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The Effect of Complementary Music

Therapy on th e Patient s Postoperative

State Anxiety, Pa in Control, an d

Environmental Noise Satisfaction

Tressa

Comeaux

Susan

Steele Moses

U

nrelieved postoperative pain

remains a common problem

despite advances in pain

management. Lack of sleep, often

caused by environmental noise in

hospitals, can contribute to irritabili-

ty, anxiety, and increased pain.

While analgesia is capable of modify-

ing many of the pathophysiological

responses to pain (Layzell, 2008),

pain in the postoperative patient is

of ten unre l ieved. Complementary

music therapy can create a distrac-

tion ftom pain, anxiety, worry, and

sadness, thereby increasing patient

satisfaction with the postoperative

experience (Koelsch, 2009).

Background

Our Lady of the Lake Regional

Medical Center (OLOLRMC) is a

M agne t®-d esigna ted, DAISY® Hos-

pital Partner with surgical volume of

11,270 cases annually. Postopera-

tively, patients are admitted primari-

ly to the inpatient surgical unit

(SURG). SURG is a 27-bed inpatient

uni t with two wings (A ha ll= ll beds;

B hall=1 6 beds) . Its staff ma nag es

care of patients after planned surgi-

cal procedures, predominately ab-

dominal , vascular , and oncology

diagnoses. In fiscal year 2010, 2,191

patients were discharged ftom SURG

with an average length of stay of

3.57 days.

Theoretical Model

As part of the professional model

of care at OLOLRMC, principles

inherent to Relationship-Based Care®

Postoperative pain is difficult to m anage with analgesia alone.

Com plementary interventions such as music therapy provide a level o f

distraction thus prom oting com fort. In this study decreased pain and

environmental noise were demonstrated without diminishing state

nxiety in a group of postoperative patients.

(RBC) delivery model supported the

study. Three crucial relafionships in

RBC include care of self care of col-

leagues, and care of patients and fam-

ilies. Nurses convey caring and com-

passion thro ugh touch, kindness, clin-

ical interventions, active listening,

and und erstandin g of the pafient s

experience (Koloroutis, 2009). The

purpose of this study was to deter-

mine if the use of music therapy was

an effective adjunct to decrease state

anxiety while increasing pain man-

agement and environmental noise

satisfaction in the postoperative

pafient.

Literature Review

The review of literature was con-

ducted ufilizing th e following d atabas-

es: Cumulafive Index to Nursing and

Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

Plus,

The Cochrane Library, Lexis-

Nexis® Academic, PubM ed, Med line,

and the Joanna Briggs Ins t i tute .

Literature reviewed was limited to

the period ftom 2007-2012. Search

terms included

complementary music

therapy postoper tive pain postopera-

tive anxiety relationship-based care

state-trait anxiety and environmental

noise.

Th e review of literature prov id-

ed evidence tha t complementary

music therapy is eftective in reduc-

ing pos topera t ive anxie ty while

increasing pain control satisfaction.

According to the Joanna Briggs

Institute (2009), music therapy as a

non-pharmacologica l adjuvant to

opioid analgesia is best practice in

the management of pain and anxi-

ety. Unrelieved postoperative pain

can lead to complications, such as

ineftective breathing patterns and

delayed ambula t ion, resul t ing in

Tressa Comeaux A PRN FNP-C C EN is CICU Staff Nurse Our Lady of the Lake Regional

Medical Center Patient Care Services Baton Rouge LA.

Susan Steele-Moses DNS APRN-CNS AOCN® is Research Director Our Lady of the Lake

Regional Medical Center Academic Affairs Baton Rouge LA.

Acknowledgments: This study was funded by a non-restricted grant from the DAISY Fou ndation:

JPB-021-A. The authors wish to thank Angela Dykes BSN RN; Sandra Wade MN APRN-CNS;

and Yvette Robson RN-BC who conducted the ongoing study on the SURG unit at Our Lady of

the Lake Regional Medical Center Baton Rouge LA.

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September October 2013

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Research or ractice

Introduction

Unrelieved postoperative pain remains

a

com mo n p roblem despite advances

in

pain management. Complementary music has been suggested as an adjuvant

to

the standard

of

care treatm ent fo r postoperative

pain.

Purpose

The purpose of this s tudy was to determine if music therapy was

an

effective

adjunct to decrease state anxiety, and increase pain m anagem ent and environ -

mental noise satisfaction

in

the postoperative patient.

Method

A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design was used

in

this study

with participants assigned based

on

room assignment rather than randomly. The

control group, which consisted of participants admitted to the A hallway, received

the standard of care.

The

intervention grou p, wh ich consisted of participants

admitted

to

the B hallway, received comp lemen tary music therapy

in

the form

of

pre-programmed MP3 players, in addition to the standard of care. Based on the

premise

of

a non-equivalent c ontrol design, neither analgesia ty pe

nor

route was

controlled. Each participant was enrolled

for

a total

of

3

days

or

until discharge,

whichever came first. Outcome measures were collected upon enrollment (Time

One) and for the next 2 consecutive days (Time Two and Time Three). Participants

in

the

intervention group were encouraged

to

listen

to a

selection

of

non-lyrical

low decibel (less than

60 db

pre-programmed music,

for at

least

30

minutes via

a

MP3

player after their prescribed analgesia was adm inistered . Non-lyrical

low

decibel m usic was chosen for this study because previous research supported its

effectiveness. State trait anxiety as well as pain and environmental noise satisfac-

tion were assessed using

the

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and

two

standardized

questions f ro m the Press Ganey® survey.

Findings

Before the intervention was implemented, both groups were the same related

to

their average level

of

state and trait anxiety,

pain,

and noise perception. The

patient s state anxiety, pain perception ,

and

noise perception were measured

day after

the

intervention was

in

place.

A

significant difference was found from

Time One to Time Two in pain managem ent (t=3.938, p<0 001 ) and environmen-

tal noise satisfaction (t=3.457, p=0.001), while there was

no

change

in

state anx-

iety (t=0.373, p= 0 .7 n ). The intervention group experienced improved pain man-

agement (t=7.385, p<0.011)

and

environm ental noise satisfaction over tim e

(t=4.371; p<0.001); however, there was no improvement in state anxiety (t=1.47;

p=0.159). The findings suggest music therapy decreases pain and environmental

noise perception, although there was

no

effect on state anxiety.

Conclusions

Use of music therapy improves patients postoperative experience

by

increasing

their pain ma nagem ent and w hite noise satisfaction. Because the intervention w as

tested on a busy post-surgical unit with a short inpatient stay (mean=3.57), the

effect

of

music therapy over more than

2

days could not be m easured. This inter-

ventio n was inexpensive a nd easy

to

implement

in

the clinical setting, and the re-

fore recommended

to

improve postoperative outcom es in othe r facilities.

It

is rec-

om me nde d the study be replicated wit h a larger sample size and different p atient

populations

to

validate these findings .

increased postoperative morbidity,

delayed recovery and return

to

nor-

mal daily living, and reduced patient

satisfaction (Macintyre, Schug, Scort,

Visser,

Walker, 2010).

ffect

of

Music Therapy

Research indicates music therapy

provides distraction, promotes relax-

ation, and decreases anxiety (Engwall

Duppils, 2009). Music therapy has

a beneficial effect

on a

patient's per-

ceived pain, relaxation, respiratory

rate,

self-reported anxiety level,

and

the amount

of

analgesia required

for

eftective pain management (Ameri-

can Music Therapy Association,

2010). When used

in

conjunction

with pharmacologie pain manage-

ment strategies, music therapy pro-

motes

a

sense

of

well-being

and an

overall positive patient experience

(Walworth, Rumana, Nguyen,

Jarred, 2008). While music therapy

has

the

propensity

to

promote

dis-

traction

and

relaxation, limited

research has focused on the effective-

ness

of

music therapy

for

pain m an-

agement

in

postoperative patients

outside

a

controlled environmen t

Goanna Briggs Institute, 2009).

Relationship hetween Pain

and nxiety

Postoperative pain, while

an ex-

pected consequence

of a

surgical

procedure,

is

infiuenced

by

psycho-

logical factors, such as fear and anxi-

ety (Engwall

Duppils, 2009).

Be-

cause trait anxiety inherently is indi-

vidualized

and

aftects

the

ability

to

address

a

perceived threat, persons

wit

heightened anxiety may experi-

ence more postoperative pain than

those who are less prone

to

anxiety

(Lin, Lin, Huang, Hsu, Lin, 2011).

Conversely, patients with

low

trait

anxiety may

be

more pain tolerant

than those with high trait anxiety.

Researchers recommend interven-

tions should

be

stratified based

on

the participant's trait anxiety score

(Binns-Turner, 2008; Nilsson, 2008).

Contrary

to

trait anxiety, state anxi-

ety refers

to

feeling nervous

or

anx-

ious when faced

vnt an

imm ediate

danger

or

stressful situation.

It is

transient, fiuctuates over time,

and

varies in intensity (Lin et al., 2011).

3 4

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The Effect of Complem entary Music Therapy on the Patient's Postoperative State Anxiety, Pain C ontrol, and Environmental Noise Satisfaction

Environmental Noise

Reduction

Environmental noise is a signifi-

cant barrier to sleep for hospitalized

patients; research supports sleep

as

therapeutic

to

overall health, wound

heal ing, and recovery (Gardner,

Col l ins, Osborne, Henderson,

Eastwood, 2009). Noise in and

around

the

nurses' station

can be

especially problem atic (Haupt, 2012).

Music therapy functions as a dis-

tracter ftom hospital noise, thereby

reduc ing emot iona l anx ie ty and

pain (Gardner

et al.,

2009).

To pro-

m ote relaxation, music should: (a) be

non-lyrical, ti) have predom inant ly

low tones, (c) have m inima l brass

and percussion,

and (d)

have

a

max-

imum dec ibe l vo lume

of 60 db

(Nilsson, 2008).

Purpose and ypothesis

The purpose of this study was to

determine the eftect of music thera-

py on state anxiety, postoperative

pain, and environm ental noise per-

cep t ion . The hypo thes i s for this

study was as follows: Music therapy

will decrease state anxiety, increase

pain management eftectiveness,

and

increase environmental noise satis-

faction in postoperative patients.

Method

The first 41 data sets collected to

test the efficacy and feasibility of the

study methods are reported here.

The larger study, which is still o ngo -

ing, consists of three grou ps: (a) con-

trol, (b) music the rapy, and (c) wh ite

noise therapy. The pilot study and

the larger s tudy were provided

exempt status by bo th the Nursing

Research Council and Clinical Re-

search Steering Co mm ittee of OLOL-

RMC. An

implied con sent process

was used because a wriften consen t

would have t ied the participant to

the study, thereby precluding

exempt criteria definition. Providing

complementary music therapy

via

pre-programmed MP3 players was

an inexpensive intervent ion that

was implemented easily to enhance

the patient's postoperative experi-

ence.

TABLE 1

Demographic Data by Croup

Variable

Gender (A/=41)

Male n=27)

Female n=14)

Race (/V=41)

Caucasian n=25)

African American n=15)

Not disclosed n=1 )

Standard

of

Care

14 (34.2 )

8 (19.5 )

13 (31.7 )

8 (19.5 )

1 (2.4 )

Intervention

13 (31.7 )

6 (14.6 )

12 (29.3 )

7 (17.1 )

Sample and Setting

All patients adm itted to the surgi-

cal unit

who met the

following

inclusion criteria were asked

to par-

ticipate in the study: anticipated 3-

day hospital length of stay, alert and

oriented, age 18 or older, able to read

and write English, and hematology-

oncology diagnosis . Par t ic ipants

were not assigned randomly to the

in tervent ion but rather placed into

groups based on the hallway assign-

me nt. P articipants admifted to the A

hallway received the standard of care

(control group), while participants

admifted

to the B

hallway received

complementary music therapy (in-

terve ntion group) (see Table 1). Both

groups received the provider-ordered

analgesia. Participants in the inter-

vention group were encouraged to

listen to a selection of non-lyrical

p re -p rogrammed music via MP3

players for 30 minutes following the

administration

of

prescribed analge-

sia. Each participant was enrolled

in

the study for 3 consecutive days

(Time

One,

Time Two, Time Three)

or until discharge, whichever came

first.

e sures

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

(STAI)

was

used

to

evaluate anxiety.

The STAI is divid ed in to the two sub-

scales: STAI Form Y-1 and STAI F orm

Y-2. The 20-item STAI Form Y-1

(Chronb ach's a lpha = 0.62) was used

to m easure state anxiety (Spielberger,

Gorsuch, Luschene, 1970). The

STAI Form

Y-1

(range score 20-80)

measures the participant 's current

emotional feeling, such as calm or

nervous. Participants rated the de-

gree to which the item represented

how they currently felt using a 4-

po int Likert scale ranging ftom not at

all to very much so,

with

the

higher

score indicating greater state anxiety

(Spielberger et al., 1970).

The 20-item STAI Form Y-2

(Chronbach's alpha = 0.86) was used

to measure trait anxiety. The STAI

Form

Y-2

(range score

of

20-80) mea s-

ures participants' usual emotional

feelings, s uch as feelings of inadequa-

cy or happiness (Spielberger et al.,

1970). Parücipants rated the degree

to which

the

item represented

how

they generally felt using a 4-point

Likert scale with responses ranging

ftom almost never to almost always;

the higher score indicated higher

trait anxiety (Spielberger

et

al., 197 0).

Two standardized items concern-

ing patient satisfaction, which were

developed and used extensively by a

national vendor, measured the par-

ticipant's satisfaction with pain man-

agement and environm ental noise.

Participants were asked to rate each

item:

(a)

During

the

previous

24

hours, I am satisfied with my pain

control, (r2 = 0.72) (Press Ganey,

2010) and (b) Dur ing the previous

24 hours, I am satisfied with the

noise level in and a round my r o o m

(r̂ = 0.74) (Press Ganey, 2 010), on a

4-point Likert scale ranging ftom 1

no t t

all

to 4

{very

much so), with a

higher score indicating greater satis-

faction.

Data ollection Procedures

A m e m b e r

of the

clinical support

team, which consisted of a clinical

nurse specialist, clinical educator.

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Research for Practice

program direetor for nursing re-

seareh, and direet-eare nurse, ap-

proaehed eaeh patient on the first

postoperative day, explained the

purpose of the study, obtained verbal

eonsent, and provided data eollee-

tion paekets. Patients loeated on the

B hallway also reeeived the musie

intervention. The data eoUeefion

paeket eonsisted of a manila enve-

lope eontaining the initial survey

(Time One), two follow-up surveys

(Time Two and Time Three), and

three white envelopes. To proteef

patient anonj^nity and assure aeeu-

rate data analysis, surveys were

eoded based on the hallway assign-

ment, partieipant number, and day

of completion (e.g.: A-100-Time 1, A-

100-Time 2 , A-100-Time 3). The par-

fieipant s state anxiety, tra it anxiety,

and pain management and environ-

mental noise satisfaetion over the

previous 24-hour period were meas-

ured on enrollment (Time One).

State anxiety, t he patien t s pain

seore, and noise satisfaetion were

measured at Time Two and Time

Three or until diseharge, whiehever

eame first. The patient was instruet-

ed to plaee eaeh eompleted question-

naire in a white envelope, seal if, and

plaee fhe sealed envelope in the

manila envelope to maintain eonfi-

dentiality. Daily, the clinieal support

staft rounded, enrolled new patients,

distributed paekets, reminded pa-

tients to eomplete the questionnaire,

and eoUeeted eompleted paekets. In

the event the patient was diseharged

between rounding periods, a survey

eolleetion box was plaeed at the

nurses station for the patient to

deposit the MP3 players and eom-

pleted data eolleefion paekets. MP3

players were wiped with a germieid-

al disinfeetant between patients;

however, the ear buds were not

reused.

Data nalysis Procedure s

Deseriptive statisties were used to

summarize the sample démographie

eharaeteristies. eomparative analy-

sis of the mean difterenees within

groups was eompleted using a paired

t test. Analysis between groups was

eompleted using an independent t

test.

TABLE 2 .

Difference between Groups per Study Variable, Time One N=4^)

Variable

State Anxiety

Music

Control

Trait Anxiety

Music

Control

Pain Management Satisfaction

Music

Control


Music

Control

n

19

22

19

22

19

22

19

22

M

9.63

36.05

37.42

32.81

2.42

2.73

2.74

3.14

t

1.112

1.448

1.694

1.864

P

0.273

0.156

0.098

0.070

TABLE 3.

Difference betwe en C roups per Study Variable, Time Two /y/=41)

State Anxiety

Music

Control


Music

Control


Music

Control

19

22

19

22

19

22

37.11

35.68

3.47

2.77

3.53

3.05

0.373

3.938

3.457

0.711

<0.001

0.001

Findings

At Time One, no significant dif-

ferenee existed in state anxiety, trait

anxiety, or pain management or

environmental noise satisfaetion

between groups (see Table 2). The

partieipant s state anxiety, pain ma n-

agement satisfaetion, and noise satis-

faetion were measured again 1 day

after the intervenfion was in plaee

(Time Two). At Time Two, a signifi-

eant inerease was found in pain

management (t=3.938; p<0.001) and

environmental noise satisfaetion

(t=3.457; p=0.001), while n o ehange

was found in state anxiety (t=0.373;

p=0.711)(seeTable3).

The efteetiveness of the interven-

fion was analyzed over time. For the

eontrol group, no difterenee existed

in state anxiety (t=0.149; p=0.883),

pain m anagem ent (t=0.237;p=0.815),

or environmental noise (t=0.568;

p=0.576) satisfaetion ftom Time One

to Time Two (see Table 4). The inter-

vention group experieneed a signifi-

eant improvement in pain manage-

ment (t=7.385;p<0.001) and satisfae-

tion with environmental noise

(t=4.371; p<O OOiy however, no

ehange was found in the partieipant s

state anxiety (f=1.47; /7=0.159) ftom

Time O ne to Time Two (see Table 5).

Discussion

Both groups expressed average

levels of general anxiety (trait) and

situational anxiety (state) at the

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The Effect of Complementary Music Therapy on the Patient s Postoperative State Anxiety, Pain Control, and Environmental Noise Satisfaction

TABLE 4

Difference with in Group from Time One to Time Two, Co ntroi N=22)

State nxiety

Time One

Time Two


Time One

Time Two


Time One

Time Two

36.05

35.68

2.73

2.77

3.14

3.05

0.149

237

568

883

0.815

576

TABLE 5 .

Difference with in Group from Time One to Time Two , Music N=19)

State nxiety

Music

Control


Music

Control


Music

Control

39.63

37.11

2.42

3.47

2.74

3.53

1.47

7 385

4.371

0.159

<0.001

<0.001

completion of the Time One meas-

ure. The Time One measurement of

pain and environmental noise satis-

faction indicated participants gener-

ally were not satisfied with pain.

management or with noise levels in

and around their rooms. During the

Time One measurement, all partici-

pants reported being only somewhat

satisfied with pain m anagem ent over

the previous 24 hours (music group

li=2.42;

control group ]i=2.74), sug-

gesting participants were not satis-

fied with the standard of care alone.

At Time One, environmental noise

satisfaction was slightly higher in

the control group (p=3.14) than w ith

the music group (p=2.74). The differ-

ence in noise perception can be

attributed to renovations on the A

hallway, placing the bed behind a

double wall, further away from the

doorway, along with the installation

of acoustic tiles in each room .

The difference between groups at

Time Two revealed no significant

change in state anxiety (t=0.373,

p=0.711), suggesting music therapy

did not decrease situational anxiety

levels as previously predicted. Be-

cause the majority of the patients on

this un it had surgical oncology diag-

noses,

the lack of relationship bet-

ween music and state anxiety may

be understandable. Results of this

study partially supported the hypo-

thesis that music therapy is effecfive

as a non-pharmacological adjunct to

analgesia in increasing pain m anage-

ment and environmental noise satis-

faction; however, state anxiety re-

mained unchanged.

Nursing Implications

In th is study, use of musi therapy

improved pain management and

environmental noise satisfaction

when used as a com plementary ther-

apy. Therefore, distraction from neg-

ative experiences through use of

music therapy can increase satisfac-

tion in patients recovering from sur-

gery. This interv ention was inexpen-

sive and easy to implement in the

clinical setting, and therefore recom-

mended for use to improve postoper-

ative outcom es. MP3 player techno l-

ogy decreased in cost, providing a

viable option for hospitals. The play-

ers can be cleaned easily, patients

can be given their own ear buds to

keep,

and music discs are a one-time

purchase. Nurse leaders may consid-

er purchasing MP3 players inscribed

with their hospital logo for the

patients to keep, thus promoting the

intervention after discharge.

Findings ftom this study can be

incorporated easily in to the nurse s

practice. The medical-surgical nurse

could encourage family members to

bring the patient s favorite music

ftom home to augment analgesia.

Portable CD players, MP3 players,

and cell phones are all viable por-

table options to provide music.

Family members also should be

reminded to bring earphones or ear

buds to prevent disrupting other

patients. The nurse can encourage

the patient to listen to the music

immediately after analgesia adminis-

tration for a period of at least 30

minutes. Not only will the patient s

favorite music decrease anxiety, but

it also masks routine hospital noise

that patients often find annojáng.

Limitations and

Recommendations for

Future Research

Preliminary analysis identified

some limitations in the study. First,

patients were not assigned random-

ly to the intervention; although

room assignments were non-predic-

tive, they were not random . In addi-

tion, use of personal distraction may

have confounded the findings of

this study. Patients in the control

group also reported listening to

music. Patients may have brought

their own music with them or lis-

tened to music provided on the tel-

evision network. Because no manip-

ulation occurred to change usual

M S U R G

September October 2013 • Vol 22/No 5

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Research

or

ractice

care, some unanticipated crossover

eftect m ay have o ccurred. While th e

sample size is small, the significant

difference observed may have

occurred by chance; however, find-

ings ftom the larger study support

the findings reported here. The

study should be replicated with a

larger sample size and w ith difterent

patient po pulations to validate these

findings. Data collected at Time

Three were limited due to the unit s

average length of stay or partici-

pants failure to complete the ques-

tionnaire on the day of discharge.

The

ST I

Qu estionnaire was tedious,

somewhat repetitive, and upsetting

for some, especially those with new

cancer diagnoses. Beginning the

intervention earlier in the preopera-

tive period also may be helpful so

the patient could benefit ftom the

intervention through the surgical

experience and hospitalization.

Conclusion

Findings of this study suggest

music therapy improves the postop-

erative experience through en-

hanced pain management and envi-

ronmental noise satisfaction. The

intervention was inexpensive and

easy to imp lement in the clinical set-

ting, and therefore is recommended

for use in improving postoperative

outcom es in other facilities.

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Music therapy and music-based

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Nursing

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September-October 2013 • Vol. 22/No. S

M E D S U R G



C o p y r i g h t o f M e d - S u r g M a t t e r s i s t h e p r o p e r t y o f J a n n e t t i P u b l i c a t i o n s , I n c . a n d i t s c o n t e n t

m a y n o t b e c o p i e d o r e m a i l e d t o m u l t i p l e s i t e s o r p o s t e d t o a l i s t s e r v w i t h o u t t h e c o p y r i g h t

h o l d e r ' s e x p r e s s w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . H o w e v e r , u s e r s m a y p r i n t , d o w n l o a d , o r e m a i l a r t i c l e s f o r

i n d i v i d u a l u s e .

the effect of complementary music therapy on the patient's postoperative state anxiety, pain...

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