McGUFFEY, DICK, AND JANE:

20TH-

CENTURY FERNDALE LEARNS TO READ Jean Spang

“That‟ll be the day!” (John Wayne) and Arnold Schwarzenegger‟s “I‟ll be back!” are two sentences from movies that have

become iconic statements in America‟s popular culture. Another familiar sentence holds a special place in America history: “See Spot

run.” It is from the 20th

Century Scott-Foresman reading primers commonly used in U.S. elementary schools, late 1920s through the

1970s. Dick and Jane, their family, pets (Spot and Puff), and friends, were characters in an adventure series that reflected kids‟

everyday life—and in the process taught kids how to read. A Dick and Jane special adventure with their dog included “See Spot run,”

the most remembered sentence from the entire series. In retrospect, Dick and Jane primers, and their forerunner, the McGuffey

readers, provide a revealing perspective on how kids were taught to read in the United States—and Ferndale—in the last century, and

explain why drastic changes were made in late 20th

Century reading education.

In Ferndale‟s earliest elementary schools, the Porter School (1870s-1914, Nine Mile/Woodward) and Central School (ca.

1915-1920s, Woodward/Nine Mile), students learned to read through instruction based on

common teaching methods sanctioned by the State of Michigan‟s Department of Public

Instruction. This method, exemplified by the widely-used McGuffey texts (mid-1800s-early

1900s), emphasized phonics, a system which stressed the identification of letters, the

formulation of sounds to pronounce them, word definitions, and sentence meanings—and,

significantly, Calvinist morality. Illustrations were rarely included. By the time students

reached McGuffey‟s Sixth Eclectic Reader level, they were reading Shakespeare, Milton, Sir

Walter Scott, and Lord Byron, and, as well, had learned the basics of elocution: articulation,

inflection, accent and emphasis, reading verse, voice, and proper gestures.

By the mid-1920s, however, Ferndale‟s public schools began to adopt reading

textbooks that were shaped by the nation‟s new “Progressive Era.” “Learn to Do by Doing,”

the famous sentence by the foremost proponent of this new approach, John Dewey, remains

carved in stone over the main entrance of Ferndale‟s Taft School (built 1928, Allen/Fielding

corner) to this day. Dewey‟s “look-say” method stressed word recognition and meanings of

everyday life with which kids could readily identify. In response, Scott-Foresman primers,

introduced in 1927, featured main characters Dick and Jane and their friends and pets,

employed the “look-say” method, and focused on realistic presentations of kids‟ adventures.

These primers, originally illustrated by Robert Childress, a Norman Rockwell friend and

fellow artist, soon became the standard texts in the teaching of reading to some 85 million

students in the U.S. As a result, Dick and Jane became an integral part of mid-20th

Century

American culture.

The eleven stories included Scott-Foresman‟s 1956 edition of The New We Look and

See primer are typical of the series. The stories introduced a 17-word vocabulary in a

“meaningful context” and, as the primer‟s Note to the Teacher stressed, words were “adequately maintained by repeated usage in the

naturally rhythmical speech patterns of children.” Dick and Jane faced many

challenges: rescuing Sally (their little sister) from a puddle caused by Dick‟s

(mis?)use of the garden hose and assorted dealings with other “situations” around the

house and yard, introducing the words look, oh, Jane, see, Dick, and funny. Included

in such adventures were the family cat Puff (originally named Mew) and the dog

Spot, which required use of the words jump, run, come. Even Tim, Sally‟s teddy bear,

gets the kids and pets into trouble and the words go, up, down, and see appear. Each

vignette was presented against a background of implied white suburbia, with no hints

of weather or geography. Authority figures, including parents, were “there” but, like

Charles Schultz‟s presentations of adults in the iconic Peanuts comic strips (1950-

2000), seldom seen or heard.

Fall 2014

NEWSLETTER OF THE FERNDALE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

The Crow’s Nest

McGuffey‟s Eclectic First Reader,

late-19th century. Photo:

McGuffey/Wikipedia.

“Learn To Do By Doing,” John Dewey quote

over Taft School entrance. Photo: Garry Taylor.

Page 2

Kids who attended Ferndale‟s elementary

schools in the 1940s, as recalled by one

Washington School student, were surrounded by

Scott-Foresman‟s Dick and Jane primers in the

classroom. Pictures of Dick and Jane characters

were used as decorations on bulletin boards;

primers were kept on a table in the corner of the

classroom and students were encouraged to look at

them during “down” time. Formal lessons from

the text were enthusiastically taught by a teacher

who was adept at using gestures and sounds to

dramatize the actions—and words—portrayed. For

many students, the first day they felt the electrical

charge between a word on a page and the word‟s

meaning in their mind, was to remain a lifelong

memory, the momentous realization that reading

was fun!

By the late 1950s/early 1960s, Dick and

Jane had begun to recede as honored characters in

the teaching of reading in the U.S. In 1955

prominent writer Rudolf Flesch published Why

John Can‟t Read, a book that criticized the “whole word” method used in the “look-say” regimen of reading education, and claimed

that it did not teach children how to read or appreciate literature. The limited vocabulary and simplistic stories, he said, had to be

replaced with the phonics method popular in the McGuffey era. At the time, American culture was presented with the Cold War,

hippies, Elvis Presley, the Age of Aquarius, Vietnam, civil rights, and Lyndon Johnson‟s Great Society—all of which combined to set

the stage for major changes in American culture. The resulting Elementary and Secondary Education Act of the 1960s required that

school districts present methods and subject matter that would better teach underprivileged and urban school children in addition to

suburban children. Scott-Foresman, in response, introduced minority characters, Mike, his twin sisters Pam and Penny, and their

parents, into Dick and Jane‟s white world.

By 1965, however, Scott-Foresman had retired Dick and Jane primers, and in 1967 introduced its

Open Highways series, primers that included poems and classic children‟s stories, all focused on

multicultural characters and situations—which also was the focus of new learning-to-read textbooks offered

by other publishers. By the late 1960s the use of Dick and Jane texts had mostly ended in the nation‟s

schools due to what critics said were their continued lack of minority characters, use of gender stereotypes,

and questionable relevance to the changed culture. Nevertheless, Dick and Jane basic primers were still

routinely used until the early 1970s in Ferndale‟s public schools.

McGuffey primers and Dick and Jane texts are now recognized as important parts of American

history. Henry Ford, who had learned to read from the McGuffey texts, so recognized the nation‟s debt to

William McGuffey, that in 1934 he had the log cabin where McGuffey was born (in Pennsylvania) moved to

Michigan‟s Greenfield Village as a lasting reminder of one of America‟s premier educators. And by 1996,

buyers for Wal-Mart, and officials from the Penguin Readers Group which had acquired Scott-Foresman,

began joint efforts to put Dick and Jane readers back into print. Current sales indicate that since Fall 2013

alone, some four million titles have been sold to date. And today the nationwide collectors‟ market has a

healthy trade in Dick and Jane texts of yesteryear.

So McGuffey, and Dick and Jane and their gang, live on. A bumper sticker sometimes seen on cars

traversing metro Detroit streets says: “If you can read this message, thank a teacher.” McGuffey and the Dick and Jane primers might

also be thanked. And for Ferndale residents of a certain age especially, one sentence perfectly recalled their learning-to-read

experience in the city‟s schools of a simpler time: SEE SPOT RUN.

Note: John Wayne‟s “That‟ll be the day,” from The Searchers, released 1956; later the title of a hit song by Buddy Holly and the Crickets, 1957. Arnold Schwarzenegger‟s “I‟ll be back,” from The Terminator, 1984. “Memory of Washington School, 1940s,” Jean Spang, Long-time Ferndale resident. Sources: Associated

Press, “Dick and Jane‟ art trove to be in auction,” Detroit Free Press, April 21, 2014:8A. Bilz, Reed K, “Remember Dick and Jane?, attachment to Shermer article

cited below. Cole, Maurice F., Ferndale of Yesteryear (Ferndale Historical Society, 1971), schools passim. Collectible Books [Photo of Dick & Jane Primer (1946)], http://www.brightok.net/~wdmorgan-ss/Books/TransferFolder/, retrieved April 29, 2014. Genovese, Pete, “Look, look Dick and Jane are back,” Newhouse News

Service, http://www.media history.umn.edu/archive/dickandjane.html, retrieved April 29, 2014 [current markets for Dick and Jane texts; Wal-Mart/Penguin Readers

Group collaboration].Gray, Wm. S, Marion Monroe, Sterl Artley, May Hill Arbuthnot, Illustrated by Eleanor Campbell, The New We Look and See, The 1956 Edition (Chicago: Scott, Foresman Co.), passim. McGuffey, William, McGuffey‟s New Sixth Eclectic Reader (Cincinnati: Winthrop B. Smith & Co., 1856 reprint). McGuffey

Readers: From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGuffey_Readers, retrieved September 13, 2014 [includes history of readers, Henry Ford/Greenfield Village

McGuffey memorial, and photo of McGuffey Eclectic First Reader]. Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy, Readings with and without Dick and Jane: The Politics of Literacy in c.20 America: A Rare Book School Exhibition, at The Rotunda, University of Virginia, 9 June 1-Nov. 2003, [includes description of phonic/look, history of the series],

at http://www.rarebookschool.org/2005/exhibitions/dickand jane.shtml, retrieved April 29, 2014. Sparks, J. History of Dick and Jane, at

http://www.tagnwag.com/dick_and_jane_books.html, retrieved April 29, 2014.

Washington School classroom (1923), with Dick and Jane decorations and

blackboard lessons. Photo: Ferndale Historical Museum archives.

Dick and Jane primer,

1946. Photo:

Collectible Books.

Page 3

MANIC MONDAY:

WASHERWOMEN BLUES, MID-TO-LATE 19TH

CENTURY Garry Taylor*

Today many individuals look upon Monday, and especially Monday morning, with disdain. However, Monday could put a

smile on their face if they took time to think about what a Monday meant for women in the mid-to-late 19th

Century. Doing the

washing dictated their whole Monday routine from food prep to cleaning chores. No time for big meal preparations was possible

because cooking smells would permeate clean wash.

Why Mondays for wash day? A person‟s wardrobe of the day was much simpler than today‟s. Two or three pairs of work

duds (a clean set for everyday work in the fields), and a Sunday best outfit for church and Sunday dinner, were the basics. Monday,

therefore, was the logical day to make sure all such items were fresh—as were children‟s clothing, linens (bedding and underwear),

blankets, and even carpets, all of which were set to soaking in a big tub the night before washday.

Rain or shine, laundry day came every week without fail, and the day began with the building of several fires that would set

vats of water, hauled from a nearby well, boiling. Washboards were propped in some of these

tubs, where soap made of a potash and lye mixture waited. (By the late 1800s Ivory soap had

been introduced and once purchased could be slivered into these tubs.) Then, from washtub to

rinsing tub, where the clothes were stirred over and over to remove soap, but never would all

soap be rinsed away. Next, wringing began. Before the introduction of hand-cranked (and

later motorized) wringers, women wrung all items by hand. Many women had blistered and

calloused hands as a lasting reminder of their many years completing this task.

Hanging out the wash on a bright breezy day was the ideal drying process, allowing

laundry to be hung on strung-out rope lines to dry in the open air. If the weather boded ill the

wash was hung in the house, basement, dirt cellar, barn, or any available indoor place—where

it could take days to dry fabrics.

Finally, flat irons, heated on a wood stove top or in a fireplace, were used to press

out any wrinkles in the garments. And so (thankfully) ended Monday‟s washing ritual.

Clearly, Mondays in the 19th

and early 20th

Centuries were much harder than

Mondays in the 21st Century. Which means that “Monday Blues” today can be alleviated by

just thinking about what Mondays meant to our ancestors. Even the thought promises to

make any Monday terrific!

* Personal recollection of family history of doing the washing, written by Garry Taylor (as told by his

elders), President, Ferndale Historical Society, 2014

„Doin‟ the Wash* [From an anonymous note sent circa 1900, which is on display

at the Whistler Museum and Archives, in Whistler, British Columbia]

1. Build fire in back yard to heat kettle.

2. Set tubs so smoke won‟t blow in eyes if wind is pert.

3. Shove one whole cake of lye soap in boiling water.

4. Sort things. Make 1 pile whites, 1 pile colors, and 1 pile breeches and rags.

5. Stir flour in cold water to smooth. Thin down with boiling water. Starch.

6. Rub dirty spots on washboard, scrub hard then boil. Rub colors but don‟t boil. Just rinse and starch.

7. Take white things out of kettle with broom handle. Then rinse, blue and starch.

8. Spread tea towels on grass and fence.

9. Put rinse water in flower beds.

10. Scrub porches with soapy water.

11. Turn over the tubs to drain.

12. Go put on a clean dress. Smooth hair out. Brew tea. Sit and rest. Rock a spell. Count your blessings.

Source: „Doin‟ the Wash,‟ appeared in Country Living, November 1991, and was reprinted in the Waterford Historical Society News Bill, March-

April-May 2013: 3.

Washing Machine & Laundry

Equipment, ca. 1900, Ferndale

Historical Museum display. Photo:

Garry Taylor.

Page 4

SELECTED MEMOIRS OF FERNDALE PARKING METERS, 1953-1983 Jan Froggatt

Did you ever wonder about the life of your local parking meter who faithfully stands guard at curbside and in

Ferndale parking lots day and night in all kinds of weather waiting to receive your deposits?

Thanks to the generosity of Roger Long, Parking Specialist, the Ferndale Historical Museum now has the

Ferndale Parking Meter Log for 1949 to 1983.

As of March 1950 Ferndale had 520 (1 and 2 hour) parking meters in service. This memoir shows that Ferndale

parking meters have suffered various “maladies” in their assigned line of work.

December 29, 1953 Meter knocked over by unknown car, case destroyed.

May 20, 1959 Removed meter to provide for wider driveway at A & P.

December, 1959 Removed 55 meters from rented lot of Spaulding‟s. The city has no interest in this lot.

March 3, 1960 Meter destroyed by city snow plow.

June 15, 1960 Removed meter on south side of

Post Office to make room for

driveway for Saunder‟s drive-in

cleaners.

September 26. 1960 Two meters removed from W.

Breckenridge to provide driveway

to new First Federal Savings Bank.

September 5, 1961 Meter damaged in an attempt to

pry the coin slot out.

May 7, 1962 Meter in Withington lot gone—

stolen slick as a whistle. No parts

lying around, no damage to post,

and no idea of how it was stolen.

October 2, 1962 Three meters damaged in a car

accident south of Post Office; only

recovered parts of two meters,

never found third meter.

February 5, 1964 Meter hit by Awrey‟s truck, case

destroyed.

November 2, 1964 Meter in lot behind Associates

Loan Co.: post and meter pulled

out of the ground. About a month

later this meter and case were

found and turned in.

March 22, 1965 Meter head popped off of post

from water frozen in pipe.

October 13, 1965 Meter hit by car; by the time

police arrived at the scene the

meter was gone and hasn‟t been

seen since.

March 14, 1966 Meter stolen from corner of W.

Troy and Woodward, recovered in Highland Park.

August 25, 1966 Meter missing, used pipe cutter,

cut off from ground.

November 3, 1967 Meter destroyed by firecrackers.

January 1970 Meter hit by car driven by Mrs. ---------.

December 28, 1983 Meter destroyed by car accident, turned into AAA insurance company

Ferndale Twist Parking Meter, ca. 1980s. Photo: Garry Taylor.

Page 5

LEONARD‟S DRUG STORE, 1920s

SOUTHWEST CORNER, WOODWARD/NINE MILE

Ferndale‟s business center, Woodward at Nine Mile, in the late 1920s was honored by Ripley‟s Believe It or Not as the only American city

to have a drugstore on each of its four corners. Leonard‟s (later Cunningham‟s) was on the southwest corner; McMillan‟s, the northwest; Rexall‟s,

the northeast; and Liggett‟s, the southeast. Thomas J. Leonard was the owner of Leonard‟s Pharmacy. His son Robert C. Leonard recently provided

the Ferndale Historical Museum with a short history of his father‟s life and business in early Ferndale:

He had owned the store called Leonard‟s Pharmacy (or

Drugs) on the southwest corner of Nine Mile and Woodward. In

the Depression he lost his businesses (the pharmacy—and a radio

store on Woodward near Withington) because he was

inexperienced at business and gave too much credit when “times

were good” in the 1920s. He sold the pharmacy business to his

friend, Don McMillan, whose store (northwest Woodward/Nine

Mile corner) later was the site of Federal Department Store.

Dad got a job with Oakland County as the Welfare

Department pharmacist in Royal Oak and Pontiac offices. He did

relief work, moonlighting for McMillan‟s for years. My first job

as a 14-year-old in 1950 was working for “Mac‟s” as a

clerk/soda jerk.

My dad slowly rebuilt his career after the Depression,

ultimately becoming the chief pharmacist for the Oakland County

Medical Care Facility (Infirmary) in Pontiac—eventually

becoming the administrator and a county commissioner.

A MEMORY OF

LEONARD‟S DRUG

STORE AND ITS PHONE From George Washington School [and

Ferndale] Through the Years, [A Project of]

Miss Madson‟s 2/3 graders, Washington

School, February 1990

In the early 1920s and 1930s there

weren‟t many telephones or houses with

electricity. The Leonard Drug Store had a

phone, and if someone called for you Mr.

Leonard would take the message and send a

boy to your house to deliver the message.

Where there was electricity it wasn‟t very

strong. Many people used gas, oil or wood for

cooking and to keep warm.

Leonard‟s Drugstore, during widening of Woodward, 1924. Photo: Four

Corners Collection, Ferndale Historical Museum archives.

Leonard‟s Drugstore, Woodward/Nine Mile, illustration and story by student, James Taylor.

Ferndale Historical Museum archives.

Page 6

THE MISKOFF STUDIO ON NINE MILE,

1950s/1960s?

INFORMATION WELCOME!

John Ivan Miskoff was the owner of a popular art studio on W. Nine

Mile (most likely the number was 279) during the 1950s and/or early 1960s.

He sold paintings and frames and gave art classes for many Ferndale residents.

His shop was always busy. According to Ancestry.com, Mr. Miskoff was born

in Russia in 1899 and arrived in the U.S. on the ship “Noronic” on June 8,

1947. His wife was Lena Maslikova. He passed away in 1981 in New

Richland, Minnesota, and is listed in one source as a farmer/painter. The

Historical Museum welcomes any additional information on Mr. Miskoff, his

unique studio, his customers and students that Crow‟s Nest readers can supply.

JUST MEMORIES:

THE OPENING OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL, 1923 Evelyn Wilson*

It was September 1922. The old Central School (now, the Board of Education Building) was bursting at the seams. We had

been told that the Washington School would soon be ready for occupancy and that it was our task to maintain school here as

effectively as possible. Accordingly we had a double corps of teachers—half of whom would be transferred to Washington School as

soon as it was completed. We were organized on a plan of half-day sessions. One group of children attended school for four hours in

the morning. When they were dismissed at 12:30, another group with a different teacher came immediately into the vacated rooms and

remained until 4:30 in the afternoon.

The Oddfellows Hall, a few blocks south on Woodward Avenue, had been rented to house the Kindergarten. Edith Thayer

and Betty Hauser were the Kindergarten teachers. As fall advanced and winter came on, this big hall proved to be almost impossible

to heat. So, after the five-year-olds had braved the most severe weather, they were sent home frequently to await the next day with the

possibility of more heat. Miss Thayer and Miss Hauser waited each morning with bated breath to determine what the day held for

them. If the hall was too cold, they knew that they would be delegated to substitute that day to some room in the district that might be

without a teacher. This variety of experience was not always to their liking.

The influx of new pupils was almost overwhelming. It seems as though every day brought in new people. Many were coming

from Detroit and Detroit and Highland Park to this fast developing suburban area, known as Ferndale. Ferndale had been

incorporated as a village a few years previously, but the school units were known as Royal Oak, District No. 9. Most of the fathers

were employed by the Ford Motor Company in Highland Park. Parents of new pupils were disappointed to find such crowded

conditions, but they were partially appeased when they learned that the children west of Woodward Avenue would be transferred to

the Washington School as soon as it was completed.

Just as all building projects are slower in developing than is anticipated, the Washington School was not ready for us at the

end of the first semester. However, a few days later, Superintendent William E. Harris informed us that we could plan to move,

fittingly enough, on February 22, 1923, Washington‟s Birthday.

The big day arrived. Six rooms only were finished. Members of the first teaching staff were: Lora Bogert, Betty Bennett,

Florence Roberts, Mae Kriekard, Margaret Burham, Hazel Stace, Anne MacNeven, and Evelyn Wilson. We were provided with only

the most essential equipment and supplies. There were few books, other than textbooks no pictures or visual aids, no record player, no

playground apparatus. We did have one piano and movable seats. The seats were an innovation. Heretofore, we had been accustomed

to the old type of desk and seat screwed to the floor.

Practically all of the teachers lived in Detroit, Highland Park, or Royal Oak. None of us owned automobiles. Accordingly,

each morning we boarded the local interurban, got off at Pearson Avenue, and walked the three-fourths of a mile to our new school.

The streets were unpaved and were often hazardous for driving. Hence none of us felt deprived that we were unable to drive.

Real estate promoters and builders were in their heyday. Houses were being built continuously. They were sold on contract

with small down payments. Many young families were moving into their first homes. The spirit of youth was rampant. Practically all

residents were young; the teachers were young. Everyone was full of anticipation. Accommodations might not be all that were desired

today, but we were growing. Everything would be better tomorrow.

Source: Evelyn Wilson was a teacher and the principal at Washington School, 1922-1945. “Just Memories,” written in 1923, is from her

typewritten manuscript on file in the Ferndale Historical Museum Archives.

Miskoff and his Art Studio (interior), Nine Mile, ca.

1960s. Photo: Dorothy Webb collection, Ferndale Historical

Museum.

Page 7

GEORGE WASHINGTON SCHOOL THROUGH THE YEARS [A project of] Miss Madson’s 2/3 Graders, Washington School, February 1990

A special bond to build George Washington School was purchased in 1918. In 1922, George Washington School was built on

the old Ferndale Park grounds. Back then there were fewer streets, lots of trees, vacant lots, kids, water, and mud. Much of the

Washington School area was underwater and swampy. There were times when people would travel by canoe to get around. The few

roads that existed were made of dirt and ere very dusty. Wild blueberries, blackberries and grapes grew in the woods that made up

much of Ferndale.

NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR

Hello Fellow FHS Members,

It is my hope that you have all enjoyed your summer vacation—and that all, if any, storm damages you may have

suffered on the infamous August 11th were nil to minimum.

The Ferndale Historical Society is planning its bi-annual Christmas House Tour 2014, so if you live locally and

would like to participate by having your house featured, please contact me at the museum on or before October 20th @

248-545-7606, or call Jeannie Davis @ 248-541-5888 for further information on this fun-filled event.

As October rolls around annual dues for FHS membership become due. Please check that your dues are up-to-date

so you can continue to receive our newsletter and other important membership information.

The Society‟s Board of Directors and the Museum‟s volunteer staff thank all Ferndale Historical Society members

for their continued support of the Museum and its mission. Without you, “preserving the heritage of Ferndale for future

generations” would not be possible. Thank you.

Regards, Garry

Washington School & students, Livernois, 1933. Photo: Ferndale Historical Museum archives.

Page 8

Please Look Inside!

Page 1 McGuffey, Dick, and Jane: 20th-Century Ferndale Learns to Read

Page 2 McGuffey, Dick, and Jane (continued)

Page 3 Manic Monday: Washerwomen Blues, Mid-to-Late 19th Century; „Doin‟ the Wash

Page 4 Selected Memoirs of Ferndale Parking Meters, 1953-1983

Page 5 Leonard‟s Drug Store, SW Corner, Woodward/Nine, 1920s; Leonard‟s Drug Store and Its Phone

Page 6 The Miskoff Studio: Information Welcome; Just Memories: The Opening of Washington School, 1923

Page 7 George Washington School Through the Years; Notes from the Director

Calendar of Events:

Thursday, October 23, 2014 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome

Thursday, December 4, 2014 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome

Thursday, January 22, 2015 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome

Ferndale Historical Society

1651 Livernois FIRST

Ferndale, MI 48220 CLASS

(248) 545-7606 MAIL

ferndalehistoricalsociety.org

“Preserving the Heritage of Ferndale for Future Generations”

The Crow‟s Nest, Fall 2014

Copyrighted and published quarterly by: Editor: Jean Spang

Graphics/Layout/Production: Chris Hammer

Mailing: Various Volunteers

Copying: Maple Press (Madison Hgts.)

www.ferndalehistoricalsociety.org

Ferndale Historical Society

1651 Livernois

Ferndale, MI 48220 USA

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