the effect of capital structure on the performance …
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THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FIRMS LISTED ON THE TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE BASED
ON THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
ForoughHeirany
Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran
Safaiieh, Shohadegomnam Road, Zip code: 89195/155, Yazd, Iran
ShahnazNayebzadeh
Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
Safaieeh, Shohadegomnam Road, Zip code: 89195/155, Yazd, Iran
HosseinEsmailkhani
Department of Accounting, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
Safaieeh, Shohadegomnam Road, Zip code: 89195/155, Yazd, Iran
The Author to whom we should address our correspondence: HosseinEsmailkhani, M.A student of Accounting,
Department of Accounting, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, IRAN.
Abstract
This study seeks to examine the relationship between capital structure and firm performance based on the
competitive advantage in the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Using lagged leverage, square of lagged
leverage, relative leverage, square of lagged relative leverage, as the independent variables and Herfindahl-
Hirschman as the mediator variable, the research model has been formed. The sample is composed of 202 firms
selected among 13 different industries over a period from 2006 to 2011. The findings of this study document the
positive significant relationship between leverage and the financial performance. However, it is found that there is
an inverse significant relationship between squareleverage and firm performance. It is also shown that there is no
significant association between Herfindahl-Hirschman index and firm performance. To examine the impact of
leverage of the competitors in the firm performance, the relationship between the relative financial performance and
firm performance has been tested and it is found that the leverage of the competitors has negative effects on the
firm performance. The results finally indicated that the relative leverage might improve the firm performance in
balance with Herfindahl-Hirschman index.
Keywords: Capital Structure, Competitive Advantage, Firm Performance, Herfindahl- Hirschman Index
1. Introduction
As a significant source of decision making, the equities might belong to the owner or to the others. The difference
in the ownership introduces the debts or owner’s equity. A combination of these two elements is known as the
financial knowledge. This is a dynamic situation and changes under different circumstances, such as cost of capital,
capital market, managerial perceptions, organizational strategies, firm size and firm growth. In doing so, the capital
is one of the most significant fields of financial management and finance. Most decision making processes related
to the capital structure are the elements at the time of determining capital structure. Some of these elements are
related to different taxes, tax rate and interest rate, which are used in explaining the changes in the leverage. In
terms of the taxable income and cost of capital, it is argued that the market value is positively associated with the
long-term debts used in the capital structure. In modern business environments, the organizations work in a very
complicated and competitive environment. Therefore, the empirical and theoretical studies about the leveragefound
some results which lead firms achieve the optimum value. When analyzing the operational functions, the capital
structure should be interpreted with caution. The behavior is very effective in many fields aimed at making a profit
(Bei and Wijewardanab, 2012). This study seeks to examine the relationship between capital structure and firm
performance based on the competitive advantage of the Tehran listed firms. This study also collects the real data to
bridge the gap between the research fields and provide useful information for the principals and stakeholders.
2. Theoretical Bases and Hypotheses
2.1 Capital Structure
Any of the definitions provided for the capital structure represent a dimension of the methods of finance. The
capital structure is a combination of debts and capital identified to be necessary for financing a corporation. After
comparing the internal and external factors related to the operational environment and the specific characteristics of
the finance, the appropriate level of capital and debt is determined (Bei and Wijewardanab, 2012, 710).
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2.2 The Relationship between Capital Structure and Firm Performance
Modigliani and Miller (1958) predicted that there is no significant relationship between the capital structure and its
intrinsic value on the perfect competition market. Due to various reasons, the capital structure is significant and this
is derived from the tax effect of the debts and agency theory (Fosu, 2013, 2). Modigliani and Miller (1963)
reasoned that the high debt level in the capital structure leads to lower tax debts and more cash flows after tax,
which would finally increase the market value (Shahedani et al, 2012, 25).
Based on the literature review of the agency theory, using more debts in the capital structure is a way to mitigate
the agency theory, because the high level of debts in the capital structure mitigates the conflict of interest among
the directors and shareholders (Setayesh et al, 2011, 56).
Bei and Wijewardanab (2012) conducted a study aimed to examine whether the leverage has a positive or negative
impact on the firm’s growth. They found that the leverage has a positive association with the financial growth and
power. Similarly, Park and Jang (2013) investigated the internal relationship between capital structure, free cash
flows, diversification and performance. They showed that the debt leverage is an effective way to reduce the free
cash flows and might improve the firm performance. Based on the prior studies, it can be argued that increasing
finance through debts could improve the firm performance. The debts, however, transfer a portion of the investment
benefits to the holders of the securities. Under certain circumstances, the leverage firms might reject the valuable
investment opportunities and this results in reducing the market value (Myers, 1977, 147). The existing literatures
suggest that the agency costs are extended to the conflict of interest among the firms and the stakeholders. The
bankruptcy probability is low for the firms with facilities or the firms working with lower debt ratio (Verwijmeren
and Derwall, 2009, 956). Similarly, Hong Bae et al (2010) examined the relationship between stakeholder theory
and employees. Their findings revealed that those firms which behave fairly with their employees have lower debt
ratios. Maksimovic and Titman (1991) believe that under certain circumstances, the customer might put the product
quality of the very leveraged firms at risk and this shows that the high leverage level might be detrimental for the
performance. Mixed evidences are found based on these theories. The various studies document the negative
impacts of the leverage on the firm performance; however, the other studies suggested positive or insignificant
effects. Coricelli et al (2012) examined when the leverage damages the growth of the productivity. Specifically, it
can be concluded that financing methods have negative impacts on the growth. They tested the economic
foundations of this argument and assumed that there is an inconsistent relationship between leverage and
productivity growth in terms of the interaction theory of capital structure. They documented inconsistent
relationships between leverage and the characteristics of the firm value. The results also supported a positive
(negative) relationship between profitability and optimum leverage. Finally, they indicated that the ratio of the
firms with excess leverage are higher among those firms with less profitability (Coricelli et al, 2012, 1674). Based
on these findings, the first hypothesis is formed:
The first hypothesis: There is a relationship between leverage and firm performance.
Based on the Porter competitive advantage model (1980), the competitiveness is defined as conducting aggressive
operations to create a defensive position for the successful confrontation with the competing forces and high return
on investment. Porter considers that the competitiveness relies on the productivity, which is derived from human
resources, capital and natural resources (Mahdi Zadeh, 2011, 128). Various changes occur by the evolutions of the
market (Werker, 2003, 281). Competition is defined as the operations conducted to win the business operations in
comparison with the competitors (Karuna, 2007, 275).
2.3 The Relationship between Capital Structure and Competition on the Product Market
Titman (1984) found that the unique productions and those products with mutual relationships with the customers
and suppliers have lower leverage (Hong Bae et al, 2010, 130). Brander and Lewis (2986) represented that
leveraging allows firms to become more competitive in the product market and this is because of the limited
liability. The strategic effect of this behavior might offset the costly agency theory. The theories and literature
review show that the high leveraged firms suffer from the potential competitive advantages in the product market.
The leveraged firms are more vulnerable in the concentrated markets (Fosu, 2013,1). Guney et al (2010) examined
the association between capital structure and market competition. They showed that there is a non-linear
relationship between leverage and competition of the product market. It was also found that this association
depends on firm size and growth opportunities.
The firms without debts behave aggressively by increasing production or reducing prices (Setayesh and
KargarFard, 2011, 13). Clayton and Jorgensen (2011) found that the firms are inclined to select long-term capital
positions when their products are supplemented. In comparison, the firms have sufficient incentives to select short-
term positions when their products are alternatives. These positions lead firms in aggressive product markets, which
increase the capital expenditures. Based on the prior studies, it is expected that the firms in the competitive situation
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(non-concentrated) get attacked by debt financing through the firms with lower leverage. The second hypothesis is
developed as follows:
The second hypothesis: The competitive advantage impacts the agency advantages of leverage.
2.4 The Finance Decisions and Leverage Level of the Competitors
Debts of the investment models cause lower investments and this is because of the effect of the alternative assets.
Increasing assets is an indicator of the future investment because the cash flow percentage improves (Guney et al,
2010, 41). Huang and Lee (2012) investigated the market competitiveness and credit risk and empirically examined
the effects of the product market competition on the credit risk. The structural model is examined in a
homogeneous model of oligopoly and it was found that the credit dispersion has a positive association with the
number of the firms in an industry. The different firm sizes in an industry depend on the competition of the product
market and credit risk (Huang and Lee, 2012, 324). The leverage firms might face withmore financial limitations in
comparison with the competitors with the lowestleverage in the product markets; that is why, their sensitivity to the
market signs is probably higher (Fudenberg and Tirole, 1986, 366). In doing so, the third hypothesis is formed as
follows:
The third hypothesis: There is a relationship between relative leverage and firm performance.
3. Measurement Methods
This is an applied study classified as a descriptive correlation survey. The population is composed of the firms
listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over a period from 2006 to 2011. The following criteria are considered in
selecting the sample:
Their end of the fiscal year is consistent with the calendar year. They should be listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the examination period. The required data should be available for the selected firms. The investment, insurance and credit firms are excluded from the sample. The industry should include at least five firms.
Considering the above criteria, 202 firms from 13 different industries are selected as the sample. To collect the
required data about the theoretical discussions, the prior literature is investigated. The information about the
variables are gathered from different databases and the financial statements of the selected firms. Using EXCEL
and Eviews, the statistical data is analyzed. The variables are defined in terms of four groups, including dependent,
independent, mediator and control variables.
3.1 Return on Assets
The return on assets is one of the measures used to evaluate the firm performance and is used as the dependent
variable. This ratio is computed by dividing net income by the total assets. This variable has been previously used
by Guney et al (2010), Cohw et al (2011), Hall (2011), Chen et al (2012) Fosu (2013).
The independent variable of the study is the capital structure measured by the following criteria:
3.2 Leverage
The leverage of the prior period (LEVi,t-1) is calculated by dividing total debts to the total assets. This variable has
been used by Manous et al (2007), Guney et al (2010), Paya and Spicial (2011), Bei and Wijewardanab (2012),
Park and Jang (2013), Fosu (2013).
3.3 Relative Leverage
This variable is defined as the difference between the leverage of each firm from the average leverage of the
industry. This variable is used to control the leverage level of the competitors. This is the variable used by Fosu
(2013).
3.4 Competitive Advantage
This variable is used as the mediator variable. To measure the competitiveness, the Herfindahl - Hirschman index
has been used.
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3.5 The Herfindahl-Hirschman
This variable is a commonly accepted measure of market concentration. The index of Herfindahl-Hirschman has
been used by the studies of Chen et al (2012), Fosu (2013), Setayesh and KargarFard (2011), Namazi and Ebrahii
(2012). This variable is calculated by the squared market share of all entities in an industry:
si = Market share of firm i
xj= Sale of firm j
i= Industry type
The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used to measure the market concentration. The higher value of this index shows
the higher concentration and lower competition in the industry (Setayesh and KargarFard, 2011, 15). To control the
other effective factors of the capital structure, some characteristics of the sample are considered as the control
variables. These variables include: 1. Size (the natural logarithm of total assets), 2. Size2 (squared firm size). 3.
Growth which is calculated by dividing the difference between the sales in year t and the sales of one prior period
by the latter item (Salesi,t− Salesi,t−1)/Salesi,t−1; wherein, i and t are indicators of firm i in year t). 4. MROA
which is measured by the simple mean of the two years of profitability.
The present study seeks to examine the relationship between capital structure and firm performance. As the first
step, the impact of the capital structure on the firm performance is examined. Using relative leverage, the
hypotheses are retested. To estimate the impact of the leverage on the firm performance, the following model is
developed (Fosu, 2013):
(1)
Where in;
ROAi,t، is the return on assets of fir i in year t; β is the intercept of the regression; LEVi,t-1 is the leverage of firm i in
year t-1; sizei,t is the firm size; Growthi,t is the growth rate of the sales.
Including the square of the lagged leverage in the model results in considering the nonlinear effect of the leverage
on the firm performance (Fosu, 2013).
(2)
The variables of the model have been defined in the previous section; however, this model includes the squared
lagged leverage (leverage of the prior period). Adding the interactive effects of leverage and competition, model 1
is retested (Fosu, 2013).
….(3)
is the interactive effect of leverage and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. In addition, the squared of
the lagged leverage is added to the model and it is again tested (Fosu, 2013).
(4) Finally, a combined hypothesis is developed according to which the leverage impacts are affected by the competitors. To test the third hypothesis, the relative leverage (RLEVi,t-1)is substituted by the leverage (LEVi,t-1) and the hypothesis is again tested. Relative leverage= Lagged leverage- mean leverage of the industry
4. Conclusion Remarks
After selecting panel data based on Chaw test, it is examined whether to use cross-section fixed effect or period
fixed effect model. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of F test to determine the fitness of the regression in model 1. In
panel data, the period fixed effect and cross-section effects and their simultaneous effects are tested. Based on the
model of fixed effects, one intercept is provided for each year; however, one intercept is provided for each firm
based on the cross-section model. To test the significant difference between these intercepts, Chaw test has been
used. Accordingly, H0 and H1 are developed as follows:
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H0: All intercepts are equal ↔pooled
H1: Intercepts are different ↔ Cross-section or fixed effect or both
The intercepts of the model are as follows:
Pooled↔
1. Fixed effect panel ↔ 2. Cross-section panel ↔ 3. Fixed effect of cross-section↔
The probability lower than 0.05 shows that H0 for equating intercepts is rejected and the fixed effect model is
preferred.
Table 1. The results of the cross-section fixed effects
Redundant Fixed Effects Tests
Test cross-section fixed effects
Effects Test Statistic d.f. Prob.
Cross-section F 2.8493 (201.990) 0
Cross-section Chi-square 546.8558 201 0
Table 2. The results of the period fixed effect
Redundant Fixed Effects Tests
Test period fixed effects
Effects Test Statistic d.f. Prob.
Period F 1.2338 (5.186) 0.2956
Period Chi-square 6.16514 5 0.2951.
Based on Chaw statistics, the probability of crosss-section is lower than 0.05 and the probability of the period fixed
effect is higher than 0.05; therefore, H0 is rejected and it is found that the cross-section fixed effects model is
preferred. The descriptive statistic is first provided and the hypotheses are then tested.
Table3. Descriptive Statistics
Title HHI ROA MROA Growth Lagged
leverage Size
Lagged
relative
leverage
Mean 0.012741 0.167397 0.182469 0.250013 0.667711 13.34761 0.015374
Median 0.001201 0.083625 0.090315 0.137677 0.653837 13.2005 -0.01
Maximum 0.352463 80.39012 40.2593 69.73694 5.673509 18.43763 4.61
Minimum 2.52E-10 -0.76156 -0.69682 -0.99806 0.096415 8.43685 -0.58
Std.
deviation 0.038717 2.324685 1.681279 2.095428 0.311805 1.466114 0.29286
Generally, the descriptive statistics indicate that the selected sample is very diversified. For example, the statistics
on ROA show that the minimum and maximum of ROA are -0.07615 and 80.39012, respectively. The standard
deviation of ROA is also found to be 2.324685. This characteristic is similar to the other variables and it shows that
the selected firms are diversified and the findings might be generalized to the population.
5. Results of Hypotheses
In terms of the first hypothesis, two models have been tested and the findings are represented in table4. To test the
relationship between leverage and performance, the first model is used.
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Table4. Results of testing model 1
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.9506
F 112.1823
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.311756
Explanatory variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.157458 7.330193 0 99%
LEV 0.132386 11.15758 0 99%
SIZE -0.18381 -7.35303 0 99%
0.006559 6.645625 0 99%
GROW 0.002431 2.326734 0.0202 95%
MROA 1.193695 28.15172 0 99%
HHI -0.01668 -0.26192 0.7934 -
Based on F statistics and its probability, it is found that all regression models are significant at the 99 percent of
confidence. The results of Durbin-Watson statistics confirm the relative independence of the data. In addition,
adjusted R2 of the model describes the relevancy of the independent variables and the dependent variables. Based
on table 4, adjusted R2 for all models is 95 percent and it is concluded that 95 percent of changes in the dependent
variable are explained by these models. According to the probability of the leverage (LEVi,t-1) which is lower than
0.01, it is found that this variable is significant at the 99 percent level. On the other hand, the coefficient of this
variable is positive and it can be concluded that there is a positive significant relationship between leverage and
performance.
Adding Levi,t-12 , the first model is retested (model 2). By including the square of lagged leverage, the non-linear
impact of leverage on the performance is tested.
Table5. Results of the nonlinear impact of leverage on the performance
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.94936
F 108.7965
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.1092
Explanatory variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.101716 9.178245 0 99%
LEV 0.192899 6.798945 0 99%
SIZE -0.1788 -9.06364 0 99%
0.006331 8.277802 0 99%
GROW 0.002513 1.532413 0.1257 -
MROA 1.197708 27.77917 0 99%
HHI 0.003336 0.070423 0.9439 -
-0.02042 -2.35187 0.0189 95%
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By adding the squared leverage (model 2), the coefficients of the leverage are found to be significant at the 95
percent and the negative coefficient also indicates that the excess level of the leverage might have an inverse impact
on the performance. Based on the probabilities of the control variables and their significance in the model, it is
found that most of the control variables are significantly associated with the performance. The relationship between
firm size and performance is significant at the 99 percent. Furthermore, the relationship between growth rate and
firm performance in models 1 and 2 is positive. The growth rate is measured by the changes in the sales in
comparison with the prior year; therefore, increasing the rate of sales growth shows an increase in the sales which
finally leads to better performance. The probability of HHI is higher than 0.05 and shows that this variable is not
significant at the 95 percent level. As a result, it can be argued that the competition has no significant impact on the
firm performance. It must be noted that the leverage might have a considerable effect on this relationship because
the excessive use of the leverage might impose high interest costs. The higher interest cost is effective in the final
cost and the price. On one hand, using leverage might lead to financing the resources needed for increasing
investments in the market and increasing profit. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the interactive role of
leverage and market competition. In doing so, the second hypothesis is developed and tested by using model 3.
Table6. Results of the third model for the second hypothesis
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.950443
F 110.4493
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.286574
Explanatory
variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence leve
C 1.046248 6.099399 0 99%
LEV 1.046248 6.099399 0 99%
SIZE -0.17242 -6.4928 0 99%
0.006164 6.046102 0 99%
GROW 0.002506 2.483057 0.0132 95%
MROA 1.225546 58.61105 0 99%
HHI -0.31812 -1.7314 0.0837 -
LEV*HHI 0.420198 1.888967 0.0592 -
As stated before, the market competition is a significant element in analyzing the firm performance and leverage.
To examine the interactive effect of leverage and competition, is used in the model. Based on the
findings of table 6, HHI*LEV is not significant at the 95 percent level and it can be concluded that the interactive
effect of leverage and HHI are not significantly associated. As mentioned in the prior literature, HHI is a
concentration measure used for measuring competitive advantage. The higher ratio of HHI indicates more
concentrated and noncompetitive industry.
The second hypothesis is tested by considering the square of the lagged leverage in model 4 in which the interactive
effects of the leverage and competition are both tested in one model.
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Table7. Results of testing model 4 for the second hypothesis
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.94946
F 108.5054
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.296062
Explanatory variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.109436 7.590972 0 99%
LEV 0.18885 9.614798 0 99%
SIZE -0.1798 -7.54622 0 99%
0.006376 6.670553 0 99%
GROW 0.00252 2.288378 0.0223 95%
MROA 1.198355 25.62585 0 99%
HHI -0.27878 -1.54182 0.1234 -
LEV*HHI 0.376106 1.610486 0.1076 -
-0.01952 -2.24646 0.0249 95%
As shown in the table above, it is concluded that there is a positive association between leverage and performance
and the coefficient of the leverage is negative and significant. Similar to the previous model, HHI has no significant
relationship with the performance.
The third hypothesis examines whether the impact of the leverage, at least in part, is related to the competitors.
Using relative leverage, the difference between leverage and the mean of the industry leverage is measured.
Therefore, the regression equations are revised so that the leverage is substituted by the relative leverage. The
findings are shown in the table below.
Table8. Results of testing model 5 for the third hypothesis
Adj. R2
0.946044
F 102.3062
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.302478
Explanatory
variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.606403 8.489679 0 99%
RLEV -0.0487 -4.49825 0 99%
SIZE -0.22292 -7.8457 0 99%
0.00758 7.119109 0 99%
GROW 0.002172 2.911131 0.0037 99%
MROA 0.983509 19.12996 0 99%
HHI 0.016141 0.237717 0.8121 -
According to table8 and the probability of (RLEVi,t-1), it is found that this variable is significant at the 99 percent.
The coefficient of this variable in the model is negative and it shows that there is a negative association between
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relative leverage and performance. The impact of the excessive relative leverage on the performance is tested
below.
Table 9: Results of testing model 6 for the fourth hypothesis
Adj. R2
0.945938
F 101.6085
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.29739
Explanatory variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.573849 7.310365 0 99%
RLEV -0.05475 -4.9392 0 99%
SIZE -0.21829 -6.79495 0 99%
0.007412 6.214902 0 99%
GROW 0.002277 1.74143 0.0819 -
MROA 0.981059 46.11894 0 99%
HHI 0.015677 0.203614 0.8387 No mean
0.016523 1.79818 0.0725 -
The squared coefficients of the relative leverage is not significant at the 95 percent and it is concluded that the
relative leverage is the difference between the financial leverage and the mean leverage of the industry. As a result,
the relative leverage is not related to the firm performance. The findings also reveal that most of the control
variables are significantly associated with the performance. This relationship is similar to the explanations of the
prior model.
To examine the behaviors of the competitors in selecting the level of the leverage, the interactive relationship
between relative leverage and the competition with the performance has been tested.
Table10. Results of model 6, the interactive relationship between relative leverage and competition with the
performance
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.946753
F 103.2371
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.29845
Explanatory variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.684168 8.920492 0 99%
RLEV -0.05186 -5.05723 0 99%
SIZE -0.2352 -8.20488 0 99%
0.008055 7.406842 0 99%
GROW 0.002386 3.005582 0.0027 99%
MROA 0.985695 18.75792 0 99%
HHI 0.055231 0.764487 0.4448 -
RLEV*HHI 1.753269 5.515891 0 99%
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Based on table 10, the results of the relationship between relative leverage and performance and the relationship
between HHI and performance are similar to the previous model. The interactive relationship of relative leverage
and HHI at the 99 percent has positive and significant relationship with the performance. By increasing the leverage
of the competitors, the low leveraged firms might use the benefits to increase their market shares. Finally, the
interactive relationship of excessive relative leverage and HHI with the performance has been examined.
Table11. Results of testing model 8 for the third hypothesis
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
Adj. R2
0.946535
F 102.3099
(Prob( 0
Durbin-Watson 2.293968
Explanatory
variable Coefficient t Prob. Confidence level
C 1.638695 9.005645 0 99%
RLEV -0.05968 -5.84203 0 99%
SIZE -0.22856 -8.16408 0 99%
0.00781 7.270394 0 99%
GROW 0.002554 2.970151 0.003 99%
MROA 0.981535 18.37175 0 99%
HHI 0.055289 0.765272 0.4443 -
RLEV*HHI 1.793971 5.536854 0 99%
0.018597 1.860873 0.0631 −
According to table 11, the interactive relationship between relative leverage and HHI with the performance is
positive and significant at the 99 percent level of significance. It is concluded that by considering the leverage level
of the competitors, the firms might improve their performance through leverage-based finance. The coefficient of
the squared relative leverage is insignificant at the 95 percent. In addition, the interactive relationship of squared
relative leverage and HHI is also insignificant in the model.
6. Conclusion and Discussion
The results of the first model confirm the positive significant relationship between leverage and performance.
Therefore, the first hypothesis of the study is confirmed. In other words, the findings confirm that the higher
leverage of the capital structure results in better firm performance. This advantage is attributed to the tax benefits
proposed by Modigliani and Miller (1963) and also attributed to the lower agency costs based on the agency theory.
This finding of the study is consistent with the results of Bei and Wijewardanab (2012), Park and Jang (2013) and
Fosu (2013).
The second model aimed to examine the nonlinear relationship between the leverage and performance. The results
of this model represent that the excessive leverage might have an inverse impact on the performance. Consistent
with Myers (1977), the valuable investment opportunities might be rejected by the leveraged firms and this results
in underinvestment and reduction of the market value. Furthermore, the conclusions are consistent with
Maksimovic and Titman (1991) and Coreicelli et al (2012). The findings of the first hypothesis denote the specific
attention that should be paid to the trade-off theory. Based on this theory, the optimum level of the leverage
reflects the balance between tax advantages and bankruptcy costs derived from debts. Because of the high
concentration of the sample firms, HHI has no effects on the firm performance and it is concluded that HHI does
not affect the firm performance in the non-competitive market. The findings of the third model document the
positive relationship between leverage and performance. Furthermore, it is found that the leverage interacted with
HHI has no significant association with the performance.
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The findings of the fourth model are consistent with the prior results. The results of the model (5) indicate that the
relative leverage and performance are negatively associated. As stated before, relative leverage represents the
leverage level of the competitors (market leverage). The higher level of the relative leverage indicates lower
leverage. Based on the findings of the first hypothesis, increasing the leverage improves the performance and
reducing the relative leverage improves the performance (at the optimum level). The results of the model(6)
represent that the squared relative leverage has no significant association with the performance. This finding is
consistent with the conclusions of Fosu (2013).
The results of the model (7) confirm the positive significant relationship between the relative leverage and
competition. In other words, by increasing the leverage of the competitors, the lower leveraged firms might use
higher leverage benefits to increase their market shares. This is consistent with the results of Brander and Lewis
(1986).
The strategic effect of this behavior might offset the costly agency problem. Increasing leverage results in the
entrance of more firms into the market and increase of the competition. Stated another way, the competitive
advantages in the competitive markets will reinforce the discipline effect of leverage and relative leverage or will
mitigate the agency problems. In fact, for the leveraged firms in the concentrated industries, the default risk limits
the ability to invest in the market share; however, the firms are seeking to increase leverage in the competitive
industries. Based on the findings, it is found that the Tehran listed firms should pay attention to the leverage of the
competitors and the competition level of the industry. These firms should mitigate the agency costs of debts to
increase their market share and provide a chance for the entrance of new businesses and the creation of the
competitive markets. Generally, the firms might improve their performance by considering the competition and
leverage level of the competitors.
7. Directions for the Future Studies
Based on the significant role of the financial institutions in financing the firms through loans, it is suggested to
conduct a study about the impact of interest rate on the capital structure and competition of the product market.
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