The Emancipation Proclamation The War Begins In Earnest

By: Ava Kucera, Shelby Wilson, Robert Pinkney, and Emmett Bacon

What You Should Take Away From This Presentation:

● How the Battle of Antietam worked as a cover for Abraham Lincoln to issue his Emancipation Proclamation.

● Northern and Southern strategies for the rest of the Civil War.● How the first battle of Bull Run changed the rest of the Civil

War.● The Role of the Border States in the Civil war.

Northern and Southern Reasons for Fighting

● The North was fighting to preserve the Union, and to force the Confederacy to stay with the Union. Also for their states to stop seceding. Abraham Lincoln had no wish to end slavery, just contain it and keep it from moving West. Later, either slavery, or The Peculiar Institution were abolished for tactical military reasons.

● The South was fighting to keep slavery alive, and have it spread West. They were terrified of slavery being abolished because it was the foundation of their economy. Without slavery, the South would fall. In some cases, there were Southern citizens who didn't believe in slavery, but they wanted to protect their land.

Overview of the Civil War Strategy

Northern and Southern Strategies for the Civil War

● The North had a two step plan to destroy the Southern economy with naval blockade, or the interdiction of a nation’s lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power. Then they would take control of the Mississippi river, which would help divide the South.

● The South planned to gain British support because the British needed the South’s cotton. However, the South was incorrect, and their plan failed. It turned out that Britain already had a lot of stored cotton-they also received cotton from India and Egypt.

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Important Dates*

1862

The signage of the Emancipation Proclamation-September 22, 1862.

1861 1863

The year the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect-January 1, 1863

The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, The Battle of Antietam. 26,000 men dead, wounded, or missing-September 16-18, 1862.

First Battle of Bull Run, start of the Civil War-July 21, 1861

The Battle at Bull Run*

● Fought on July 21st, 1861● Union commanded by Gen. Irvin McDowell,

Confederacy commanded by Gen. Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard.

● The battle was unplanned, because the North had been ordered to blockade the South, and go towards the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia.

● Battle was fought near Manassas Virginia.

First Manassas

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Data from Battle of Bull RunUnion Confederacy

Number of Soldiers: 35,000 Number of Soldiers: 34,000

Killed: 460 Killed: 387

Wounded: 1,124 Wounded: 1,582

Captured: 1,312 Captured: 13

● Union general George McClellan’s army of the Potomac and Confederate general Robert Lee’s army of Northern Virginia fought against each other in the Battle of Antietam.

● The Battle of Antietam helped the Union's military position enough to enable Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation without it seeming like a desperate ploy.

● The Battle of Antietam was the turning point in the war, and it changed how the North and South fought against each other for the rest of the Civil War.

The Battle of Antietam-Key Points*

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Battle of Antietam Strategies

● General McClellan believed he was outnumbered, so he refused to make strategic attacks.

● McClellan’s plans for re-enforcement were uncovered when the first Corps had a skirmish with Lee’s men.

● “Stonewall” Jackson held a defensive position at Dunker Church.

● Despite a disadvantage of two to one, Lee committed all of his men to the attack at the Battle of Antietam.

Battle of Antietam-Map

● By midday on September 16, all but three of Lee’s nine divisions had arrived to the battlefield of Antietam.

● Afternoon of September 16, McClellan sent general Joseph Hooker across the Antietam creek, to find where Lee planted his army.

● Morning of September 17, Union troops made progress, but attacks and counterattacks turned the forest near Antietam into a bloody, battlefield.

Battle of Antietam-Morning:

Battle of Antietam-”The Bloody Lane”

● The first four hours of fighting were indecisive, but next came a series of bloody head-on attacks against Lee’s center army that finally overran the area-afterwards called “Bloody Lane”.

● Although the result of the battle was inconclusive, it remains the bloodiest single day in American history, with more than 22,000 casualties.

Battle of Antietam- Casualties and Engaged

Battle of Antietam-Results

● Battle of Antietam was a victory only in the sense that McClellan still had command of the battlefield, and Lee’s first Northern invasion had ended, without accomplishing anything but attention from nearby farms.

● After a string of Union defeats, this Union “victory” provided Abraham Lincoln the political cover he needed to issue his Emancipation Proclamation.

● The last action in the Battle of Antietam was against Lee’s right army, where Union troops pierced the line of Confederate troops but were stopped by late-arriving Confederate reinforcements.

What are Border States?*● Border states are slave states that had not

declared a secession from the Union, yet.● The four primary border states were Delaware,

Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. ● West Virginia-comprised the Civil War’s middle

ground, a region of moderation lying between the warring North and South.

● Border states were critical due to their geographical positions, and questionable in loyalty because of their strong ties to both the North and the South.

● Border States had cultural ties with the South, and economic relationships with the North.

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Map ofCivil WarOverview

Border Region’s History● The Border Region had been the place where Americans’

different interests coincided, and where there was slavery and abolitionism, industry and agriculture.

● It was known as an area where both Democrats and Republicans all existed side-by-side. It was also known as the common place for Americans’ travel.

● Northerners migrated South to acquire land or even vacation. Southerners went North for education or jobs, and Easterners migrated West to find new land.

● The various cultures, economies, and politics of the nation coexisted in this region, making it difficult, as sectional conflict threatened the nation, to pull these states neatly toward one side or the other.

Border States and Slavery Populations

● The Border States held fewer slaves than the South, but were not completely against slavery, like the North.

● They encompassed only 11% of the nation’s total slave population in 1860.

● The slave owners in Border States were significantly different, because Kentucky had more slave owners than Mississippi, and ranked third in slave ownership behind Virginia and Georgia.

● Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation did not affect any loyal border states. The loyal Border States were all Border States but West Virginia.

Secession Crisis with the Border States

● The public’s opinion about slavery contributed to the intensity of the national struggle.

● The politicians’ constituents were completely different, a divided nation on a smaller scale, and a nation divided against itself cannot stand.

● The secession crisis pushed border state leaders to compromise with each other, and agree to secede together.

Maryland● The Border States held a strategic advantage towards

both the North and the South.● Maryland secured some defense for the North.● To protect the nation's capital, Maryland suspended

habeas corpus. Habeas corpus was the law that prevented people from being imprisoned without charges or trial.

● If the Union lost Maryland to the Confederacy, than the Union would lose Washington D.C., and would first have to relocate to a different location, which would not only embarrass the Union, but would also give the Confederacy a type of power.

Kentucky● Kentucky had a strategic military advantage towards

defending Delaware and Maryland.● Kentucky was a major producer of agriculture for the Union.● Kentucky would give the Confederates a defendable position

along the Ohio river.● Capturing Kentucky would have been major damage to

agriculture for the North.● The Declaration of Neutrality kept Kentucky out of the war

until the Confederates and Union broke it on September 4, 1861.

● Kentucky’s government was split into Union and Confederate points of view.

Missouri● Many guerrilla battles took place in Missouri.● The first federal ironclads were built in Missouri.

● Missouri was split into a Confederate government and a Union government after a failed attempt at neutrality.

● Missouri was ravaged by guerrilla warfare throughout the Civil War, similar to Kentucky.

● Missouri became a Confederate State in November of 1861.

Delaware and West Virginia

● The state legislature of Delaware firmly voted for remaining in the Union.

● Delaware never seriously threatened to leave the Union.● Delaware held the most advanced and expensive P.O.W

camp during the Civil War.● West Virginia split off from Virginia because not many people

owned slaves in Western Virginia.● West Virginia became its own state on June 20,

1863.

The Emancipation Proclamation

● The Emancipation Proclamation was a document signed on January 1, 1862 by the 16th president of the United States of America, Abraham Lincoln. It stated that all states rebelling against the Union would have to free their slaves forever, as a military tactic to weaken the South.

● An interesting fact: it has been said that Abraham Lincoln was a little hesitant on signing the proclamation because of the impact on his decision-he knew that he would change American history.

Key Quotes from the Emancipation Proclamation:

● “By the virtue of the power vested in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States… as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion”.

● “And the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no acts or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedoms”.

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