THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THREE

Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law

VOLUME 3

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

THREE

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list of abbreviations

a. PeriodicalsAI = Annales IslamologiquesAIUON = Annali dell’ Istituto Universitario Orientale di NapoliAKM = Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgen landesAMEL = Arabic and Middle Eastern LiteraturesAO = Acta OrientaliaAO Hung. = Acta Orientalia (Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae)ArO = Archiv OrientálníAS = Asiatische StudienASJ = Arab Studies JournalASP = Arabic Sciences and PhilosophyASQ = Arab Studies QuarterlyBASOR = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchBEA = Bulletin des Études ArabesBEFEO = Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-OrientBEO = Bulletin d’Études Orientales de l’Institut Français de DamasBIE = Bulletin de l’Institut d’ÉgypteBIFAO = Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale du CaireBKI = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en VolkenkundeBMGS = Byzantine and Modern Greek StudiesBO = Bibliotheca OrientalisBrisMES = British Journal of Middle Eastern StudiesBSOAS = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African StudiesBZ = Byzantinische ZeitschriftCAJ = Central Asiatic JournalDOP = Dumbarton Oaks PapersEW = East and WestIBLA = Revue de l’Institut des Belles Lettres Arabes, TunisIC = Islamic CultureIHQ = Indian Historical QuarterlyIJAHS = International Journal of African Historical StudiesIJMES = International Journal of Middle East StudiesILS = Islamic Law and SocietyIOS = Israel Oriental StudiesIQ = The Islamic Quarterly

JA = Journal AsiatiqueJAIS = Journal of Arabic and Islamic StudiesJAL = Journal of Arabic LiteratureJAOS = Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJARCE = Journal of the American Research Center in EgyptJAS = Journal of Asian StudiesJESHO = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientJIS = Journal of Islamic StudiesJMBRAS = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic SocietyJNES = Journal of Near Eastern StudiesJOS = Journal of Ottoman StudiesJQR = Jewish Quarterly ReviewJRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic SocietyJSAI = Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and IslamJSEAH = Journal of Southeast Asian HistoryJSS = Journal of Semitic StudiesMEA = Middle Eastern AffairsMEJ = Middle East JournalMEL = Middle Eastern LiteraturesMES = Middle East StudiesMFOB = Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale de l’Université St. Joseph de BeyrouthMIDEO = Mélanges de l’Institut Dominicain d’Études Orientales du CaireMME = Manuscripts of the Middle EastMMIA = Majallat al-Majma al-Ilmi al-Arabi, DamascusMO = Le Monde OrientalMOG = Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen GeschichteMSR = Mamluk Studies ReviewMW = The Muslim WorldOC = Oriens ChristianusOLZ = Orientalistische LiteraturzeitungOM = Oriente ModernoQSA = Quaderni di Studi ArabiREI = Revue des Études IslamiquesREJ = Revue des Études JuivesREMMM = Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la MéditerranéeRHR = Revue de l’Histoire des ReligionsRIMA = Revue de l’Institut des Manuscrits ArabesRMM = Revue du Monde MusulmanRO = Rocznik OrientalistycznyROC = Revue de l’Orient ChrétienRSO = Rivista degli Studi OrientaliSI = Studia Islamica (France)SIk = Studia Islamika (Indonesia)SIr = Studia IranicaTBG = Tijdschrift van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en WetenschappenVKI = Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land en Volkenkunde WI = Die Welt des IslamsWO = Welt des OrientsWZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des MorgenlandesZAL = Zeitschrift für Arabische LinguistikZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

vi list of abbreviations

ZGAIW = Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen WissenschaftenZS = Zeitschrift für Semitistik

b. OtherANRW = Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen WeltBGA = Bibliotheca Geographorum ArabicorumBNF = Bibliothèque nationale de FranceCERMOC = Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur le Moyen-Orient ContemporainCHAL = Cambridge History of Arabic LiteratureCHE = Cambridge History of EgyptCHIn = Cambridge History of IndiaCHIr = Cambridge History of IranDozy = R. Dozy, Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, Leiden 1881 (repr. Leiden and Paris 1927)EAL= Encyclopedia of Arabic LiteratureEI1 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed., Leiden 1913–38EI2 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden 1954–2004EI3 = Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, Leiden 2007–EIr = Encyclopaedia IranicaEJ1= Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., Jerusalem [New York 1971–92]EQ = Encyclopaedia of the QurnERE = Encyclopaedia of Religion and EthicsGAL = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed., Leiden 1943–49GALS = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, Supplementbände I–III, Leiden 1937–42GAP = Grundriss der Arabischen Philologie, Wies baden 1982–GAS = F. Sezgin, Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums, Leiden 1967–GMS = Gibb Memorial SeriesGOW = F. Babinger, Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1927HO = Handbuch der OrientalistikIA = Islâm AnsiklopedisiIFAO = Institut Français d’Archeologie Orien taleJE = Jewish EncyclopaediaLane = E. W. Lane, Arabic-English LexiconRCEA = Répertoire Chronologique d’Épigraphie ArabeTAVO = Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen OrientsTDVIA=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islâm AnsiklopedisiUEAI = Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisantsvan Ess, TG = J. van Ess, Theologie und Gesell schaftWKAS = Wörterbuch der Klassischen Arabischen Sprache, Wiesbaden 1957–

list of abbreviations vii

118 iskandar beg munsh

al-ilhiyya (Istanbul, Ragip Pasha Library, MS 1463), and, in upholding al-Isfizr’s authorship, one may thus argue that the copyist copied two treatises by the same author. Further research is needed, how-ever, to clarify these matters.

Bibliography

Sourcesal-Bazdaw, Ul al-dn, ed. Hans-Peter Linss,

Cairo 1963.

StudiesDaniel Gimaret, Un traité théologique du phi-

losophe musulman Ab mid al-Isfizr (IVe/Xe s.), in Louis Pouzet (ed.), Mélanges in memoriam Michel Allard, S. J. (1924–1976), Paul Nwyia, S. J. (1925–1980) (Beirut 1984), 207–52 (contains an edition of the Arabic text of the “Twenty-eight questions”); Dan-iel Gimaret, Sur un passage énigmatique du “Tabyn” d’Ibn Askir, SI 47 (1978), 143–63; David C. Reisman, An obscure Neopla-tonist of the fourth/tenth century and the putative Philoponus source, in Peter Adam-son (ed.), In the age of al-Frb. Arabic philoso-phy in the fourth/tenth century (London 2008), 239–64 (contains an English trans. of ques-tions 8, 9, 11, 21); David C. Reisman, Pla-to’s Republic in Arabic. A newly discovered passage, ASP 14 (2004), 263–300; Elvira Wakelnig, Al-Ank’s use of the lost Arabic version of Philoponus’ Contra Proclum, ASP 23 (2013), 291–317; Elvira Wakelnig, Die Phi-losophen in der Tradition Kinds. Al-mir, al-Isfizr, Miskawayh, as-Siistn und at-Tawd, in Heidrun Eichner, Matthias Perkams, and Christian Schäfer (eds.), Isla-mische Philosophie im Mittelalter. Ein Handbuch (Darmstadt 2013), 233–52.

Elvira Wakelnig

Iskandar Beg Munsh

Iskandar Beg Munsh (b. 969/1561–2, d. c.1043/1633 or 1634) was a Per-sian court scribe (munsh) and chronicler whose Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs (“The

world-adorning history of Abbs”) deals with afavid history and the reign of Shh Abbs I (r. 995–1038/1587–1629). Its sequel (dhayl) chronicles the first five years of the reign of his grandson and successor, Shh af (r. 1038–52/1629–42).

1. LifeIskandar Beg came from the Turkmen

clan of the Qizilbsh (the Qizilbsh, lit. red head, were militant Sh groups who rose to prominence in Azerbaijan, Ana-tolia, and Kurdistan in the late ninth/fifteenth century, some of them playing a decisive role in the formation of the afavid empire). From an anonymous treatise on the Qizilbsh dating from the opening years of the eleventh/seventeenth century, we know that the clan and its various branches claimed descent from blood relatives, in-laws, and family allies of the Qar Quynl (Kara Koyunlu, r. 752–874/1351–1469) and q Qynl (Akkoyunlu, r. 798–914/1396–1508), rul-ers of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia (Anon., Trkh-i Qizilbshn, 29–40). Iskan-dar Beg’s year of birth was 969/1561–2, given his own statement that early in 995/1587, the year in the summer of which Shh Abbs ascended to the throne, he was twenty-six. Furthermore, he states elsewhere that in 1038/1629, the year in the middle of which Shh Abbs died, he was already seventy years old (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 336, 1095, trans., 472–3; Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 5; Storey and Bregel, 2:873). This is corroborated by a marginal note in a afavid chronicle dating from the early 1040s/1630s, in which Iskandar Beg is praised for “devoting his whole life of seventy-four years” to chronicling the reign of Shh Abbs, implying that he died in about 1043/1633–4 (Khzn Ifahn, 302 n. 2). Despite their Qizilbsh

iskandar beg munsh 119

background and family ties to military elites of the afavid regime, Iskandar Beg and his older brother, Faraj (Farrukh?) Beg, both pursued bureaucratic careers. Faraj Beg ended up working as a “bearer of ink” (davtdr) with Mrz Aallh Khzn Ifahn (fl. 985/1577), who for several years under Shh ahmsp (930–84/1524–76) held office as vizier of Azerbaijan and Sharvn (Khzn Ifahn, 301 n. 10; Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 165, trans., 259). Under Shh af, Faraj Beg’s son Muammad li Beg (fl. 1054/1644–5), a well-known poet and scribe expert in composing chronograms, was made provincial vizier in Lhijn and remained in the same post for about a decade (Vla Qazvn, 258; Narbd, 110–1; Sstn, 165b; Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 837, 968, 1013).

2. WorkDuring the closing decades of the

reign of Shh ahmsp, Iskandar Beg worked as an apprentice scribe under Mrz Aallh Khzn Ifahn (Khzn Ifahn, 301 n. 10). According to the early eleventh/seventeenth-century bureaucrat and historian Amad usayn Qum (fl. 1015/1606), Iskandar Beg, who had already mastered calligraphy in the talq cursive style, had spent about two years working under him in the office of grand vizier (daftarkhna-yi humyn) in Qazvin, updating the registers of religious deeds (daftar-i shariyyt) and improving his skills in the art of courtly letter writ-ing (insh). Iskandar Beg then worked in Qazvin with Muammad Amn Munsh Qazvn at the royal chancery (dr al-insh) as a scribe, talq calligrapher, and expert in the siyq script used by accoun-tants (usayn Qum, 54–5, trans., 97–8;

Khzn Ifahn, 301 n. 10; Narbd, 702; af, 5/3:1743).

By Iskandar Beg’s own testimony, we know that he spent much of his youth-ful years learning advanced letter-writing skills and siyq script before acquiring a scribal job in the royal chancery. It was in his position as a kha (“crown sector”) scribe that Iskandar Beg developed a keen interest in Persian court chronicles (Iskan-dar Beg, lam-r, 1–2, trans., 3). He had studied for a time under the prominent afavid-era Sh jurist Muammad Bqir Astarbd (d. 1040/1630–1) also known as Mr-Dmd (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 1052, trans., 1274). Under Muammad Khudbanda (r. 985–95/1578–87), Iskan-dar Beg attended the afavid court in Qaz-vin, and, in the months leading to Shh Abbs’s rise to the throne, he took part in the inter-tribal wars (between almost all major Qizilbash tribes and clans) that broke out at the court (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 336, trans., 472–3). During the opening years of the reign of Shh Abbs, he worked as a scribal assistant in the office of the grand vizier (itimd al-dawla), Mrz Lufallh Shrz (fl. 1000/1592, in Qazvn) (Sstn, 165r; Khzn Ifahn, 394). In the winter of 1001/1593, Shh Abbs promoted Iskandar Beg to court scribe, a post that allowed him entry into the entourage of the afavid ruler (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 455, trans., 628; Sstn, 165a). In his capacity as a court scribe, Iskandar Beg is reported to have worked with the non-kha chancellor (munsh al-mamlik) Mrz Abd al-usayn b. Adham Beg s Urdubd (Khzn Ifahn, 579). Iskandar was also close to Mrz Abd al-usayn’s elder brother, tim Beg Urdbd (d. 1019/1610), who held office as grand vizier under

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Shh Abbs (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 755, trans., 948). After tim Beg’s death, Iskandar Beg joined his son and succes-sor Ab lib Beg (later lib Khan; d. 1044/1634). In 1026/1617, Iskandar Beg spent four months in Tabriz discharging various scribal duties under the supervi-sion of Ab lib Beg (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 924–5, trans., 1142).

3. Military activitiesFrom 1004/1595–6 onwards, Iskandar

Beg had the privilege of accompanying Shh Abbs during almost all major mili-tary campaigns. He was with the afavid ruler in 1004/1595–6 on the occasion of his invasion of Khursn and stayed briefly in the city of Sabzivr, which had recently been plundered by the Uzbeks (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 511, trans., 687). Iskandar Beg also took part in Shh Abbs’s invasion of Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1013/1604, during which the afavid forces imposed a crushing defeat on the Ottomans and captured Tabriz (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 698, 701, trans., 890, 893). In 1017/1608, Iskandar Beg accompanied grand vizier tim Beg Urdbd during his official trip to Tabriz to oversee the incorporation into the afavid army of several contingents of the Jall (Celali) rebels who had recently fled to Iran from central and eastern Anatolia (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 774, trans., 969) (the Jall rebellions of the tenth-eleventh/sixteenth-seventeenth centuries were led against Ottoman imperial rule by irregu-lar troops initially, in 925/1519, under the leadership of Jall/Celal, an Alav/Alevi preacher). In 1018/1609, Iskandar Beg participated in the afavid assault on Dumdum Castle in the mountains some twelve miles southwest of Urmia, during which Shh Abbs’s troops seized the cas-

tle, captured the “rebel” ruler of Bardst, Amr Khn the Lame (chulq) alive, and put him, along with his family and rela-tives, to the sword (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 808). In the autumn of 1032/1622 Iskandar Beg joined the afavid army on its way from Isfahan to Baghdad on the eve of Shh Abbs’ invasion of Arab Iraq, during which the afavids besieged Baghdad successfully in Rab II 1032/ February 1623 and eventually brought it under their undisputed control, together with Mosul and Kirkuk by the end of the winter of the same year (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 996, 1002–7, trans., 1218, 1225–9). Three years later, in 1035/ 1625–6, Iskandar Beg was once again in Arab Iraq in the company of Shh Abbs and his troops, who were occupied with repelling the Ottoman counterattacks against the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbal, as well as Baghdad (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 1051, 1053, trans., 1272, 1274).

4. Tr kh-i lam-r -yi Abbs During his years in the service of

the royal chancery, Iskandar Beg pre-pared an early draft (musavvada) of Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, shaping it into a prologue (dbcha), an introductory chapter (muqaddima)—consisting of twelve discourses (maqla) outlining Shh Abbs’ kingly attributes and antecedents from Shaykh af al-Dn Isq Ardabl (d. 735/ 1334) until the reign of Muammad Khudbanda as well as his military and administrative merits—and two parts (afas) on the reign of Shh Abbs (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 1, trans., 2). Completed in 1025/1616, the first of these two parts spans the period between the birth of Shh Abbs, in 978/1571,

iskandar beg munsh 121

and 1025/1616, in which fell the thirtieth anniversary (qarn) of his coronation, while the second part chronicles the remain-der of his reign (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 3–4, 6, 541, 545, 916, trans., 4–7, 721, 724). Later on, Iskandar Beg described his history as a three-volume chronicle, of which the first two volumes deal with the pre-dynastic and early dynastic phases of afavid history, while the last volume chronicles the reign of Shh Abbs (Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 2–3). Well aware of the value of his chronicle, Iskandar Beg placed it on a par with the works of two prominent Tmrid-era chroniclers, Abd al-Razzq Samarqand (d. 887/1482) and Sharaf al-Dn Al Yazd (d. 858/1454) (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 373, trans., 514). That Samarqand and Yazd were the two greatest influences on Iskandar Beg’s intellectual formation as a historian is also attested in the writings of a contemporary tadhkira (biography) writer and fellow his-torian who knew him personally (Sstn, 165b).

Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs is in annal-istic format, arranged by an ambiguous combination of the hijr, regnal, solar (fis-cal), and Turkish animal-calendar years. This juxtaposition of four calendric systems is criticised in the writings of one of Iskandar Beg’s contemporary fellow historians, Muammad Mam Ifahn (fl. 1057/1647), who wrote a chronicle of the reign of Shh af (Ifahn, 29). Iskandar Beg’s chronological errors have been flagged and corrected in the second-ary literature (McChesney). Concerning the reign of Shh Abbs, Iskandar Beg focuses primarily on military campaigns, political upheavals in the provinces, and appointments and promotions at the afavid court. The “enormous prepon-derance of the military element” had long

been deemed a major weakness, making Iskandar Beg’s narrative not only “very dull and arduous reading to anyone not especially interested in military matters” but also “vitiated by overwhelming masses of trivial details and the absence of any breadth of view or clearness of outline” (Browne, 4:107). This impetuous assessment of the historical value of Iskandar Beg’s chronicle was later sharply questioned in modern scholarship. Iskandar Beg is credited duly for “judicious accuracy,” “psychological perceptiveness,” and “the broad interest” his chronicle “manifests in the ramifications of the events it traces” (Hodgson, 3:42). Elsewhere, it is argued that the mass of “trivial” information found in Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs “is not only enormously important in itself, but brings to life the bare bones of historical fact” (Savory, 22). The strength of Iskandar Beg’s chronicle lies in its detailed coverage of the life and career of successive genera-tions of afavid bureaucrats, military offi-cers, and religious scholars. Iskandar Beg’s chronicle is particularly detailed in its coverage of historical geography, bringing into clearer focus the topography of many urban centres, rural towns, and military fortifications in afavid Iran and abroad. His narrative is replete also with invalu-able information about bureaucratic prac-tices and procedures, military terms and expressions, titles and emoluments, tribes and clans, and land relations in early modern Iran.

5. The sequelPublished in Tehran in 1938 in a single

volume together with parts of Muammad Ysuf Qazvn’s (d. 1105/1693–4) Khuld-i barn (“Delightful paradise”), the sequel to Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, opens with an account of Shh af’s coronation in the

122 iskandar beg munsh

winter of 1038/1629 and closes abruptly with a section on lib Khn Urddbd’s murder at the hands of the afavid ruler on 2 afar 1044/28 July 1634 (Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 141–6; Vla Qazvn, 199–203). In his prologue, Iskandar Beg tells us that it was Shh af who shortly after his ascent to the throne commissioned him to compose a chronicle of his reign as the “epilogue” (khtima) of his account of the reign of Shh Abbs (Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 4–6). Aside from the section on Shh af’s coronation on 4 Jumd II 1038/29 January 1629 in Isfahan, the remainder of Iskandar Beg’s account of the first five years of the reign of Shh afi is arranged in an annalistic format. Annual chapters are arranged in topical sections and sub-sections called “incidents” (sing., snia), each dealing with military events in the provinces. Large parts of Iskandar Beg’s account of the reign of Shh af are borrowed by Vla Qazvn, who com-posed his chronicle in 1078/1667–8 in the name of Shh Sulaymn (r. 1077–1105/ 1666–94), and by his brother Muammad hir Vad Qazvn (d. 1112/1700–1), whose Trkh-i jahn-r-yi Abbs (“The world-adorning history of Abbs”) chron-icles the dynastic phase of afavid history (up to 1074/1663–4) and is dedicated to Shh Abbs II (r. 1052–77/1642–66).

6. CorrespondenceTranscripts of several pieces of offi-

cial correspondence written by Iskandar Beg during his tenure as a court scribe under Shh Abbs were posthumously assembled and published as an indepen-dent volume titled Munshat-i Iskandar Beg (“Epistles of Iskandar Beg”). A copy of this volume is in the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amster-

dam (MS Acad. 213; de Jong, 213–4; Witkam, 70). The letters reproduced in the Munshat were used primarily as exer-cise templates for pre-modern students of Persian prose.

Bibliography

SourcesAnon., Trkh-i Qizilbshn, ed. Hshim

Muaddith (Tehran 1361sh/1982), 29–40; Muammad Mam Ifahn, Khulat al-siyar, ed. raj Afshr (Tehran 1366sh/1989), 29; Iskandar Beg Munsh, Dhayl-i Trkh-i lamr-yi Abbs, ed. Amad Suhayl Khvnsr, Tehran 1317sh/1938; Iskandar Beg Munsh, Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, ed. raj Afshr, Tehran 1956, trans. Roger M. Savory, History of Shah Abbs the Great, 3 vols., Boulder 1978; Fal Beg Khzn Ifahn, A chronicle of the reign of Shah Abbas, ed. Kioumars Ghereghlou (Cambridge 2015), 301–2; Muammad hir Narbd, Tadh-kira-yi Narbd, ed. Musin Nj Narbd (Tehran 1378sh/1999), 702; Muammad hir Vad Qazvn, Trkh-i jahnr-yi Abbs, ed. Sad Mr Muammad diq, Tehran 1383sh/2004; Muammad Ysuf Vla Qazvn, Khuld-i barn, adqa-yi shishum va haftum az rawa-yi hashtum, ed. Muammad Ri Nar, Tehran 1379sh/2001; Amad usayn Qum, Gulistn-i hunar, ed. Amad Suhayl Khvnsr (Tehran 1352sh/1973), 54–5, trans. Vladimir Minorsky, Calligra-phers and painters. A treatise by Q Amad, son of Mr-Munsh (circa A.H. 1015/A.D. 1606) (Washington DC 1959), 97–8; Shh-usayn Sstn, Iy al-mulk, ed. Manchihr Sutda, Tehran 1965; Shh-usayn Sstn, Tadhkira-yi khayr al-bayn, Tehran, Majlis Library, MS 923.

StudiesEdgar Granville Browne, A literary history of Per-

sia, vol. 4, A history of Persian literature in mod-ern times. A.D. 1500–1924 (Cambridge 1930, repr. 1959), 107–10; Franz von Erdmann, Iskender Munschi und sein Werk, ZDMG 15 (1861), 457–501; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The venture of Islam. Conscience and history in a world civilization (Chicago 1974), 3:42; Pieter de Jong, Catalogus codicum Orientalium Biblio-

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thecae Regiae Scientiarum, Leiden 1862; Robert D. McChesney, A note on Iskandar Beg’s chronology, JNES 39/1 (1980), 53–63; Dhaballh af, Trkh-i adabiyyt dar rn (Tehran 1369sh/1990), 5/3:1742–5; Roger M. Savory, “Very dull and arduous reading.” A reappraisal of the history of Shah Abbs the Great by Iskandar Beg Munsh, Hamdard

Islamicus 3 (1980), 19–37; Charles Ambrose Storey, Persidskaia literatura. Bio-bibliograficheskiçı obzor, trans. Yuri E. Bregel (Moscow 1972), 2:873; Jan Just Witkam, Inventory of the oriental manuscripts of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, Leiden 2006.

Kioumars Ghereghlou