the effects of physical location on communication patterns ... · ceiling panels high panels...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Effects of Physical Location on Communication Patterns (Continued)
May 5, 2007
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Some Obvious Points
P(C)
DistanceS1S2S3
<S2 S1p2 p1<
p3 p1>
<S3 S1
p1p2
p3
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A Typical Grouping of Offices Around a Secretarial Area.
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Same Area Converted to the 'Cave and Commons' Concept.
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Office Configuration to Vary Privacy and Accessibility.
Exterior WallWith Window
Floor to
CeilingPanels
High PanelsSliding Glass Panels
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Combining Physical & OrganizationalBarriers & Bonds
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The Effects and Organizational Separation as Measured in One Organization
DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTSAND PROJECTS
SAMEDEPARTMENT
DIFFERENT PROJECTS
SAME PROJECT DIFFERENT
DEPARTMENTS
SAMEDEPARTMENT AND PROJECT
SAME WING 0.16 0.69 0.71 0.95
SAME FLOORDIFFERENT
WINGS
0.05 0.53 0.80 ___
SAME BUILDING DIFFERENT
FLOORS
0.05 0.60 ___ ___
SAME SITE DIFFERENT BUILDINGS
0.02 0.35 0.33 0.50
DIFFERENT SITES
0.002 0.15 0.23 0.38
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Two Departments in Separate Locations
LOCATION I LOCATION II
A
B CBB
CAA
CAB
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The Effect of Transferring Staff Between Locations
LOCATION I LOCATION II
Aa
Bb
CBB
CAACaB
CAa
CAb Cab
CAB
CbB
Cbb
Caa
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Moving Staff Between Sites to Increase Interdepartmental Communication
(Examples from Laboratories ‘H’ & ‘I’)
0.60.650.7
0.750.8
0.850.9
0.951
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Proportional Increase in Interdepartmental Communication
Prop
ortio
nal D
ecre
ase
in
Intr
adep
artm
enta
l C
omm
unic
atio
n 10%
20%
30%
40%50%
Proportion Moved
10%
20%
30%
40% 50%
Lab 'I'Lab 'H'
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Moving Staff Between Buildings to Increase Interdepartmental Communication(An Example from Laboratory ‘H’)
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1 1.5 2 2.5
Proportional Increase in InterdepartmentalCommunication
Prop
ortio
nal D
ecre
ase
inIn
trad
epar
tmen
tal
Com
mun
icat
ion 10%
20%
30%
40% 50%
Proportion Moved
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Moving Staff Between Floors of a Building to Increase Interdepartmental Communication
(An Example from Laboratory ‘I’)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5
Proportional Increase in InterdepartmentalCommunication
Prop
ortio
nal D
ecre
ase
inIn
trad
epar
tmen
tal
Com
mun
icat
ion 10%
20%
30%
40% 50%
Proportion Moved
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Communication Within a Biotech Cluster
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The Cambridge/Boston Biotechnology Cluster
• An extensive literature has developed in recent years arguing for the benefits of firms sharing a common technology to cluster geographically.– Aids in attracting specialized staff.– May attract venture capital, suppliers, support services, etc.
• Claims have also been made for the synergistic benefits of firms sharing scientific knowledge, especially if there are university laboratories near the cluster.
• Prior studies have inferred inter-firm communication from the evidence of co-publishing and co-patenting across firms, however, a good amount of scientific exchange may occur that does not appear in such publicly accessible records – No one has ever actually measured whether less formal scientific
exchange across firms really occurs, to what degree what the actual dynamics look like and what the results are.
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Earlier Research
• As discussed earlier, we developed a method for measuring the structure of scientific communication networks within firms.
• Why not adapt that method for the study of scientific communication among firms and other organizations.
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Experimental and Control Groups
• Geographic limits of the cluster are defined in terms of location within a limited set of postal (Zip) code regions.
• Scientists reporting from similar Biotech firms outside of the postal code regions of the main study but within 100 km of Boston.– Comparative density of communication– Connections between the two groups– Connections with the universities and with local
‘Big Pharma’ companies.
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Communication in The Biotech Cluster
Length of connecting links is inverselyproportional to the amount of communication reported.
74 102
194
5658 57118
84 35 87 40 70137
41 175 16017264 5 213 20 124
52 90 68 4338 155
209205 143 134 106
179 120 116 16344
49 4248 101117 210 132
92 182
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200 69 2 10482
199 19
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50
Figure by MIT OCW.
________
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A Super Cluster?
87
41
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Figure by MIT OCW.
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Inside The Super Cluster
21048
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Figure by MIT OCW.
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Where are the Universities?
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Universities
21048
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= University
Figure by MIT OCW.
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What About ‘Big Pharma’?
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The Major Pharmaceutical Firms
• A number of ‘Big Pharma’ companies have located R&D operations in the region.– Their purpose, obviously is to tap into the
network.• Search to license candidates for their new
product pipeline.• Search for potential acquisitions.
– Are they successful in joining the network?
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Where is ‘Big Bio’?
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Large Bio Firms
• Some of the Biotech firms have grown quite large.–How do they fit into the network
now?
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‘Big Bio’
44 199
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Figure by MIT OCW.
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Where To From Here?
• What more can we learn?– Analyses of the network to relate network position to firm
performance.• Comparison between cluster ‘members’ and firms in the
control group.• Long term growth.
– Size, valuation, etc.• Patent filings• Investigatory New Drug Applications• Etc.
– Follow-up interviews to flesh out the network results.– Advice to the many geographic regions attempting to stimulate
the growth of similar Biotech clusters.
• Is this the new model for doing R&D?– How do individual firms capture the gains?
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Mean Distance From Other Organizations (Miles)
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Where are the Universities?
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Where is Big Pharma?
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Where is Big Pharma?
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