The Development of The Development of Nation-StatesNation-States

Europe in the 14Europe in the 14thth and 15 and 15thth CenturiesCenturies

During most of the Feudal era, monarchs During most of the Feudal era, monarchs had limited powerhad limited powerModern nations did not existModern nations did not existPowerful nobles often had as much power Powerful nobles often had as much power as monarchsas monarchsNobles maintained their own armiesNobles maintained their own armiesBy the 14By the 14thth century, monarchs began to century, monarchs began to consolidate their power and modern consolidate their power and modern nations began to developnations began to develop

FranceFrance

The Last Capetian KingsThe Last Capetian Kings

Philip IV “The Fair”Philip IV “The Fair”

Struggled with papacy Struggled with papacy over taxation of clergyover taxation of clergy

Dissolved Knights Dissolved Knights TemplarTemplar

First Estates GeneralFirst Estates General

Relied on Relied on professional ministers professional ministers to run governmentto run government

Succeeded in turn by his three sons:Succeeded in turn by his three sons:– Louis XLouis X– Philip VPhilip V– Charles IVCharles IV

All three died without having male heirsAll three died without having male heirs

Crown was offered to Philip of ValoisCrown was offered to Philip of Valois

Monarchs of the 100 Years WarMonarchs of the 100 Years War

Philip VIPhilip VI

John II “The Good”John II “The Good”

Charles V “The Wise”Charles V “The Wise”

Charles VI “The Mad”Charles VI “The Mad”

Charles VII “The Charles VII “The Dauphin”Dauphin”

Philip VI –

first Valois monarch

Charles VII Charles VII (1422 – 1461)(1422 – 1461)

Ended 100 Years WarEnded 100 Years War

Consolidated royal Consolidated royal authorityauthority

Pragmatic Sanction of Pragmatic Sanction of 14381438

First French standing First French standing armyarmy

Louis XI – “The Spider King”Louis XI – “The Spider King”1461 - 14851461 - 1485

Used assassination, Used assassination, arrest and public arrest and public execution to extend his execution to extend his powerpower

Adds much of Adds much of Burgundy to FranceBurgundy to France

Stimulated French Stimulated French economyeconomy

By end of 15By end of 15thth century France was a century France was a unified nation under a strong monarchunified nation under a strong monarch

France also controlled parts of FlandersFrance also controlled parts of Flanders

Interested in extending their power into Interested in extending their power into Italy, especially the Kingdom of NaplesItaly, especially the Kingdom of Naples

SpainSpain

In 8In 8thth century, Visigothic Spain was century, Visigothic Spain was conquered by Berber Muslimsconquered by Berber Muslims

By 10By 10thth century century ReconquistaReconquista began began

By 13By 13thth century the only Muslim part of century the only Muslim part of Spain was GranadaSpain was Granada

In 1450, Spain was divided into several In 1450, Spain was divided into several kingdoms – the most important were kingdoms – the most important were Portugal, Castile and Leon, and AragonPortugal, Castile and Leon, and Aragon

Castile and LeonCastile and Leon

Originally 2 nations that Originally 2 nations that were united in 1230were united in 1230

Involved in Involved in ReconquistaReconquista – “castile” means castle– “castile” means castle

1454 Isabella of Castile 1454 Isabella of Castile ascended the throne – ascended the throne – great-granddaughter of great-granddaughter of John of GauntJohn of Gaunt

Married Ferdinand of Married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469Aragon in 1469

AragonAragon

Looked towards the Looked towards the MediterraneanMediterranean

Acquired Sicily 1282Acquired Sicily 1282

Acquired Kingdom of Acquired Kingdom of Naples 1443Naples 1443

Acquired Navarre mid Acquired Navarre mid 1400s1400s

Ferdinand of Aragon Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of married Isabella of Castile in 1469Castile in 1469

Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

Arms of Castile Arms of Aragon

Ferdinand and Isabella with their daughter, Juana

United their two countriesUnited their two countries

Completed Completed ReconquistaReconquista in 1492 in 1492

Established a program of religious Established a program of religious orthodoxy that led to –orthodoxy that led to –– The Spanish Inquisition (1478)The Spanish Inquisition (1478)– Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492

Financed Columbus’ voyages and Financed Columbus’ voyages and expanded Spain's territories into the “New expanded Spain's territories into the “New World”World”

Council of the Indies (1524)Council of the Indies (1524)

Juana “the Mad”Juana “the Mad”

Ferdinand and Ferdinand and Isabella’s heirIsabella’s heir

Married Philip “the Married Philip “the Handsome” – son of Handsome” – son of Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

Power struggle after Power struggle after Isabella’s death in Isabella’s death in 1504 between 1504 between Ferdinand and PhilipFerdinand and Philip

Philip died suddenly Philip died suddenly of typhus in 1506of typhus in 1506

Ferdinand declared Ferdinand declared Juana insane and Juana insane and imprisoned her in imprisoned her in castle at Tordesillascastle at Tordesillas

After Ferdinand’s After Ferdinand’s death, Juana death, Juana abdicated in favor of abdicated in favor of her son, Charles I her son, Charles I (later Charles V HRE)(later Charles V HRE)

Philip and Juana

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire

First established when Pope Leo III First established when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne in 800crowned Charlemagne in 800

Major power in Europe between 900 and Major power in Europe between 900 and 11001100

The HRE was elected by German princes The HRE was elected by German princes but confirmed and crowned by the popebut confirmed and crowned by the pope

Empire difficult to unify because it Empire difficult to unify because it contained many different peoples, contained many different peoples, languages and cultureslanguages and cultures

Charles Charles (r 1347-1361)(r 1347-1361)– ““Golden Bull” established electors: Golden Bull” established electors:

Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine, King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of SaxonyMargrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Saxony

SigismundSigismund (r 1411-1437) (r 1411-1437)– Council of ConstanceCouncil of Constance– No male heir; daughter married Habsburg No male heir; daughter married Habsburg

prince Albertprince Albert

AlbertAlbert – Only reigned for one year Only reigned for one year

Frederick IIIFrederick III

HabsburgHabsburg

Habsburgs will rule Habsburgs will rule Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire (and then Austria) (and then Austria) until 1919until 1919

Last HRE to be Last HRE to be crowned by the popecrowned by the pope

““Let others lead wars; Let others lead wars; you, happy Austria, you, happy Austria, marry!”marry!”

Maximilian IMaximilian I

Expanded HRE and firmly Expanded HRE and firmly established the established the Habsburgs as a Habsburgs as a European powerEuropean power

Married Mary of Married Mary of Burgundy and added the Burgundy and added the Netherlands to Habsburg Netherlands to Habsburg domainsdomains

Claimed Milan through Claimed Milan through second marriage to second marriage to daughter of the Dukedaughter of the Duke

Charles VCharles V

Son of Juana of Son of Juana of Castile and Philip the Castile and Philip the HandsomeHandsome

Inherited both Spain Inherited both Spain and the Holy Roman and the Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

Elected Emperor at Elected Emperor at age of 18age of 18

Habsburg Domains during reign of Charles V

EnglandEngland

Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy William, Duke of Normandy

The English monarchs quickly The English monarchs quickly consolidated their power and united the consolidated their power and united the countrycountry

The culture and language of the English The culture and language of the English nobility was Norman French throughout nobility was Norman French throughout much of the Middle Agesmuch of the Middle Ages

The Plantagenet'sThe Plantagenet's

William’s son Henry I William’s son Henry I left the throne to his left the throne to his daughter Matilda – daughter Matilda – resulted in over 20 resulted in over 20 years of civil waryears of civil war

Henry II – son of Henry II – son of Matilda and Count Matilda and Count Geoffrey of Anjou – Geoffrey of Anjou – inherited the throne in inherited the throne in 11541154

Henry II

Henry was King of England, Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Brittany and claimed lordship over Ireland.

In 1170, the English monarch controlled more French territory than did the King of France!

The Plantagenet's and the The Plantagenet's and the Development of ParliamentDevelopment of Parliament

Originated as the Great Council – whose Originated as the Great Council – whose origins go back to Saxon timesorigins go back to Saxon timesFirst became an institution under Edward I First became an institution under Edward I in 1264in 1264““Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops) consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops) and “Commons” (knights and burgesses and “Commons” (knights and burgesses from the shires)from the shires)Had power over taxation Had power over taxation

In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the deposition of Edward II and replacing him deposition of Edward II and replacing him with his son, Edward IIIwith his son, Edward III

During the reign of Edward III:During the reign of Edward III:– Parliament was first divided into two separate Parliament was first divided into two separate

“Houses” – Lords and Commons“Houses” – Lords and Commons– The office of “Speaker of the House” was The office of “Speaker of the House” was

createdcreated– Parliament increased in power as the king Parliament increased in power as the king

requested more money for the 100 Years Warrequested more money for the 100 Years War

Edward IIIEdward IIIEnglish language replaced English language replaced French as the language of French as the language of the law courts and the law courts and ParliamentParliament

Introduced the title of “Duke” Introduced the title of “Duke” for nobles who are closely for nobles who are closely related to the monarchrelated to the monarch

““Order of the Garter” – Order of the Garter” – established 1348established 1348

Started 100 Years War with Started 100 Years War with FranceFrance

Richard IIRichard IIGrandson of Edward IIIGrandson of Edward III

Peasants’ Revolt of 1381Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

Unpopular with many of the Unpopular with many of the nobles because:nobles because:– Did not pursue the French Did not pursue the French

warswars– Interested in cultural issues Interested in cultural issues

rather than fightingrather than fighting– Preferred his “favorites’, who Preferred his “favorites’, who

were not from traditional noble were not from traditional noble houseshouses

Lancastrian MonarchsLancastrian Monarchs

Richard II was Richard II was deposed by his deposed by his cousin Henry of cousin Henry of Lancaster – leading to Lancaster – leading to the rule of the . . .the rule of the . . .

Henry IV (1399 – 1413)Henry IV (1399 – 1413)

Henry V (1413 – 1422)Henry V (1413 – 1422)

Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and 1470 -1471)Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and 1470 -1471)

Henry VHenry V

Continued wars with Continued wars with France – Battle of France – Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was a Agincourt in 1415 was a major English victorymajor English victory

Treaty of Troyes – Henry Treaty of Troyes – Henry married French princess married French princess Catherine and will inherit Catherine and will inherit the throne when her the throne when her father, Charles the Mad, father, Charles the Mad, diesdies

Henry and Charles both Henry and Charles both died in 1422died in 1422

Henry VIHenry VI

Inherited both the French and English Inherited both the French and English thrones at the age of 6 monthsthrones at the age of 6 months

His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for him during his minorityhim during his minority

During these years, England continued to During these years, England continued to fight in France and lost most of the fight in France and lost most of the territory that Henry V had gainedterritory that Henry V had gained

Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou was an attempt to bring about peacewas an attempt to bring about peace

Henry VI Henry VI andand Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou

The Wars of the RosesThe Wars of the Roses

The White Rose of York The Red Rose of Lancaster

A dynastic war over which descendants of A dynastic war over which descendants of Edward III should rule EnglandEdward III should rule England

Would not have happened if Henry VI had Would not have happened if Henry VI had not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited from his French grandfather, King Charles from his French grandfather, King Charles “the Mad”“the Mad”

When he could not rule, the question was When he could not rule, the question was “Who should rule for him?”“Who should rule for him?”

Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret neither liked nor trusted himneither liked nor trusted him

Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied Richard of York any role in the Richard of York any role in the governmentgovernment

This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself in 1459.in 1459.

In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward continued the fight and gained the throne continued the fight and gained the throne for himself in 1460for himself in 1460

Battles of the Wars of the Roses

Edward IV Edward IV andand Elizabeth Elizabeth WoodvilleWoodville

Edward was a strong and popular ruler Edward was a strong and popular ruler until his sudden death in 1483until his sudden death in 1483

His death left his 12 year old son as heir His death left his 12 year old son as heir under the control of Edward’s widely under the control of Edward’s widely disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville.disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville.

An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s marriage led Edward’s younger brother marriage led Edward’s younger brother Richard to claim the throne on the grounds Richard to claim the throne on the grounds that the young princes were illegitimate that the young princes were illegitimate and thus could not ruleand thus could not rule

Richard was crowned Richard III in June, Richard was crowned Richard III in June, 14831483

Richard IIIRichard III

““The Princes in the Tower”The Princes in the Tower”

A Romantic 19th century painting

Margaret BeaufortMargaret Beaufort

Grand-daughter of Grand-daughter of John of Gaunt and John of Gaunt and Katherine SwynfordKatherine Swynford

Married at age 13 to Married at age 13 to Edmund Tudor, the Edmund Tudor, the half-brother of Henry VIhalf-brother of Henry VI

Had one son – Henry Had one son – Henry TudorTudor

Was very well educated Was very well educated and deeply religiousand deeply religious

Margaret worked with disaffected Margaret worked with disaffected Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to support Richard III to gain support for her support Richard III to gain support for her son, Henry, who was in exile in Franceson, Henry, who was in exile in France

Henry was of royal lineage on both sides – Henry was of royal lineage on both sides – descended from Edward III through the descended from Edward III through the illigitimate Beaufort branch through his illigitimate Beaufort branch through his mother and from Charles “the Mad” mother and from Charles “the Mad” through his father who was the son of through his father who was the son of Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to Owen TudorOwen Tudor

The House of TudorThe House of Tudor

Henry Tudor invaded England and Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in August, 1485Bosworth Field in August, 1485

Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest daughter of Edward IV – and united the daughter of Edward IV – and united the Houses of Lancaster and YorkHouses of Lancaster and York

Not a popular monarch, but did bring an Not a popular monarch, but did bring an end to 30 years of the civil warend to 30 years of the civil war

Henry VII Henry VII andand Elizabeth of York Elizabeth of York

The Tudor Rose

By 1500 -By 1500 -

The monarch was supreme – there were The monarch was supreme – there were no powerful nobles to challenge himno powerful nobles to challenge him

Parliament had authority to depose or Parliament had authority to depose or name the monarchname the monarch

Parliament had authority over taxationParliament had authority over taxation

England and Wales were united; England England and Wales were united; England claimed Ireland and controlled large parts claimed Ireland and controlled large parts of the islandof the island