The East African Tease: Discovering the Jewels

CJ Matchette-DownesEast Africa Exploration Limited

www.ea-x.com

APPEX March 2008London, England

Ref. K. Burke et al

Opening up of West Versus East Opening up of West Versus East Africa, Continental Margins

The break up of Gondwana has had a Gondwana has had a fundamental control on the make up and timing p gof source rock development in both the

d b kEast and West break-up margins of the super-Continent Gondwana Continent Gondwana

Ref. K. Burke et al

Tectonic Evolution – Emphasis on East AfricaMadagascar Separates from Africa

135mya – Hauterivian

Early CretaceousEarly Cretaceous

200mya – Rhaetian –Late Triassic

165mya – Bathonian –Middle Jurassic

Ref Reeves de Wit

Tectonic Evolution – Emphasis on East AfricaIndia Separates from MadagascarIndia Separates from Madagascar

Strike-Slip Trans-tension

90mya – TuronianL te C et eoLate Cretaceous

135mya – HauterivianEarly Cretaceous

115mya – AptianMid-Cretaceous

Ref Reeves de Wit

Tectonic Evolution –Seychelles & India SeparateSeychelles & India Separate

20mya Miocene20mya - Miocene

90mya – TuronianLate Cretaceous

60mya - PalaeoceneRef Reeves de Wit

East vs West Africa: The differencesEast vs. West Africa: The differences

• Timing – Early vs. late• Style Spreading Ridge vs• Style - Spreading Ridge vs.

Passive margin• Complexity -1 vs 3 phasesComplexity 1 vs. 3 phases• Data - More vs. less wells• Result - ‘Easier’ oil vs ‘harder’ oil• Result - Easier oil vs. harder oil

Ref GeoExpro 2007

General Stratigraphy, West vs. g p yEast Africa

AAPG Memoir 73) Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins. Edited by Marcio Rocha Mello & Barry J Katz 1999

General Stratigraphy Modified from Rusk & BertagneTGS NOPEC Morondava Road Show 2006

Timing West Africa Vs East gAfrica Early Break-up

• Upper Mesozoic vs. Lowermost Mesozoic, continental (lacustrine) oils, ( )

East Africa:

Several periods of failed rifting through Permo-Triassic

Massive thickness of Karoo sediment

Creation of unique rift basins / terrestrial source rockste est a sou ce oc s

Permian Sakoa coals, Madagascar

Triassic Sakamena lacustrine source shales, Madagascar

Reith Bank well in Seychelles penetrated Sakamena to Liassic ageequivalent source rocks

Extraordinarily low geothermal gradient

The early source rocks: yLacustrine East Africa

Lacustrine oils from both east and westernmost East Gondwana

Rifting Upper Cretaceous vs. Lower Jurassic oils (NB active spreading

/volcanism in the West, not so in the East)Notional early Cretaceous restrictedNotional early Cretaceous restricted marine setting

Notional early Mesozoic, restricted marine settingmarine setting

The Oil and gas habitats of the South Atlantic 1997, Edited by NR Cameron, RH Bate & S Clure 1999

Two western Indian Ocean margin, Lower Mesozoic derived oils Tanzania

East Africa, Pemba # 5 oil extract

δ13C‰ saturates -27.54δ13C‰ aromatics -27.02CV -1.96 East Africa, Tundaua

oil seep, Pemba Islandδ13C‰ saturates -27.23δ13C‰ aromatics 26 68δ13C‰ aromatics -26.68CV - 1.99

Jurassic, marine, carbonate dominated source

i.e., the same source – not Campanian, not Eocene

Jurassic, marine, carbonate dominated source

Ref GeoMark Research Inc. O.I.LS. database

EAX in KenyaEAX in Kenya

Offshore ‘Blowing Point’

LeadOffshore

Offshore ‘Mombasa East’

‘Cannon Point’ Lead

‘Mombasa East’ Cluster

Offshore ‘Mombasa

South’ Cluster

Offshore ‘East of Chale Point’

LeadOffshore ‘South of Chale Point’

Lead

Offshore ‘Funzi B ’ L dBay’ Lead

Western Indian Ocean margin Lower Mesozoic Oils: Seychelles

Local tar, Seychelles

Cuttings extract

Side Wall Core extract

Lead 24 – Tilted (Karoo) Fault Block(s) on new long offset seismic data, Seychelles – the next basin north of , yExxonMobil’s Ambilobe basin & well

50km 50km

Open marine, Mid Jurassic to present day in p p yEast Africa, Late Cretaceous to present data

Late cretaceous palaeo-Atlantic geography – fully marine

East Africa: Fully marine settings persisted from mid Jurassic onwards

AAPG Memoir 73 Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins. Edited by Marcio Rocha Mello & Barry J Katz 1999

Return to Continental dominance.West African Tertiary deltaic oils vs.

Western Indian Ocean Tertiary sources, Niger vs. Ruvuma

Note the large Tertiary Delta cones. Could East Africa’s Ruvuma, Rufigi, Limpopo and other deltas generated/hold hydrocarbons?generated/hold hydrocarbons?

Return to Continental source rock dominance West African Tertiary deltaic oils vs. Western Indian Ocean Tertiary sources.de ta c o s s este d a Ocea e t a y sou ces

Niger vs. Ruvuma (Seychelles & India)

Nigerian deltaic source and resultant crude

East Africa deltaic setting –Oleanane present…

Th t b t l t

The two Seychelles oil families

There appears to be at least two source rock families as evidenced in the biomarker assemblages extracted from the tars. On the left the

Waxy Higher Plant (Bombay High a bit more resinous)

older Liassic/Upper Triassic family as seen in Coevity tars and AMOCO well source rocks an Upper Cretaceous / Tertiary source shares some Tertiary source shares some affinities to the oils from Bombay High accumulation (Ref O.I.L.S. database).

Waxy Algal 1

1. Lower C29norHopane and significant, 2. Ol

2

NB high C29, C35

Oleanane

Two very different sterane (M/z 217

distributions (nb scale differences)

g 29, 35 doublet and Gammacerane

Lower Jurassic/Upper Upper Cretaceous/TertiaryJurassic/Upper

Triassic

Upper Cretaceous/Tertiary

Bombay High analogue

Seychelles Vs Bombay High/Cambay Basin/Indus – Tertiary sourced oils

Tertiary higher plant derived oils from Seychelles / Pakistan / India

Tertiary higher plant oil / tar ball/ tar ball

Ref Philp / SEYPEC

The ‘unsuccessful’ rifts; some oils from interior East AfricaEast Africa

Kenya

UgandaTanzania

The Jewels – thus farThe Jewels thus farSomalia

Ruhoi River (5km from Wingayongo) Oil seepMandura Basin oil seeps/shows

KenyaMandura Basin oil seeps and showsTarbaj Hill Oil seepPandangua #1: Oil showsRia Kalui #1: Tarry bitumens (Triassic Maji-ya-Chumvi fish beds)C S ff O

Ruhoi River (5km from Wingayongo) - Oil seepLukuliro: Gas shows - tars, sands in wells Mita Gamma: Oil showsMandawa: Oil showsMbuo: Oil showsPindiro #1: Wet gasLindi #1: Shallow gas blow outManzi Bay #1 & 2: Gas reservoir ~1 tcf+ Msimbati-1x (67MB equivalent) 28MMscfday-1

Cities Services wells offshore Kenya: Oil shows

Uganda “The Great Lakes”Kingfisher #1 Abertine Graben Heritage 13,900 BOPDMputa #1 Tullow Light flowable oil 30-32 APIWaraga #1 flowable oilCurrently drilling Ngassa #1 then Kingfisher #2T P Kib k Kibi il & K i T il &

Manzi Bay #1 & 2: Gas reservoir, ~1 tcf+, Msimbati-1x (67MB equivalent) 28MMscfdayMtwara # 1 Wet gas blowoutMisimbati: Oil and gas seeps

MozambiqueMocimboa # 1: Oil & gas showsPonta Unifundo and Pemba seepsInhaminga oil showsTuraco, Paraa, Kibuku, Kibiro oil seeps & Kaiso-Tonya oil & gas seeps

TanzaniaMakarawe: Tarry bitumens - Karroo age / JurassicTundaua: Oil seep - Jurassic (not Campanian)Pemba # 5: Oil shows – Jurassic (same as as Pemba # 5)Kiwangwa: Tarry bitumens – Jurassic?Z ib #1 G h

Inhaminga oil showsBuzi gas showsPande & Termane, 1+ tcf Pipeline being expandedInhassoro 2000bbls condensateSunray wells: Oil shows

SeychellesReith Bank #1 oil shows & tar ballsZanzibar #1: Gas shows

Mkuranga #1 Maurel et Prom 19.2 MSCFD – thermogenic gas – 5tcfKimbiji East #1: Gas showsTancan: Gas showsMafia Island: Oil & gas showsSongo Songo: ca. 1+ tcf, Condensate in wells # 1,3,7,9. SS10Okuza island: Oil shows - JurassicN i I l d & ll Oil & h J i

Reith Bank #1 oil shows & tar balls

MadagascarAnkaramy #1 Oil shows & coastal bitumensBemolanga Tar Sands 23B bbl in placeTsimiroro 2.2B bbl in place

NE IndiaNyuni Island & well: Oil & gas shows - JurassicLipwapwatawre: Oil seepMikandani: Oil seepKisangire: Oil shows - JurassicWingayongo: Oil seep – JurassicWingayongo #1 & #2 - 30m & 40m of tar sand

NE IndiaBombay High 3 Bbbls, multiple tcfCambay basin 2.1 Bbbls, 1 tcf

Pakistan

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• East African Exploration – Permissions• GeoMark Research - Analysis• TPDC NOCK INP SEYPEC Uganda• TPDC, NOCK, INP, SEYPEC, Uganda

& OMNIS – Access to materials• Gladestry Associates & GeoInsight –

East African terrainsEast African terrains

ReferencesReferences

• The Continental Margin of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar and northernmost South Africa: Delivering the understanding required to unlock new opportunities. JEBCO 2003

AAPG Memoir 73 Petrole m S stems of So th Atlantic Margins Edited b Marcio Rocha Mello & Barr J• AAPG Memoir 73 Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins. Edited by Marcio Rocha Mello & Barry J Katz 1999

• The Oil and gas habitats of the South Atlantic 1997 Edited by NR Cameron, RH Bate & S Clure 1999

Af i ' P t l S t F O t t D t 6th PESGB / HGS Af i C f C• Africa's Petroleum Systems: From Outcrop to Deepwater. 6th PESGB / HGS African Conference, Cape Town 2007

• Petroleum Geology of Africa, New themes and developing technologies Edited by T Arthur, DS Macgregor & NR Cameron 2003

• The Biomarker Guide Volume 2 Biomarkers & Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration & Earth History. KE Peters CC Walters JM Moldowan. Second edition 2005

• O.I.L.S. database GeoMark Research