the end - administration · amnesty with simple oath to all except: confederate officers those with...
TRANSCRIPT
The End
• Robert E. Lee
surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant at
Appomattox Court
House.
• Grant did not allow
celebration because
the southern soldiers
were once again U.S.
citizens.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Gov’t organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare and education to black and white refugees from South
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and
nothing to do.
Wartime– Presidential– Congress
13th Amendment
Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Lincoln’s Wartime Plan
10% Plan
* Pardon to all who took an oath of loyalty & accepted the 13th amendment
* EXCEPT highest ranking Confederate officers. (military & civilian)
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath and est. a gov’t, it would be recognized.
Lincoln’s Assassination
• Shot in the head by
John Wilkes Booth on
April 14, 1865 at
Ford’s Theatre in
Washington D.C.
• The assassination
occurred five days
after Robert E. Lee
surrendered at
Appomattox.
President Andrew Johnson
17th (1865 – 1869)
Pro-Union Democrat.
Anti-Aristocrat. (supports small farms)
White Supremacist.
“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”
Johnson’s Presidential Plan
10% of state’s voters - oath to the US Constitution
amnesty with simple oath to all EXCEPT:
Confederate officers
those with property over $20,000 (wealthy planters)
(could apply directly to Johnson for pardon – 13,500 pardoned)
new constitutions must ratify the 13th amendment
EFFECTS
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
14th Amendment
Ratified in July, 1868.
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
States cannot deprive anyone of citizenship or voting (13th & 14th)
NO Confederate officer or military leader could hold political office
Military Reconstruction Act - The south would be occupied by federal troops and divided into 5 military districts governed by army generals
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.
February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes with a 2/3rd majority 1st in U. S. history!!
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Tenure of Office Act
* The President could not remove any officials without the Senate’s consent
Designed to protect members of Lincoln’s cabinet
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
Johnson removed Sec of War Stanton
The Republican dominated House passed articles of impeachment
Lawyers argued that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Stanton, so the Tenure of Office Act did not apply to him
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3s vote).
Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. (literate)
Blacks were politically unprepared.
The 15th amendment guaranteed voting
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black & White Political Participation
Colored Rule in the South?
The Fifteenth Amendment (
Amendment XV ) of the United
States Constitution
provides that no government in the
United States may prevent a citizen
from voting based on that citizen's
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on
February 3, 1870.
Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the right to vote.
Scandals:
• Credit Mobilier – people took advantage of
the Pacific Railroad
• The Sec of War was taking bribes –
impeached & removed
• No evidence of Grant being involved, but
his choice of associates earn him
widespread criticism
1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
• Disputed votes
– Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina
(intimidation of Republican voters)
• Congress unable to determine the
outcome.
• A Committee of Senators, Congressmen
and a Supreme Court Judge decide
The Political Crisis of 1877 Compromise of 1877
Election of 1876
1. Demos. gave presidency to Repub. Hayes
2. in return troops would be removed from the south
3. Reconstruction is OVER!!
Hayes Prevails
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!