaps can never be opened completely.Every action has some cause and effect, but there is no permanent

rule to govern the whole of human behaviour.

Robert.E.Knoll has the opinnion To provide useful information is thefunction of the literature of knowledge; narration is part of theliterature of power. The literature of power, of the imagination, movesthe emotions; only incidentally instructs the mind.

William Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist, in English literature alsoand again. No doubt he has added a lot to the wisdom of the world.His plays and poetry are a praise -worthy heritage of man for alltimes. Literature is man in words and this thing applies toShakespeares plays maximum. Each study of any of his plays, fills ourminds with information about human nature, society and life. Hamlet,King Lear, Othello and Macbeth are regarded as his greatest tragedies.Among these four, the first two have superiority.

In the following passages, an effort is made to bring out thesimilarities and dissimilarities between the two greatest master pieces.

First of all, we glean out some similarities in Hamlet and KingLear.Both are very sensational tragedies; we are stunned when at the

end the stage in strewn with corpses of very extraordinary persons. Itbecomes hard for us to bear the impact cast by the bloody scenes ofthe end. When extremely intellectual Hamlet and extremely graciousKing Lear breathe their last, we are taken aback. In the play Hamlet,King Hamlet dies before the beginning, Polonius is slain unknowing byPrince Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are beheaded in Englandas the report says, Ophelia drowns in the stream, Laertes takes therevenge of his fathers murder, Hamlet takes the revenge of hisfathers murder, Gertrude drinks poison and gives up her ghost. In thisway tragic effect goes on becoming stronger with the passage of time.

in the play King Lear,The death of Goneril and Regan is suggested thus:

Alb. Who dead? Speak,man.Gent, Your lady, sir , your lady: and her sister.

By her is poisoned; she confesses it.

Alb. In the duel between Edgar and Edmund, Edmund is


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defeated to death:The Gods defend her!Bear him hence a while.(Edmund is borne off)

Cordelia is hanged and King Lear dies of the grief:

Lear. And my poor fool is hanged! No ,no,no life!Look on her, look, her lips,Look there, look there! (Dies)

Kent is also not willing to live in this world without King Lear:

Kent. I have a journey, sir, shortly to go;My master calls me, I must not say no.

Similarly in Hamlet we find a number of deaths that make thewhole atmosphere more than gloomy. Horatio points to two deathsin these words:

Hor. So Guildenstern and Rosencrantz go to it.Polonius is slain by chance by Hamlet:Pol. (behind) O, I am slain.

Ophelia announces her fathersdeath and her own in these words:

Ophelia. And will a not come again?

And will a not come again?No, no , he is dead ,Go to thy death- bedHe never will come again.His beard was as white a snow,All flaxen was his poll.He is gone, he is gone,And we cast away moan.God a mercy on his soul.And of all Christian souls. God buy you.

Gertrudes last words are:

Queen: No, no, the drink, the drink ! O my dear Hamlet!The drink!the drink!I am poisond. (Dies)

King Claudius dies thus:


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Hamlet: Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned done,Drink off this potion. Is thy union here?Follow my mother. (King Dies)

LaertesMine and my fathers death come not upon thee,

Nor thine on me. (Dies)Hamlet So tell me, with the , occurrents more and less

While have solicited the rest silence. (Dies)

Both the tragedies, Hamlet and King Lear, revolve around kings,princes, princesses, courtiers. In Hamlet, Claudius, though illegal, isthe king ;Hamlet is the prince, Polonius is the courtier, Leartes andOpelia are the issue of Polonius, Gertrude is the Queen. Hamlet is totake revenge of his father King Hamlet from his uncle Claudius who isthe King now. Polonius is slain by Hamlet by chance. Laertes comesback to take the revenge of his father from Hamlet. Ophilia grows madand drowns in the stream and dies. Hamlet loves Opeilia more thanforty thousand brothers. Laertes wounds Hamlet illegally; Hamletwounds Claudius to death; Gertrude drinks a poisoned cup thus thetragedy is completed.

In King Lear, Lear is the king; Goneril ,Regan and Cordelia are hisdaughters or princesses; Kent is his courtier; Gloucester is thegovernor of a state; Edgar and Edmund are his sons. King Lear divideshis state between his three daughters. Goneril and Regan deceive himwith their flattery, but Cordelia remains truthful. King Lear gets angry

with her and utters Nothing comes out of nothingThus she is dishonored, but the prince

Of France marries her and takes her to France. The two daughtersGoneril and Regan treat King Lear badly. Edmund makes illegalrelations with both of them. King Lear becomes nearly mad. Cordeliatakes him to France and gives her treatment. In the end war breaksout between England and Francex. That is won by England, Cordelia ishanged. Goneril and Regan poison each other, King Lear, Edmund and

Kent also die. Thus this story is also the story of palaces, King andwar.

The themes of both the plays are state and sex. In Hamlet,Claudius wants to rule. the state and enjoy sex with Gertrude.Gertrude also enjoy sex with her brother-in-law that is religiously anincest. And this mentality is the base of the whole action in the play.For this purpose King Hamlet is killed that is the beginning of the play.


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For this purpose prince Hamlet is sent to England to be killed there,that is the middle of the play. And for this very purpose, a duel isarranged between Leartes and Hamlet that is the end. Thus state andsex can be safely called the themes of the play Hamlet.

In King Lear, Goneril and Regan get the state with flattery and later ondevelop illegal sexual relations with Edmund, who himself is the illegalson of Gloucester. For the enjoyment of these two senses, Goneril andRegan fight a war against. France and then poison each other. Thusplay becomes a sermon against the greed of state and sex.

Along with main plots and themes both the plays have also sub-plotsand sub-themes. In Hamlet there is the sub-plot of play withinplayHamlet- Ophelia love affair, journey to England and Laertesjourney to france. Similarly along with main themes of sex and state,there are sub-themes of revenge as the main theme.) , love, journey,friendship, death, treachery etc. With the combination of all theseplots , sub-plots, themes and sub- themes, the play becomes a uniquecollection of a variety of thoughts and feelings

In King Lear, there are also sub-plots like Edgar-Edmund sub-plots andalso sub themes like treachery,selfishness, faithfulness, truth, war.Thus the play becomes a forest of thoughts.Both the heroes Hamlet and King Lear have tragic flaw or hamartia.Hamlets tragic flaw is over-thinking and King Lear thinking after

action( thus both of them suffer from their flaws).Hamlet is often lost in philosophies:

The times is out of joint, O cursed spiteThat ever I was born to set it right

(3) He ponders over the world thus:How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable

Seem to me all the uses of this world!(4) He believes in fate:

A divinity that shapes our ends,

Rough-hew them how we will.

Similarly King Lear is an old person but he fails to understandthe universal principle that might is right. He in thebeginning, expresses his heart thus:

.. know that we have divided in three our kingdom; and our


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fast- intent to shake all cares and business from our age,conferring them on younger strengths. And when he comes toknow the practical fat, he utters:

And when I have stoln upon these son-in- laws

Then kill, kill, kill, kill,kill, laws,

Both the play have comic reliefIn Hamlet the Grave Diggers scene serves the purpose. When Hamletreturns from the shore, he finds a grave being dug.He has a talk with the grave-digger and his companion:

Hamlet ... whose gravesThis sirrah?

Grave: Mine, Sir.(Sings) O a pit of clay for to be made---Ham. I think it be thine indeed, for thou lies intGrave. You lie out ont sir, and therefore its not yours.

For my part, I do not lie int, yet it is mine.

Similarly, fools presence in the play, King Lear, creates comicrelief. His remarks are replete with wisdom and humour:

Fool.(a) A fox, when one has caught her,And such a daughter,

Should sure to the slaughter,In my cap would buy a halter,So the fool follows after

(b) Why to keep ones eyes of either sides nose,thatWhat a man cannot smell out he may spy intoThou should st o have been old till thou hast been wise

Madness is another common theme in the two plays. Though themental software is very badly affected by the circumstances, yet theydont loses their senses completely. Hamlets madness is very doubtfuleven for the characters. Claudius employs RosencrantzandGuildenstern to know the secret of Hamlets heart but they fail.Polonius also makes unsuccessful effort. Even the queen and Claudiusare not clear about it.

King . It shall be so,Madness in grear ones must not go unwatched


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In King Lear, the hero reaches the boundery of madness. An old manis crushed by the young storms. His mental software is more badlyaffected than that of Hamlet. He really requires treatment forrecovery. He himself utters:

Lear: O! let me not be mad, not mad, sweat heavenKeep me in temper; I would not be mad

But the fool defines a mad person thus:Fool: He is mad that trusts in the tameness of a wolf, a

horses health, a boys love, or a whores oath.

In the bulk of similarities, there are also some points ofdissimilarities in the two plays.

In Hamlet, the hero Hamlet is a young man with all the potential ofyouth in his body.

LiteratureWilliam Henry HudsonPublisherHudson LondonEvery man belongs to this race and age, and no matter now markedhis personality, the spirit of his race and age finds expression through

him.He is surrounded by old and experienced persons like Claudius,

Polonius, Gertrude. Some young characters of his age are also therebut all of them hypocrites and insincere except Horatio who behavesas a faithful friend.Hamlet often fails to understand the games played by others. But inthe nick of time, he comes to know the facts and acts accordingly. Andhe has to utter:

How all occasions do inform against me?

And for him the time is out of jointAnd he cannot set it right.

In King Lear an aged ,grey haired man is fighting against young forcesof man and nature. King Lears daughters Goneril and Ragan, andEdmund have manipulated against him to bring about a disaster.The old man fights against his nature. His vast kingdom becomes aprison for him.


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The forest becomes his palace to held his court there with the fool andEdgar. Though being old, he fails to understand the nature of hisdaughters.

Kent and Edgar give him a support but it is useless to cry over spiltmilk.

There is internal storm in Hamlet but there is external storm in KingLear.In the maddening storm of thoughts, Hamlet finds it hard to choosehis way of action. And in the storm of the forest King Lears mind losesits grip over senses. Gertrude describers Hamlets action thus:

Queen: Mad as the sea and wind when both contendWhich is the mightier.

King Lear describes the storm:

Lear: Blow winds and crack your cheeks! Rage blow!Your cataracts and hurricanes spoutTill you have drenchd our steeples drownd the cocks!

The characters of Ophelia and Cordelia also provide us with the stuff ofcontrast.between the two tragedies. Ophelia is a young damsel just like a

puppet in the hands of her father. She becomes a cats paw forPolonius against her lover Hamlet. But Cordelia is a complete contrast.She turns against her father for truth. She is not ready to flatter herfather insincerely. She is a symbol of truth, loyalty and balance, whileOphelia has only the delicacy of body and heart. She is stark blindtowards Hamlet and is not affected even the least when he is in thegetup of a mad person. But she turns mad when her father is killed byHamlet. She seems be to a symbol of Electra-complex. In one senseOphelia commits suicide but Cordelia is hanged. Polonius dies beforeOphelia but king Lear dies after cordelias death. Ophelia obeys two

male characters, Polonius and Laertes while Cordelia fights against twosisters , Goneril and Regan. Thus two opposite natures are presentedbefore us.

Hamlet is dethroned by force and fraud while King Lear willinglyabdicates from his seat and divides it into parts. Hamlet is robbed byhis clever uncle Claudius while King Lear himself bestows his state onothers. Hamlet is appointed by the Ghost to take the revenge while


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King Lear is helpless against circumstances. Aldous Huxley says:

Changes in external circumstances are, of curse,accompanied by

changes in internal circumstances.

King Lear has simple and practical sense of language while Hamlet hasa difficult and intellectual sense of language. It is requires a greaterforce of mind to reach the depth of meanings while in King Learlanguage seems to be very facile.

In Hamlet supernatural elements have been presented as commoncharacters while in King Lear there is nothing like this. In Hamlet, theGhost becomes the motivator whereas in King Lear Gonerils andRegans behavior becomes the motivater of the whole action.

In Hamlet Laertes takes revenge from Hamlet and Hamlet takesrevenge from Claudius. But King Lear fails to take his revenge. Edgartakes revenge from Edmund but nature takes revenge from Goneriland Regan.

Hamlet seems to be wiser and more philosophic than King Lear, andKing Lear seems to be more active and energetic than Hamlet. What acontrast!The sum and substance of the above discussion leads us to theconclusion that both the greatest tragedies have some similar and

some dissimilar aspects. Perhaps the human nature is so complex andvast that it cannot be confined to some limits. It is also a mixture of somany passions, thoughts, ideas, motives, etc. Both the plays put usinto the wilderness of bewilderment where nothing is certain. Life hasbeen obscure and it will ever remain the same. In both the playscurtains are drawn leaving the audience to ponder and ponder andponder.

Robert.E.Knoll ContrastsHarcourt, Brace and Company New York

William Henry Hudson An Outline History of English Literature

Hudson London.

Aldous Huxley The Olive TreeOxford University Press (1947)


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www.freedomuniversity.com

Comparison and Contrast

between

The Rape of the Lock

and Paradise Lost

(Book I, IX)

Prof.NiamatAli

Depatment of English

Govt. Islamia College, Kasur

Pakistan

Once epics enjoyed a high status in the realm of literature. Poets

wrote them with extra ordinary skill and people read them with

penetrating attention. A common man could afford long hours to read

or listen to the epic sung or narrated. With the passage of time,

political ideas under went a sea change, social trends were also

metamorphosed with the revolutionary changes, peoples bent towards

literature also turned over a new leaf and epic was replaced by other

genre of literature like novel, short-story. The present climate is not

suitable for the old tree of epic to flourish, rather it is dwindling with

the fastness of the wheel of society. In the following passages an

effort is made to present the comparison and contrast between twofamous epics in the English literature: The Rape of the Lock and the

Paradise Lost (Book I, IX).

The Paradise Lost by John Milton is a traditional epic where as the

Rape of the Lock is a mock epic.


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An epic is a narrative poem in which the poet describes a series of

adventures made by the dignified hero. Language is sublime and often

Goodness gets victory over Evil. Discussing the vast scope of Paradise

Lost, F.E. Hutchinson says: It ranges over all time and space and

even beyond them both it depicts heaven and earth and chaos, theimagined utterances of super natural beings, events before the

emergence of man upon earth, the history of man from the creation

and by prophecy, to the end of time, and his eternal destiny. Dr.

Johnson remarks: Milton considered creation in its whole extent, and

his descriptions are therefore learned.

The mock epic can be defined as a poetic form written in the epic

structure and its subject is ridiculously trivial. It mainly aims at

satirizing socially vulnerable points. The writer makes every possible

effort to make it charming so that those who are laughed at may notbe annoyed. Pope himself says about this genre of literature: It is

using a vast force to lift a feather. The rape of the lock is a mock-epic

in the best sense of the term. Hazlitt has called the poem The

perfection of the mock-epic.

In the beginning of an epic, the poet makes an invocation to the

Muse or the Holy Spirit to help him write some thing praiseworthy and

everlasting. He, with all his ability and store of thoughts and

vocabulary, cannot do so without that supernatural assistance.

Following this tradition, and keeping his religion in his mind, Milton

entreats the Holy Spirit:

O spirit, that dost prefer

Before all temples the upright hart and pure,

Instruct me what in me is dark illumine,

What is low raise and support.

The poet also tells the purpose of his adventure:

I may assert eternal providence


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And justify the ways of God to man.

Alexander Pope in his mock-epic The Rape of the Lock has

followed the tradition of the commencement and also the

purpose:

Say what strange motive, Goddess; could compel

A well bred lord to assault a gentle belle?

I sing this verse to Caryll, Muse is due

This even Belinda may vouchsafe to view

The purpose of the poem is expressed thus:

Slight is the subject but not so the praise

If she inspire and he approve my lays.

An epic is specified with a great task; the hero and other

main characters are involved in some Herculean problem. Long

journeys, fatal fights blood curdling harassment, wars, etc., worklike pillars to maintain the high canopy of the epics tent. In

Paradise Lost, there is a grand battle between the limitless

forces of God, and those of Satan. Such a great war has never

been fought in the history of man. The great thunder that

followed the rebel angels to the hell makes the reader stunned.

Then in book IX, there is the expulsion of man from heaven. The

greatest tragic event in the history of man.

In his first speech, Satan remarks about his battle:

(5) (i) And hazard in the glorious enterprise,

Joinned with me once, now misery halh joined


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His utmost power with adverse power opposed.

In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven, and shook histhrone.

(6) The construction of a grand pandemonium is no

boubt a great task:

and blazing cressets, fed

With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light

As from the sky.

(7) The grreat tragedy of man occurs in book IX when Eve

eats the forbidden fruit:

So saying, her rash hand in evil hour

Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she ate.

Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat

Sighing through all her works gave signs of woe,

That all was lost.

Wearing the glasses of magnification, when we cast a glance at The

Rape of the Lock, we are suddenly stunned to find the great task ofcutting the lock of hair unfairly of a fair damsel:

(8) The meeting point the sacred hair dissever

From fair head, for ever, and for ever;

(9) The war of sexes is presented in a beautiful way:

All side in parties and begin the attack;

Fans clap, silks rustle, and touhg whalebones crack;

(10) Death spreads every where:

One died in metaphor, and one in song.

(11) Trivial actions like this are happening :


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She smiled to see the doughty hero slain,

But, at her smile, the Beau revived again.

Great characters are a requirement for great action.

In Paradise Lost, Satans character has been portrayed byMilton in a splendid way. His stature is suggested thus:

(12) Prone on the flood, extended long and large,

Lay floating many a rood;

(13) His shield and spear are brought before us like this

(14) . His ponderous shield,

Hung on his shoulders like the Moon,..

(15) His spear, to equal which the tallest pine

Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the Mast

Of some great Ammiral, were but a wand.

He has a great sympathy for his followers and is

grieved to see them in that perdition. He encourages

them like a brave leader and puts before them the

plan of their life:

(16) Fallen Cherub, to be weak is miserable

Doing or suffering.

(17) To so aught good never will be our task.

Adam and Eve have the perfection of humanity; Adams strength of

body and mind, and Eves charms have been beautifully described by

the poet. Thus the epic can boast of grand characters.

While in The Rape of Lock very timid characters have been

created. The Baron is the mockery of bravery. The fop makes an

adventure to get a lock of hair of a girl. Before coming to the Hyde

Park, he bows before gods to heavenly powers to make bless him with

the prize of the lock. This scene is enough to laugh at a youngman like

the Baron.


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Then prostrate falls and begs with ardent eyes

Soon to obtain and long possess the prize:

Belinda behaves just like a delicate doll whose aim is only to attract

others.

This nymph, to the destruction of mankind

Nourished two locks, which graceful hung behind

The two characters are suitable for a mock-epic.

Sir Plume also behaves in a ridiculous way:

When bold Sir Plume had drawn Clarissa down,

Cloe stepped in, and killed him with a frown;

Clarissa and Thalestris are also coquetts Almost all the society has

fallen into vices. Here the game of chess has been presented as a war

in the battle field. Thus the action in a mock-epic is trivial as is

required.

A very prominent traditional quality of an epic is the proper use

of machinery. In the Paradise Lost, very grand machinery has been

employed. There are mighty angels like Gabriel, and fallen engels like

Satan, Beelzbub; they are further explained as gods of various regions

where they established their temples and large populations of human

beings followed their evil teacings. Moloch, Chemos, Baalim and

Ashtareth, Astarte, Thammuz, Dagon, Osiris, Isis, Orus, Belial, etc.

make up the machinery of the epic. The major part is played by Satan

himself. Almost all fallen angels engage in contructing the great

Pandemonium. Then Satans adventure to enter paradise, the

revolutions around the earth and then penertrating to a serpent makes

the piece very attractive.

Similarly machinery has been employed in The Rape of the

Lock. There is Ariel, the head of all the spirits. Then there are four

types of the spirits: salamanders, nymphs, gnomes, sylphs.

These spirits play an active part in the overall action of the

mock-epic. There is also Spleen that has a mood of her own and who


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spreads coquettery and Megrim in the world. Thus machinery in both

the epics works like soul in the body.

Riaz Hassan says:

A living poem should have a body, a soul and a mind. The bodywould be its form, the soul its inspiration, and the mind its message.

By using machinery, both the poets have fulfilled the qualities of

a living poem.

(18) A brighter wash to curl their waving hairs

Assist their blushes and inspire their airs.

(19) To fifty chosen sylphs of special note,

We trust the important charge, the petticoat;

(20) Ariel himself shall e the grard of shock.

(21)Episodes are part and parcel of an epic. An epic is just like

the tree of oak that spreads its branches in every direction.

Episodes inerease the dimensions of a piece and the volume of

the writing is also multiplied. Tradition is also satisfied. Milton

has used a number of episodes in Paradise Lost Book I.The

description of angelic gods is merely the addition of episodes,

then the construction of the Assembly Hall etc . Are the

episodes that make the main plot more attractive . Book IX

has allusions to mythological characters like Dryad, Delia,

Pomona, vertumnus, Ceres, Neptune, Juno that work like short

episodes. Similarly in The Rape of the Lock, episodes have

been given proper room and position. The first dream of

Belinda, the game of chess, the adventure of the Umbriel all

work like episodes. If these episodes are deleted from themain plot, the epics would look like logs not trees in the

shade of which thoughs and passions can get some rest, peace

and pleasure. Especially if episodes are removed form the

Rape of the Lock, it would lose most of its charm. But the

abundance of episodes can also mar the charm of a


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masterpiece. Style adopted by the poet is the most important

thing in an epic. The whole edifice of the epic is supportd,

embellished and dignified by the style of the writer. In this

regard both Milton and Pope succeed in proving their skill. The

first one adopted the Grand Style that became famous in theEnglish literature. And the second one adopted the method of

mockery that was suitable for his piece.

The over all language is dignigied and effort has been made to

sustain the level of the language. For the grand style, Milton used epic

similes:

(22)Thick as Autumnal leaves that strow the brooks

In Vallombrosa, where the Etrurian shades

High over-arched embower; or scattered sedge

Afloat, when with fierce winds Orion armed

Hath vexed the Red-Sea coast.

(23) In shape and gesture proudly eminent,

Stood like a tower

William Henry Hudson remarks:

But often the influences which most profoundly affect literature

are not literary ; they are influences which belong, not to book

but scholarship, general life, politics, society.

We find that Milton fulfills all the demands.

Miltons style is replete with extreme terseness that not only

pleases but also casts a spell on the reader:

To do aught good never will be our task,

But ever to do ill our sole delight.

There is also verbal music in his words:


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She fair, divinely fair, fit love for gods,

For the further variety in his style, Milton uses inverted

constructions:

Creator wise, danger tasted, intended wing depressed, fair coloursmixed, etc.

The style of The Rape of the Lock is also sublime but according to the

need. The poet cemploys a great force to lift up a feather. Try has

been made to extend similes to make them epic like:

(24) Bright like the sun, her eyes the gazers strike,

And, like the sun, she shines on all alike.

Exaggeration is also a part of style, note the exaggeration of the line:

(25)Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay,

And at the same time it reminds us that we are reading a

mock-epic.

In epics references to mythology are made:

(26)Whether the nymph shall break Dianas law,

Or some frail China jar receive a flaw:

Than mythological character like Pallas Mars,Latona, Hermes,

are mentioned in the rape of the lock.

In an epic, the poet has his intermissions where he shows his

presence. In Paradise Lost, we find:

So spake the patriarch of mankind but Eve

Persisted; yet submiss though last, replied:

Similarly in The Rape of the Lock, we find Pope saying:

(27)O thoughtless mortalls; ever blind to fate,

Too soon dejected, and too soon elate.

In an epic there are speeches of characters. We find in Paradise


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Lost the speeches of Satan and Beelzbub in book 1, then in book IX,

there are speeches of Adam, Eve and Satan. The same method has

been used by Alexander Pope in the Rape of the Lock. Belinda,

Clarissa, Thalestris, the Baron, Ariel, all have their speeches. These

speeches increase interest in the piece and also help us understandthe inner feelings of the characters.

The titles of the epics are also attractive, Paradise Lost is a

universal topic and every human being can be interested in it. While

The Rape of the Lock is a ridiculous topic. The grave sense of rape

has been connected with a lock. Thus the titles fulfill their relevant

needs.

An epic has a good sized length and breadth. Everything is

explained with full satisfaction. Paradise Lost with its twelve booksleaves no aspect unexplained. While The Rape of the Lock has only

seven hundred and ninety lines. Its brevity multiplies its charm and a

compact pleasure is enjoyed by the reader.

In epics, characters have grand passions according to their position.

As in Paradise Lost, Satan is full of grand passions. Though infane, his

task to over throw God is no doubt a great passion. Then he burns in

the fire of revenge and enters paradise against Gods orders and

succeeds in bringing about mans fall. His great passion is a force for

his great adventures. Miltons Satan proves a mighty mountain ofcourage. Standing in the burning ground, he doesnt fall into the

quagmire of dispair. He utters very boldly:

Farewell, happy fields,

Where joy for ever dwellls: Hail, horrors, hail,

Infernal world, and thou profoundest Hell,

Reveive thy new possesser: one who brings

A mind not to be changed by place or time.

The mind is its own place, and in itself.

Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.

But in a moke-epic passions are also trivial, the young men want to


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entrap girls and vice versa. Belinda says:

Oh hadst thou, cruel! been content to seize

Hairs less in sight, or any hair but these!

The whole piece brings before us social vices along with personal

drawbacks.

Kalimuddin Ahmad asserts:

It is only a realization of truth that gives life its meaning and art

its significance.

The Rape of the Lock gives us the realization of the English society

of the Eighteenth century.

Thus the two epics have a large number of aspects where they

compare and contrast with each other. But each of them has its own

worth and quality. With respect to grandeur, Paradise Lost impresses

us very much but with respect to humour and pleasure, The Rape of

the Lock brings us a glass of laughter.

(28)William Henrry An Outline History of English

Literature

(G.Bell and Sons LTD

London) (1963)

(29)Riaz Hassan Practical Criticism and Some Aspects of

Aristotles Poetics

(The Imperial Book Depot

The Mall Lahore.)

(30)Kalimuddin Ahmad Psycho Analysis and Literary Criticism(National Book Foundation Islamabad

Pakistan )


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A Critical Appreciation of Robert Frosts Poetry

Prof. Niamat AliDepatment of EnglishGovt. Islamia College, Kasur

Pakistan

Robert Lee Frost stands as a towering personality among the Americanpoets not only of the twentiecth but probably all the centuries to come.He can be regarded as the crown on the head of American poetry. Awide spread range of the themes in his poems make him the poet notonly of New England but the whole world. Almost every reader feels

that Robert Frosts thoughts are also his own. As Mirza Ghalib(an urdupoet)says:

Dekhna takreer ki lazat k jo us ne kaha

Mn ne ye jana k goya ye b mere Dil mn hay.

Not only with respect to themes but also the expert use of poetic

devices make his poetry pleasing rather matchless in the realm of

American poetry.

In the following passages, we present a brief analysis of his poetry

along with a short sketch of his life.

He was born in San Francisco on 26th March, 1874. His mother herself

was a poetess and educated woman. He was only eleven when his

father passed away because of tuberculosis. His mother adopted

teaching to make both ends meet. He joined Dartsmouth college in

1892. He did a number of jobs to be a support for his family. Hemarried his school fellow Elinor White in 1895 and tried to settle down

as a school-teacher.He migrated to England in 1912.

He stayed there for three years and got his first book, A Boys Will,

published in 1913. In 1913 he returned to New England, America. He


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was awarded the Pulitzer prize and also invited to the Inauguration of

President Kennedy. He died in January 1963.

His life with respect to misfortunes, struggle and success reminds us of

the famous American president Abraham Lincoln. In fact Robert Frost

has the same prominent status in American poetry as Abraham Lincoln

has in American politics.

A brief analysis of Frosts poetry a nosegay, a bouquet, or a bed,

whatever we may call it, his poetry has sweet smelling colorful flowers

that sparkle like gems in the light of conscious and understanding. A

charming spectacle where the beauties of words can be viewed in their

climax . Sometimes Frost becomes more charming than clear light;

and sometimes confusion pleases us more than clarity does . Most of

the conditions of mind can be experienced in Frosts poetry. (Kenneth

Quinn remarks:

A poem is a representation of the writers understanding of the

human condition, a reorganization of experience which can be felt asessentially true, but doesnt have to be true as it stands. We find that

Frosts poems are the same.

A list of his books is suitable to be mentioned here:

(1) A Boys Will (1913)

(2) North of Boston (1914)

(3) Mountain Interval(1916)

(4) New Hampshire (1923)(5) West Running Brook (1928)

(6) A Further Range (1936)

(7) A Witness Tree (1942)

(8) Steeple Bush


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(9) Two Masques (1945)

(10) In the Clearing (1962)

Randall Jarrell remarks that Frosts early poetry is different from the

later. But we assert that the personality and originality of the poet can

be viewed in each and every line by the poet.

As soon as we knock at the door of a Frosts poem, we are welcomed

warmly with open arms by a lady called Nature. Nature is a so wide

spread in his poems that we feel we are roaming with Wordsworth but

without any supernatural mysticism of the Romantics. Nature in its real

and practical sense can be viewed in Frosts poems:

(31)Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast

In a field I looked into going past,

And the ground almost covered smooth in snow,

But a few weeds and stubble showing last.

(Desert Places)

(32)But as I said it, swift there passed me by

On noiseless wing a bewildered butterfly.(The Tuft of Flowers)

My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near

Between the woods and frozen lake

The darkest evening of the year.

(Stopping by Woods on a

Snowy Evening)The lines quoted above make it clear to us that nature for Frost is as it

is in practical sense both pleasing and frightening.

Simplicity is the hallmark of Frosts poems; the poet of nature


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keeps his poems in their natural figure, without any artificial make up

to decorate them. But it is said that slow waters run deep; this

simplicity is very subtle and deceptive.

As an Urdu poet says:

Is sadgi pe kon na mar jaey ay Khuda

Karte hain katal or hath mn talwar b nahi

(The simiplicty of my beloved kills me with out

a sword)

His simplicity needs no shackles to sustain itself because truth is evergreen. His simplicity is replete with truth both practical and thematic.

His simplicity reminds us of English poets like William Blake , Daviesand Urdu poets like Mir, Dard, Nasir Kazmi.

Some instances are:

(33)She turned and sank upon her skirt at that,

And her face changed from terrified to dull.

(Home Burial)

(34)The bear puts both arms around the tree above her

And draws it down as if it were a lover

(The Bear)

Out of the mud two strangers came

And caught me splitting wood in the yard.

(Two Tramps in Mud Time)

An example of the Urdu poet Mir Take Mir:

Mir sahib zamana nazuq hy

Dono hathon se thamea dastar

(O Mir the time is very critical, take full care of your honour)

Frost is the poet of man out and out . Almost all the natural,

philosophical and social descriptions and narrations have taken man in

their centre. Pleasure, worries, miseries,fears,etc,every idea is related

with man. He is never lost in his philosophies nor ravished by any


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social or political impetus.

Aristotle says :

Since those who imitate, imitate men in action, and these must

necessarily be either worthwhile or worth less people.

Frost is always with humanity as a whole, not in pieces and portions:

(35)He hates to see a boy the fool of books.

(The Death of the Hired Man)

(36)Off he goes always when I need him most.

(Mending Wall)

Well both be married to the brook.

(West-Running Brook)

(d) He says again, Good fences make good neighbours;

(Mending Wall)

This involvement of man in his poetry makes it more pleasing and

reflective,because without man the universe is aimless.

Robert Frost has a balanced philosophy of life. He is neither a

pessimist to see darkness all around nor an optimistic fool who fails to

understand the practical and realistic sense of life and nature. Though

sometimes he is frightened by nature yet he enjoys it his fill. About

social life also he remains a practical thinker who bases every

experience on some or the other cause. This philosophy is at the sametime modern and scientific and at the same time not non-relogious.

(a)Some say the world will end in fire

Some say in ice.

(Fire and Ice)


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(b)The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to before I sleep.

(Stopping by Woods on a Snowy

Evening)

Something there is that doesnt love a wall,

(Mending Wall)

Thus his philosophy is based on rationality not on any

ununderstandable mysticism.

Along with the philosophy of life and nature it is suitable to discuss

Frosts philosophy of religion. In this connection it is safe to say that

he advocates neither for religion nor against religion. He, like a

gentleman, does not interfere into other peoples private affairs. It is a

fact that the world is governed by one religion that is humanity, and

the other religions have partial impacts on man. Frost has adopted this

greatest religion without throwing arrows against others. In fact, heloves man, he thinks about man and he talk with man. He is against

the artificial divisions that force man cut his brothers throat. A poet of

nature and man can never be narrow minded or limited in his

approach . At the same time, he does not allow to let loose the reins of

morality and good behaviour.

Sister M.Judine opines:

It was to the poets in particular that men turned for a

redefining of

their plave in the cosmic scheme of things. What they found


33/47

was a

diversity of minds and spirits __ all eager to defend. The

cause of beauty

and truth against the ugliness of industrilism and

commercialism so

prevalent in England.

(37)The universal cataract of death

That sepends to nothingness


(38)Our life runs down in sending up the clock.


Imagery grants poetry a pleasing flavor and Frost is not unaware

of it. He uses images in his poems so artistically that we feel some

liking for forest or other objects of universe. It is the expertness of a

narrator that he does not reject the low beings rather mentions them

to make his poetry realistic and natural. Some instances can be quoted

from Frosts poems:

(39)But no, I was out for stars:I would not come in.

(Come In)

(40)A doe from round a spruce stood looking at them.

(The Onset)

The butterfly and I had lit upon,

Nevertheless, a message from the dawn,

That made me hear the wakening birds around,And hear his long say the whispering to the ground.

(The Tuft of Flowers)

(41)Were he not gone,

The woodchuck could say whether its like his


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Long sleep, as I describe its coming on,

Or just some human sleep .

(After Apple-Picking)

Irony, the salt of narration, makes almost everything tasty,

impressive and praiseworthy. Frost makes a skillful use of this weapon

of writing . His poems are replete with ironic senses:

(42)Something there is that doesnt love a wall

(Mending Wall)

(43)The loneliness included me unawares

(Desert Places)

Id like to get away from earth a while

And then come back to it and begin over.

(Birches)

(44) Irony distinguishes one thing from others:

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference;

(The Road Not Taken)

(e) Irony makes the situation dramatic;Magnified apples appear and disappear,

(After Apple-Picking)

(f) Irony exposes the base of somebodys behaviour

He will not go behind his fathers saying.

(Mending Wall)

(g) Irony explains some idea:

Men work together, I told him from the heart,Whether they work together or apart;


The use of devices like pathetic fallacy, similes and metaphors


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embellish writings if they are used properly. Poetry remains blank

without an expert use of these devices. Sublimity cant be achieved

with out the impressive application of these tricks. Frosts uses similes

and metaphors in his poems so beautifully as stars are fixed in the

sky:

(45)And hear his long scythe whispering to the ground.

(Pathetic fallacy)( The Tuft of Flowers)

(46)My little horse thinks it queer

(Transferred epithet)( Stopping by

Woods)

Well, those days trouble Silas like a dream.

(Simile) (The Death of the Hired Man)

(d) That brought him to that creaking room was age.

[ Transferred Ephithet] (An old Mans

winter Night)

(e) His all pine and I am apple orchard .

[Metaphor] (Mending Wall)

(f) Nevertheless, a message from the dawn(The Tuft of Flowers)

(g) I shall laugh the worst laugh I ever laughed.

[Alliteration] (Home Burial)

Most of the writers and almost all poets develop from particular to

general, and from region to universe. This characteristic can be easily

traced out from Frosts poetry. The first reading of most of his poems

puts us to delusion that he is a local poet. He often moves about in hisNew England and searches out the subject of his poems . But a second

and deeper reading brings the fact before us that he is a poet of all the

world and of all times. Peculiar instances become symbols of general

happenings.


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(47)In Stopping by Woods. the traveler, the poet himself, is in

fact every man of the world; the night is the time of life ; the

horse is consciousness, destination is the end of life. The

charm of the simple poem becomes a symbol of life and this

quality makes the poet a universal one.

(48) In After Apple Picking the picker is the every man of the

world, apples are desires ,barrel is the greed of man, Ice-block

is mans life, hoary grass is this world, etc. Thus the poem also

becomes an explanation of life.

(49)The Road Not Taken indicates those people who dont follow

the beaten rut but create something new- often the great

revolutionaries turn the tables, great scholars propound new

theories , great leaders make the fortune of a nation and

convert slaves into masters. Thus the poem, in fact, is a code

for successful life.

Love has been the greatest theme in poetry all over

the world. Mostly. love between a young man and a damsel has

been the centre of thought. But Frost has extended the theme oflove to the whole humanity, rather universe. His approach is more

realistic. Though the feelings of love among youth is a fact, yet love

between mother and son, brother and sister, friends is not a dream

land story. But poets have paid little attention to this aspect.

Frost has behaved exceptionally:

(50)Something these is that doesnt love a wall

(Mending Wall)(51)Earths the right place for love:

I dont know where its likely to go better.

(Birches)

Only where love and need are one,


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And the work is play for mortal stakes,

Is the deed ever really done

For Heaven and Futures sakes.

(Two Tramps in Mud Time)

Loneliness has ever invited poets all over the world. The famous

Urdu Poet

Mirza Ghalib utters:

Rahay ab esi jagah chal kr jahan koe na ho

Apna , praya, meharban, na-meharban, koe na

ho.

(Now I wish to go to that place where there is

nobody)

English poetry is also replete with the themes of loneliness.

Robert Frost is also a lover of the same beloved of poets. We find him

alone in most of his poems. He is alone in jumping on birches, he is

alone in apple picking he is alone in Desert Places, he is alone in the

Road Not Taken, he is alone in the Tuft of Flowers, etc. This lonelinesshas been the theme of the universe. Most of the stars are in

loneliness. Man is alone in grave also. Thus loneliness in poetry makes

it universal.

Frosts poetry has the characteristic of lyricism. Short lines strike

heart just like sharp arrows and impress the reader maximum. That is

why his simplicity is called deceptive. This simplicity and sharpness

reminds us of Geoffrey Chaucer:(52)Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice

(Fire and Ice)

(53)I went to turn the grass once after one


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Who mowed it in the dew before the sun.


Snow falling and night falling fast , oh, fast

In a field I looked into going past.

(Desert Places)

In some poems, we find some sense of fear . This fear is also not

baseless because in nature fear in always hovering on human beings.

This sense of fear makes Frost s poetry more realistic. Without fear,

the balance of the universe will be disturbed; the same will happen

without hope.

(54)I advocate a semi- revolution

The trouble with a total revolution

(A Semi Revolution)

(b) I have it in me so much nearer home

To scare myself with my own desert places.

(Desert Places)

The concise but comprehensive discussion about the salient

features of Robert Lee Frosts poetry leads us to the conclusion that heis a great poet not only of the present but all the times to come. He

will ever be remembered not only in books but in minds and on

tongues. He will ever he remembered with honour and prestige. His

themes will ever sustain the high roof of his glory and fame. He will

ever be regarded as a poet of man and then of universe. Simple

diction, short sentences, layers of meanings, comprehensiveness of

thought, natural scenes, common characters, etc., will ever advocatefor his high position among American poets.

(55)Kenneth Quinn How literature Works

(The Macmillan Press Ltd


39/47

London)

(56)Aristotle Poetics

(The University of Michigan

Press.)

(57)Sister M.Judine Mordern English Writers

Sister M.Gratia (The Macmillan Company

New York) (1961)

Language experts can produce new letters

Maqsood Hasni

For expression often two methods are adopted:

1. Conversation

2. Writing

Without a language the process of expression cannot obtain anexistence. A language obtains to an existence by the words while thewords are come to an existence by the sounds.

The alphabet is not equal in counting in the languages of the world.Each sound has it own culture, civilisation, atmosphare of economyand atmosphare of politician. A rule can not be fixed for a word whenthe meanings and shapes it supplies to another language. The circle ofcircumstances and attitude of another language change the shape ofthat word . Like these examples

Words vote file advice and sport have different figures in the

Urdu and in the Punjabi.

Votroon Votraan, Votain

Faelain, faeloon, faelaan

Sportraan, spotroon, spotran


40/47

Edition of words can also be seen i.e

Researchmar (researcher), Mintmar (mintue) (hurry up)

The Arabic words jaloos, oqaat and khasam has meaningsdiffering in the punjabi and in the Urdu.

The Arab word hosla has prononciation differing in Punjabi,Mivati, Gojri and Pothohari.

The word Suzuki is used for a machine while the real meaningsare different in Japanese.

The speaker and the writer, these foreigners use in the second placethe local uses of the routine. The thing interesting is this that theperson uses it intentionally. The custmer must still have completelyawearness their origen and Prononciation organised to us. The cause

of this fact is this that the custmer is besides a native listener of thatzone. He wants to carry out what he wants. He has not tention orworry for the disposition of the phrases. The disposition of a line ofpoetry does not follow the fixed rules of the linguistics. Like example:

According to poetic installed:

Modat hoe hai yaar ko mehmaan kiay howay (Ghalib)

Second the rule of installed language:

Yaar ko mehmaan kiay howay modat ho gae/chali hai..

No doubt language has a key list as far as it regards the expressionbut the language is not going to express enough the ideas or thesensitiveness or the thoughts. The expression completes with someoneother fountains. For exxample:

Tone of the conversation

Style of the conversation

Sense of the conversation

Positions their lies speaker

Positions their lies of the listener

Atmosphare and condition of the place to the times of theconversation

Situation


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Reference to the competitions

Signs of the body of the speaker

Impressions of the forehead of the speaker

Movments of the hands (during the meeting)

Distingtion between direct or indirect naration

Personal taste and interest as far as it regards to go on themeeting

In case of indirect naration, the value of the talk will not remain morethen a translation. The talk of that side of the wall can be rasied manycomplecations and confusions. Because the listener has not knowledgeof the situation, need, atmosphare of the meeting as also the body and

the forehead it is not in his look.

We listen the music or the different type sounds in the radiophonic andperiodic banns of the TV. Both elements are necessary for thecomprehension the expressions and the points of the view. Theseelements have an importencein the called ones.

In fact to write something, is a written talk. The different marks areused in the writing (. , - ! ? : ; ?!( ){ } ) for the freest assemblingof the expression. The reader perhaps an expert in the reading butwithout these marks he cannot clearly understand the meanings of the

writing. These marks have their own meanings and can help in theassembling of the meanings of the writing. i.e

Roko, mat janay doo.

Roko mat, janay doo.

At the times of the conversation, the language of the body of thespeaker, impressions of the forehead, passes the remains of the markswithin the bounds of the supervision of the listener. Not only he listensto the words that besides look at the marks of the body and of theimpressions of the forehead. During the listening only to be able of the

meeting but from the look power besides does one relative job. Theblind people obtain both the work from their ears (that they observesand that listens to). While the deaf people obtain both the work fromtheir eyes. (that they observes and that looks to). Their look powerdoes double job. This position is not a maximum common.

A person listens to sar sar (snakes moving sound) while nothing isbefore him. With the help of this voice he is able to know that this


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sound is touching of the snake. A person sees certainly the movmentover a bundal of cotton he will automatically come to know thatsomething is moving under the bundal of cotton and he will considerthis sure matter of great care.

If the experts in language take some pain they can do a lot with thehelp of these helping elements. They can produce more and more newletters. For example:

A man with his mark of the hand asks to some one have your seatplease or to sign by hands to leave the place, if the overseeing personunderstands the means of these signs so these signs can be convertedinto letters. Considering like these marks I can introduce the hundredsexamples. It is my faith that if the experts in the languages take theliving interest and pain sure they will earn good results for theirlabour.

Sound sheen is very commen in the world languages

Maqsood hasni

After a deep, long, sensative thinking and linguistic experiments ofbooks and interviews with the experts on languages that I have

mentioned four points in my writings:a. languages alphabets of exercise are insufficient to meet the streattalkingand some very personal conversations / interviews.

b. This is a serious and hot need of this age that linguistic expertsmust do their best to invent and create some more alphabet sounds.

c. Crunt alphabets of the languages have more than one sound inspeaking

or writing but they are not in record.d. Languages experts should get sounds from nature, streat talks orchildren talks. They can easily convert these sounds into symbles foralphabet.

These points are connected. Someone took them serious, but theirattempts turtle are not sufficient to meet the needs of this age. Withthe passage of time due circumtences different lifestyles and


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preferences have been totally changed. In every moment of lifechallenges encountered strange horrible and hard events. These arestand before men as a policy and not as qualified engineer. Geting toregister for these events available alphabets are not enough. Poetsand writers events paining people face a very uncomfortable. They

cover and to over come this deficiency through the sounds madecompounds. But this attitude is incorrect and so low standered by allmeans. These compounds always create complications inprononciation.

For example, sheen sound is very commen in the world languages. Ineastren, specially sub-continent languages have this sound almost likea part of the sound alphabet. But languages of the west have not thissound like the sound of alphabet. They use more than six compoundsfor this sound:

1- Ch cliche nietzoche, Fitche, charade, chauvanism2 - CE croce3 CI facial precious4 - Sh shift, sheet, shirt, shawal, shrink5 - Si asia, malaysia6 - Ti action, mention essential potential residentional, confidentional

These compounds are also other sounds shine. Reader feel difficulty topronounce these sounds to made up. What bad or wrong in addtion ofa sound on regular bases in alphabet of the world's languages instead

of using many many different types of compounds. S is available in thealphabets of the westeren languages. After S shes sound can beadapted. It can be demonstrated by a second s under line or a linecould be put on it. It can be read shes. Do see this added sound inEnglish alphabet:

a ay an appleb bi bookC ce catd de dog

e ee eggf eff fang ge/gi girlh eh heni ae inkwellj jay jugk kay kitel el lemon


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m em mangon en nothingo oo orangep pe/pi penq ku

r ar rails es sachools shes sirt, screening, seet, sawal, srink, korose, nietzose, Crose,Fasal,presous, consous, asa, Malaysa, Menson, essensal, potensal,t te/ti treeu yo umblrellaV vi vanw dablu whistle, westx ex xraysy wae yearz zee (zed Amercian)zoo

Certainly first time s (shes) will be appeared as a stranger, but when itwill become part of the alphabet sound, people will not feel strangewith.

Languages are by the men and for the

men

Maqsood Hasni

It's a common and open fact that every language sounds and wordsare getting effect from local and forigen languages . But each languagehas its own style, word's culture, language speaking, listening and

writing system, grammar, sentence requirements, the speaker'sattitude, flexsibility in form of organs, its people's behaviour, needs ofsocity, the economic situation and the circle and social relations. Thesefacts and and many other references are most effective helper toinvent new sounds and words with the help of imported words fromother languages. If these sounds and words will follow the rules of thatlanguage then these words or sounds will have got room in thatlanguage or tounge otherwise they will not have space/place in that


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language. During this process something new take place in thatlanguage. For example:

1-The worlds can not be written in Roman characters with the za'ay

Farsi ().To resolve this matter, compound/substitute sounds j/g/y/ion will be usedi.e. mijgaan/miya/mijda/television/decsion2 - Which language is governed other languages spoken words can be converted thatthe language sounds available from its own alphabet sounds rather than theoriginal speech sounds. For ready reference please see these examples::(Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Punjabi Saraeki. Pothohari, Gojri etc.) reads , , , )

zikr zaria arzaan

zaeef namazarz zalimzarfkamisan (wife) camizn insted of camisannozomi (Wish) nozomi, insted of nosomioozora (Heaven) oozora insted of oosora3 - Where the sounds are not available there substitute sounds can be used.For reference check out these examples:

talwaartarbooz aaru/aadu rairi/raidi4 - Words get associated with that language. See these examples:a. advice advice laina, advice karna, advice hona etc.bound bound karna, bound hona, bound nikalna etc.care care karna, care hona, care daina etc.b. vote votroon, votaan, votraan, votain etc.sport spotraan, spotoon, spotain etc.c. mintue mint'mar

5 - Sigular plural and sexual identity are lost:* word media is used sigular in Urdu, Punjabi saraeki, Gojra, Barahvi, Gujrati,Pothohari, Pakhto etc.* these words: hoor, ahwal, asami, oqaat are prural in Arabic but are used singular inmany languages of the sub-continent.* Firdoos is a Persian word. It is fimine in Punjab, but oposist sex in Sarhad.

6 - In the new language the words often fail to remain their meanings. ie. sex animal


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glass, jaloos, etc. have not used in their orignal meaning in Urdu, Punjabi etc.As these examples I can present here hundreds. These six examples are enough todemonstrate that words and sounds can not keep their forms and meanings in orignal inother languages. Like many other languages, English have taken hundreds of words andsounds from other languages. English words and sounds have not taken themself to

remain in the orignal sounds, forms or meanings. After migration in this language we cannot identify their oriban. If the new language to meet the sustitute sounds then what needto deliver through composed migirated sounds?!Hundreds words started by ch and provide sound kaaf (k). I think this is not fair becausech is composed at a time many sounds. For example:ch sh sheen shes s nietzoche cliche, Fitch, charade, chauvanismKhay ch kh Munch, Zelicha (qibti)Chay ch chest, chair, Chesterch kaaf K chemical kemi klchemist ke mistchiasma ki az'ma

chiasmus ki az'maschimeric ka merikchlorophyl klo ra filchrismal kriz'mlchrist kristchrome kromchronic karonikchromite kromitchroma kromaThese words get start by compound ch and are providing sound k. These words arealmost came from the greek. Here my goal is depending on three things:

1 - The English alphabet has its own registered alphabet letter k. What it need tostart these words by ch. While this thing was decided that English is a languagewith its own identity. Because to start migrate words with their original style rules andlinguistics established. The compound ch that give sound k (kaaf) canbe written byletter k.

2- chrismal kriz'mlchiasmus ki az'masreason rezanseason seazantreason treazanprose prozrose rozpose poznose nozhose hozlose lozresume rezum


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resist rezistcosy cozimisery mizeri

In many words sound s is giving sound z what need to write it with s why not with z?

Many words are available in English, which are providing their orignal sound s (-seen).Please see these words:

Dose dosLoose loosNoose noosGoose goos3 - The third point is that some words end with e and this aditional e has no functionin a word. For example look at these words:resume, Dose, loose, prose, pink, pose, nose, hose, lose, chromium, chromiteI think after removing this extra e, no bad effect can be seen at any stage.

Of course this argument can not easily diagest and a book written logic that are differentfrom the language of the street.My opion is that this place to get all the writings in the books of the street and all thewritings are on the road but not above or below ground.Literature is by the men and for the men.Languages are by the men and for the men.

the critical views

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