1

The Current State of Our Education

2

Quantitative

Research

School of

Management

www.ramayah.com

Mental Challenge

A man and his son areinvolved in an automobileaccident. The man is killedand the boy, seriouslyinjured, is rushed to thehospital for surgery. Butthe surgeon takes onelook at the boy and says, “Iam sorry, but I cannotoperate on this boy. He ismy son.”

What is

Quantitative studies collect statistically valid data from large respondent samples. Usually conducted via telephone, mail, or email with a carefully crafted survey instrument, their primary function is to confirm or disprove preliminary assumptions, insights, or ideas to drive informed decision ...marketconnectionsblog.com/index.php/2007/05/22/key-market-research-terms-that-every-non-researcher-should-know/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_methods

Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypothesespertaining to natural phenomena.

The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empiricalobservation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.

Approach

Quantitative research is

generally approached using

scientific methods, which

include: The generation of models,

theories and hypotheses

The development of instruments

and methods for measurement

Experimental control and

manipulation of variables

Collection of empirical data

Modeling and analysis of data

Evaluation of results

Research Process

Bab 6 - 9Bab 10 - 14

Bab 15 - 20

Observation

Identify Management

Dilemma

Hypothesis

Research

Design

Data Interpretation and Final Report

Writing

Theory Refinement (Basic Research)

ORImplementation

(Applied Research)

Data Analysis

Data Sources

& Collection

ConceptsConstructs

Operational Definitions

Theoretical FrameworkOR

Network of Relationships

Starting Point

What is Research?

Identifying and Stating What is it that you

wish to do?

What is the problem? - Problem Statement,

Research Questions, Research Objectives,

How Significant is the Topic - Literature Review,

How do you theorize the interrelationships

between all the concepts of interest? - Theory &

Hypotheses.

Research

This is part of Alice’s conversation with the

Cheshire Cat. In this Alice asks the Cat (Carroll

1989:63–4):

‘Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to walk

from here?’

‘That depends a good deal on where you want to get

to’, said the Cat.

‘I don’t much care where’, said Alice.

‘Then it doesn’t matter which way you walk’, said the

Cat.

Research Problem

Research problem is a situation that needs a solution

and for which there are possible solutions. If a situation

has no possible solutions then it makes little or no sense

expending resources researching it.

Take this statement, “everybody wants to go to heaven

but nobody wants to die”. Dying looks like a problem that

needs a solution yet there is no possible solution to it.

People must die. A research on how people can live

forever makes little or no sense.

Differences among the Topic, Problem,

Purpose, and Questions

Distance learning

Lack of students in distance classes

To study why students do not attend

distance education classes at a

community college

Does the use of Web site technology in

the classroom deter students from

enrolling in a distance education class?

Topic

Research

Problem

Purpose

Statement

Research

Question

General

Specific

Components

Problem statements often have three

elements:

1. The problem itself, stated clearly and with

enough contextual detail to establish why it

is important

2. The method of solving the problem, often

stated as a claim or a working thesis

3. The purpose, statement of objective and

scope of the project being proposed.

Role

You need to be able to clearly answer the

question: "what is the problem"?

And "why is this problem worth my attention"?

At the same time, the problem statement limits

scope by focusing on some variables and not

others.

It also provides an opportunity for you to

demonstrate why these variables are

important.

RQ & RO

Model Development

Literature Review Literature review involves the systematic

identification, search, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem

Why? We do not miss out important variables

Clearer idea of what are the important variables

Avoid “reinventing the wheel”

Problem statement can be stated precisely and accurately

“Testability” and “replicability” of the findings

Deductive Reasoning

Theory

Develop

hypothesis

Collect and

Analyze data

Accept/reject

hypothesis

Inductive Reasoning

Analyze patterns

& themes

Observe

phenomenon

Formulate

Relationship

Develop

Theory

Research Paradigms

Before a researcher starts to develop an experiment

they must first make a declaration and indicate what

their philosophical views are on the nature, purpose

and research.

Different researchers even within the same discipline

have very distinct views what the point of doing

research is, and how to interpret the results of an

experiment, so they have to be clear up front about

their views.

Research Paradigms

There are various terms to describe these

differences in views, including;

“Paradigm”

“Worldview”

“Epistemologies and ontologies”

“Broadly conceived research methodologies”

Research Paradigms

Positivism/Post Positivism

Constructionism/Interpretivism

The middle ground:

Critical realism

Pragmatism

Language of Research

Variables

Models

Theory

Terms used

in research

Constructs

Operational

definitions

Propositions/

Hypotheses

Conceptual

schemesConcepts

Concepts

A concept is a generally accepted collection of

meanings or characteristics associated with

certain events, objects, conditions, situations

and behavior

Example:

Table, chair, age, justice, ethics

Clear conceptualization

of concepts

Shared understanding

of concepts

Success

of

Research

Constructs

A construct is an image or abstract idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory building purpose

Constructs are built by combining simpler more concrete concepts especially when it is not directly observable

Example: Exercise, job satisfaction, beauty

Variables

Independent

Dependent

Moderator

Mediator

Control

Definition and Operational definition

Dictionary definition

An operational definition is a definition

stated in terms of specific criteria for

testing or measurement

Must specify the characteristic and how

they are to be observed

Operationalization

Concept

Operational Definition

Dimensions

A generalized idea about a class of

objects, attributes, occurrences, or

processes e.g. sex, loyalty

Gives meaning to a concept by

specifying the activities or operations

necessary to measure it

Elements

Broad characteristics to ensure

coverage or scope of the concept

Specific items about the identified

measurement, which are easily

measured

Operationalizing: Learning

Learning

Understanding Retention Application

Answer

questions

correctly

Give

appropriate

examples

Recall

material

after some

lapse

Solve

problems

applying

concepts

understood

and recalled

Integrate

with other

relevant

material

e e e e e

d d d

Make more than

4 sales calls

a day

Bonus RM for

Sales exceeding

quota

Concept B(Habits)

Hypotheses at the Empirical Level

Propositions and Hypotheses

Concept A(Reinforcement)

An hypothesis is a relationship that is assumed based upon logic,

between two or more variables in the form that is testable.

Example - Hypotheses

H1 Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently

H2 If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently

H3 The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees

H4 There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction

Theory

A theory of systematically interrelated

concepts, definitions, and propositions

that are advanced to explain and predict

phenomena (facts)

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA, 1980) and

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, 1991)

Model

A model is defined as a representation of

a system that is constructed to study

some aspect of the system or the system

as a a whole.

Theory’s role is explanation whereas a

model’s role is representation

Model

Perceived

usefulness

Ease of

use

Attitude Intention

Perceived

behavioral

control

Subjective

norm

Contribution in Research

Conceptual Contribution

1. improved conceptual definitions of the original

constructs;

2. the identification and conceptual definition of additional

constructs to be added to the conceptual framework

(e.g., additional dependent, independent, mediating,

and/or moderator variables);

3. the development of additional theoretical linkages (i.e.,

research hypotheses) with their accompanying rationale;

and

4. the development of improved theoretical rationale for

existing linkages.

Empirical Contribution

1. testing a theoretical linkage between two constructs

that has not previously been tested,

2. examining the effects of a potential moderator

variable on the nature of the relationship between two

constructs,

3. determining the degree to which a variable mediates

the relationship between two constructs, and

4. investigating the psychometric properties of an

important scale.

Methodological Contribution

1. reduce the potential problems with shared method

variance through the insightful use of multiple

methods of measurement,

2. increase the generalizability of the research through

more appropriate sampling procedures,

3. allow the investigation of the plausibility of "third-

variable explanations" for the results of past

studies, and/or

4. enhance the construct validity of key measures

through the use of refined multiple-item measures

and/or the use of measurement approaches that

do not rely on self-reports.

Example

Contribution Continuum

Contribution Continuum

1-42

Suggested Reading

Summers, J. O. (2001). Guidelines for conducting

research and publishing in marketing: From

conceptualization through the review process. Journal of

the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(4), 405-415

Morgan, N. A., Kaleka, A., & Katsikeas, C. S. (2002).

Antecedents of Export Venture Performance: A

Theoretical Model and Empirical Assessment. Journal of

Marketing, 68(1), 90–108

Sources and Collection of Data

How do you wish to proceed?

What approach? experimental vs. non-

experimental

What data? – construct, measurement,

questionnaire design.

Where is the data coming from? – Sampling

& Data Collection Method

Measurement

“If you can’t measure it,

you can’t manage it.”

Bob Donath,

Consultant

Measurement

“Development of science is nothing

but the development of measurement”

“Whenever you can, count”

“Everything that counts should be

counted”

Types of measurement

Objective Subjectiveversus

Goodness of Measures

Criteria

Validity

Practicality Reliability

Are we measuring what

we are supposed to

measure?

Is the measurement

consistent?

Is the measurement

practical to be used?

Reliability and Validity

Neither Reliable nor

Valid Valid & Reliable Reliable but NOT

Valid

Goodness of Measures

GOODNESS OF DATA

Reliability

(Accuracy)

Validity

(Actuality)

Stability

Consistency

Test-retest

Parallel form

Interitem

consistency

Split-halfLogical

(content)

Criterion

related

Congruent

(construct)

Face

Predictive

Concurrent

Convergent

Discriminant

Data Collection

Monitoring Communication

Data Collection

Monitoring

Behavioral

Linguistic

Non-behavioral

Physical

condition

(books)

Communication

Survey

Self administered

Phone Interview

Personal Interview

Mail survey

Web survey

Experiment

Time Horizon

Cross sectional

Longitudinal

Measurement Scales

Rating scale

Ranking scale

Categorization

Sample

The Internet is superior to traditional libraries for

comprehensive searches.

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neither agree nor disagree

Agree

Strongly agree

Type of Questions

Administrative

Classification

Target

Source of Questionnaire

Adopted

Adapted

Self Develop

Sources of Error in Measurement

Respondent

InstrumentMeasurer

Situation

Sampling

Two Central Questions

Do we sample or census?

If sample:

How to identify Who/what to include in the

sample? - Sampling design

How many to include in the sample? - Sample

size

Sampling

The basic idea of

sampling is that by

selecting several

elements from a

population, we can

make an inference

about the entire

population.

Inference

“Average height of 2nd year

students is 150 centimeters”

Parameter

“Average height of 2nd year

students in Mr Ali’s class is 150

centimeters”

Statistic

Population

Sample

Types of Sampling

Non-probability

Design

ProbabilityDesign

Convenience

Judgement

Quota

Snowball

Simple Random

Systematic

Stratified

Cluster

Simple Random

Stratified

Combination

Sampling Design

One-stage design

Multistage design

Data Analysis

What did you find?

How good is your sample? – Sample profile

- Representativeness & Generalizability

How good is the collected data? – Factor &

reliability analysis

Are your hypotheses supported – Statistical

inference

Data Analysis

Interpretation

Preanalytical•Data Editing

•Variable Development

•Data Coding

•Error Check

Data Analysis •Feel for Data

•Goodness of Measures

•Inferential: Testing & Relationships

Selecting the right Technique

What is the purpose of the

analysis?

What is the level of

measurement?

How many variables are

involved?

Report Writing

What did you find? (cont.)

What does your finding mean? – Discussion – meaning, comparisons with past findings, rationale – why or why not;

What are the implications of your findings?

Theoretical significance – what does it all mean – does it dispute or lend further support to established theory; how does it expand on current theoretical perspectives? How does it help future researchers in the area (further research)?

Practical significance – how does your findings help the practitioners? What do they have to do to improve their management?

Now we are ready to publish

Thank you for listening