the expanding palette: emergent call paradigms
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The expanding palette: emergent CALL paradigms. Lawrie Hunter Kochi University of Technology http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The expanding palette:emergent CALL paradigms
Lawrie HunterKochi University of Technology
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/
The need for distance
"...countries and companies that de-emphasize basic research are speeding up at the bottom, but slowing down at the top – where it really matters –
and thus decelerating the kind of research that accelerates the arrival of the future."
Alvin and Heidi Toffler, "Speeding up research slows breakthroughs."
The Daily Yomiuri, May 28, 2006
Classroom
TeachingpracticeLearner
characterization
Objectives andContent domains
Curriculumpolicy
Learningtheory
Societaldemands
Learnerneeds
Institutiondesign
ITLL
Methodologiesand Content
CALL scenario design flowchartHunter (2001)
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/CALLL/
Classroom
TeachingpracticeLearner
characterization
Objectives andContent domains
Curriculumpolicy
Learningtheory
Societaldemands
Learnerneeds
Institutiondesign
ITLL
CMC-based CALL vs.
Intelligent CALL
(tool vs tutor)
Multi-lab
Virtual lab: www(distance ed)
CALL lab
Methodologiesand Content
CALL scenario design flowchartHunter (2001)
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/CALLL/
HighsoftwareClassroom
TeachingpracticeLearner
characterization
Objectives andContent domains
Curriculumpolicy
Learningtheory
Societaldemands
Learnerneeds
Institutiondesign
ITLL
CMC-based CALL vs.
Intelligent CALL
(tool vs tutor)
Multi-lab
Virtual lab: www(distance ed)
Low softwareHigh authoring
Low softwareHigh teaching
Learnercharacter-
ization
contentdomains
budgetssoftwarescenario
Learner
character-ization
Unsupervised(tutor)
Supervised(semi-tool)
CALL scenario design flowchartHunter (2001)
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/CALLL/
CALL lab
Methodologiesand Content
Kern: should CALL still be called CALL?
We don’t have BALL (book assisted LL) We don’t have PALL (pen assisted LL)
1997: CALL focus on the computer2005: CALL focus on learners learning language
Kern, R. (2006) Perspectives on technology in learning and teaching languages.
TESOL Quarterly 40(1) 183-210.
Egbert: learner+
language+
context+
one or more tools+
tasks/activities+/–
peers and teachers
CALL =
Egbert, J.L. (2005) Conducting research on CALL. In Egbert, J.L. & Petrie, G.M. (eds) CALL research perspectives. Erlbaum.
Books currently used in CALL teacher education“generally address only one theoretical foundation
or one research methodology”
Egbert: re-enlarge the theoretical palette
Egbert, J.L. (2005) Conducting research on CALL. In Egbert, J.L. & Petrie, G.M. (eds) CALL research perspectives. Erlbaum.
Egbert: re-enlarge the theoretical palette
-multiple theoretical perspectives are important:
-social and cultural contexts of tech use are expanding
-technologies are diversifying
-the goals, content and structure of CALL are evolving
Egbert: re-enlarge the theoretical palette
Some additions to CALL paradigm tools:Research metaphorsSociocultural theoryInteractionist SLAMetacognitive knowledgeSystemic Functional LinguisticsVisualityAuthentic language"Flow"Situated learningDesign-based researchEducational ergonomics
Why hasn't the KILLER APP for ESL/EFL CALL emerged?
Why hasn't the KILLER APP for ESL/EFL CALL emerged?
It's not possible (The Sims) (until 2039: kurzweil).
That's not the problem in ELT/CALL.
It has been done, but it's being held back because it'd be stolen and shared to death.
It's being blocked by older technology (or non-technology).
It's not needed.
It’s not worth it (ELT is too too granular).
Kurzweil (2005): by 2029 a computer that is more intelligent than humans:
nearer-horizon developments in information technology will spontaneously transform our technological realities
with obvious resounding impact on education in general.
The singularity* is near
*When humans transcend biology
Layers of educational technology will peel away as they are superceded.
Electronic education paradigms will evolve likewise.
What elements of what we do now will survive such quantum change?
Aren't those persistent elements a key focus for us now?
The singularity is near
Paradigm time!
What paradigm questions should we be asking?
What paradigm thinking tools do we have now?
Should the available tools shape the questions (as is often the case) ?
? paradigm, what's a
"A paradigm is what you think about something before you think about it."
Dr. Faiz Khan
Hunter: A paradigm is ‘the way we live and how it influences our behavior.’
Paradigm question 1
Are today's young second language learners 'wired differently'?
For CALL paradigm development, focusing on technology is a limited strategy.
At the same time, almost all second language students in Japan are extensive users of ICT.
Is technology transforming the second language learner?
Paradigm question 2
Is language changing? (i.e. is communication changing?)
Language is a constantly evolving phenomenon.
Texting is changing language.
Amateurization is changing language.
Speed is changing language.
Ubiquity is changing language.
Paradigm question 3
Is technology evolving quantum?
Yes, of course.
However, until now quantum leaps have only impacted on the young.
e.g. older people CAN ignore cell phones / texting / wifi
Paradigm question 4
What elements of what we know/do nowwill survive the quantum leaps?
Shouldn't we focus on the elements that will survive?
Learning Paradigms (an example)Rote learning = memorisation.
Analogical/case-based reasoning = store -> recall -> adapt.
Explanation-based learning = based on partial proofs.
Inductive learning = generalising from examples.
http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Teaching/Resources/COMS11200/pages/tour25/tsld029.htm
A summary of 'the new learning paradigms'
Constructivism in general• Learner actively creates own meaning.Student-centered learning environments• Students’ learning drives theory (grounded design, empirically validated).Situated Cognition• People interact with their environment and meaning is made through
those interactions.Communities of practice• A collection of individuals sharing mutually defined practices, beliefs and
understandings over an extended time frame in the pursuit of a shared enterprise.
Distributed Cognition• Knowledge resides in the group.Everyday Cognition• Learning is interpreted through the lens of personal experience.
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/svinicki/382L/summary.html
Bombardment of HINTS at paradigms
http://elearnmag.org/
http://gwegner.edublogs.org/
http://www.uliveandlearn.com/http://www.itconversations.com
http://www.downes.ca/
Go back:
learning theories
Learning theory
Basis of transfer
Proponents
Mental disciplineMind substance
Theistic mental discipline
Exercise of the mind
St. AugustineCalvin
Humanistic mental discipline
Training of intrinsic mental powers
PlatoAdler/Bloom
Natural unfoldmentRecapitulation of
racial historyRousseauMaslow
Stimulus-response behaviorism
Conditioning with no reinforcement
Conditioned responses/reflexes
J. B. Watson
Conditioning with reinforcement
Reinforced response
B.F. Skinner
Interactionist theories (cognitive)
Goal insightTested generalized
insightsVygotsky
Narrative centered cultural interaction
Conceptualization / categorization
DeweyJ.S. Bruner
Sequential-linear cognitive
interaction
Expectancies from interaction
Cognitive-field situational interaction
Continuity of life experiences and
insights
Hunter's CALL paradigms
Learner images
Knowledge images
Subject centered Funnel headsKnowledge as
material
Oracy centeredGregorian chanters
Knowledge through oral rep
Literacy centered Scribes Knowledge as text
Logic centeredPlato's chat
matesKnowledge through
discourse
Learner centered Witting learnersKnowledge through
consumerism
Technology centered
Learner as a PC peripheral
Knowledge through PC experience
Hunter's CALL paradigms
Learner imagesKnowledge
images
Subject centered Funnel headsKnowledge as
material
Oracy centered Gregorian chantersKnowledge
through oral rep
Literacy centered Scribes Knowledge as text
Logic centered Plato's chat matesKnowledge
through discourse
Learner centered Witting learnersKnowledge
through consumerism
Technology centeredLearner as a PC
peripheral
Knowledge through PC experience
Chat
Hunter's CALL paradigms
Learner images
Knowledge images
Subject centered Funnel headsKnowledge as
material
Oracy centeredGregorian chanters
Knowledge through oral rep
Literacy centered ScribesKnowledge as
text
Logic centeredPlato's chat
matesKnowledge
through discourse
Learner centered Witting learnersKnowledge
through consumerism
Technology centered
Learner as a PC peripheral
Knowledge through PC experience
Drag-and-drop
1. Learners are evolving
-games as a life-games as smarteners-mass amateurization
-smart mobs / swarms / crowds /
PARADIGM THINKING TOOLS
1.Learners are evolving
1995: owned computers rare:
ACCESS rather than EFFECT sold CALL to Japan
2005: do learners have too much PC in their lives?
Need for SLA anthropology/ethnography/sociology
1. Learners are evolving
Brey 1997: New Media and the quality of life
-presence competition-loss of engagement-presence inflation-presence invasion-aggrievement of 3rd
parties-the problem of surrogacy-rationalization of
existence
1. Learners are evolvingemail: short, fast, frequent blogs: short, fast, frequent
http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0515/p13s01-stct.html?s=t5
It's all about me: Why e-mails are so easily misunderstood
1. Learners are evolvingemail: short, fast, frequent blogs: short, fast, frequent
http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0515/p13s01-stct.html?s=t5
It's all about me: Why e-mails are so easily misunderstood
"That wouldn't make me a shallow person
......would it?”
-Lyle Lovett
1. Learners are evolving
Yomiuri 06.04.05: Young Workers Lack Verbal Skills
-"with the increasing use of e-mail and Internet"-"should be more aware of human nature"-"there are things you can't convey with email”-suggestion that employers avoid hiring bloggers
1. Learners are evolving
Jones 2002: The Problem of Context in CMC
ICQ simultaneous with academic activities
Student position:How could you operate a computer without having your ICQ contact lists open?
1. Learners are evolvingJohnson: Everything Bad Is Good for You
Games: interactive, thus require decision-making
-a new kind of mental exercise
-cognitive work: remember, and also analyze
1. Learners are evolving Johnson: Everything Bad Is Good for You
Games: interactive, thus require decision-making
-a new kind of mental exercise -cognitive work: remember, and also analyze
"BUT it is true that a specific, historically crucial kind of reading has grown less common in this society: sitting down with a three-hundred-page book and following its argument or narrative without a great deal of distraction." p. 183
1. Learners are evolving
games as a way of thought
LevelsProgressRecord keepingPersonal / group bestOn-line mobbingSci-fi warrior
1. Learners are evolvingde Kerckhove p. 47 :
“Literate people are always inside looking outas if they were always in front of a page, a stage, a painting, a photograph or a film.
The exact opposite is true of the user of any form of computer-assisted visual experience...”
1. Learners are evolving
The evolving USER (a.k.a. learner)
Mitchell:
“We become true inhabitants of electronically mediated environments
rather than mere users of computational devices.”
"Urban life, Jim – but not as we know it."
1. Learners are evolving
Emergent organization:slime mold, ants, networked humans
Modelling emergent behavior:can we use this tech to model social learning?
http://education.mit.edu/starlogo/
http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/
1. Learners are evolving
http://www.thecommittedsardine.net/infosavvy/
Digital Native Learners
Digital Immigrant Teachers
Prefer receiving information quickly from multiple multimedia sources.
Prefer slow and controlled release of information from limited sources.
Prefer parallel processing and multitasking.
Prefer singular processing and single or limited tasking.
Prefer processing pictures, sounds, and video before text.
Prefer to provide text before pictures, sounds, and video.
Prefer random access to hyperlinked multimedia information.
Prefer to provide information linearly, logically, and sequentially.
Prefer to interact/network simultaneously with many others.
Prefer students to work independently rather than network and interact.
Prefer to learn “just-in-time.” Prefer to teach “just-in-case” (it’s on the exam).
Prefer instant gratification and instant rewards.
Prefer deferred gratification and deferred rewards.
Prefer learning that is relevant, instantly useful, and fun.
Prefer to teach to the curriculum guide and standardized tests.
Ian Jukes and Anita Dosaj, The Digital Disconnect
1. Learners are evolving
URGENT: Just-in-time learner sociologyURGENT: Near-instant learner profiling
Upgrade: Learner => USER
User Experience (UX) practice
UZANTO’s MindCanvas: -user profiling for a large target group in a matter of hours
RUMM: rapid user mental modellingGEMS: game emulation
This may be very fruitfully adapted to the foundation explorationsleading to CALL decision-making.
1. Learners are evolving
Donald (1991):
"The kind of mental model of the world that an organism can construct depends on its representational facilities"
1 episodic culture event memory
2 mimetic culture social intelligence
3 narrative culture linguistic thought, myth
4 theoretic culture formal thought, external memory devices
5 ?
Will our tech take us back to narrative culture? or forward to 5?
2. Language is evolving
Cycle
Joyce's Cycle
Contour
Counterpoint
MirrorWorld
Tangle
Sieve
Montage
Split/Join
Mark Bernstein
Patterns of
hypertext
http://www.eastgate.com/patterns/
2. Language is evolving
Johnson: Everything Bad Is Good for You
TV now rewards complexity:
-multiple thread narrative Hill Street Blues, The Sopranos
-flashing arrows-social networks
2. Language is evolving
new media:
history of the future?
2. Language is evolving
Lev Manovich:
from narrative to database:
a new electronic literacy
with deep structural implications
2. Language is evolving
Creative Commons / metadata Free Culture remix / mash-up
2. Language is evolving
PARADIGM THINKING TOOLS
www.yhchang.com
http://www.net-art.it/
2. Language is evolving
itz t% l8 2 stop d chAng so go w it.http://www.transl8it.com/
Electronic literaciesInformation literaciesSocial literacies [mobs]
2. Language is evolving
Electronic literacies
del.icio.us / flickr / myspace
Googlebase / craigslist
2. Language is evolving
Social literacies [mobs][crowds]
Rheingold’s Smart Mobs
Surowiecki’s Crowds
JOI ITO’s emergent democracyhttp://joi.ito.com/joiwiki/EmergentDemocracyPaper
John Thackara* tells of Ivan Illich’s finding that
In the 1930s, 9 out of 10 words a man heard by age 20 were spoken directly to him.
In the 1970s, 9 out of 10 words a man heard by age 20 were spoken through a loudspeaker.
Illich (1982): “Computers are doing to communication what fences did to pastures and what cars did to streets.”
* (book: Inside the Bubble) http://www.doorsofperception.com/
3. Technology is evolving quantum
Coherence studies: Latent Semantic Analysis @ CU Boulder http://lsa.colorado.edu/
3. Technology is evolving quantum
Mass amateurisation of everything:
“...over the last fifteen years or sopretty much all media creation hasstarted to be deprofessionalised.”
http://www.plasticbag.org/archives/2003/09/weblogs_and_the_mass_amateurisation_of_nearly_everything.shtml
Morville:The age of findability
”...the growing size and importance of our systems place a huge burden on findability.”
Ambient Findability. O’Reilly & Associates Inc (2005/10)
http://www.boxesandarrows.com/view/the_age_of_findability
http://findability.org/
A paradigm shift:
User view IT paradigmUser
identity
The bodyComputer as a
toolTool user
The mindComputer as a
gatewayExplorer
Body and mindComputer as an
intimateExecutive
UbiqComputer as
invisible
intimateSci-fi warrior
“Student”
Rotemethod-
ology
Control groupresearch
SLATheoryCALL
gizmos
Curriculumcentered
Literacy
Lineartext body
Statictext
3.Narrative
culture
Paradigmpalette
Expanding theparadigm palette
“Student”
Rotemethod-
ology
Learner
Control groupresearch
SLATheoryCALL
gizmos
Learningtheories
Ethno-graphic
research
LearnercenteredCurriculum
centered
Virtuallearning
environments
Learningmanagementmethodology
Literacy
Web/infoliteracies
Lineartext
Hyper-text
Digitalimmigrant
body
mind
Statictext
Searcha-bility
(database)
4.Theoreticculture
3.Narrative
culture
Paradigmpalette
Expanding theparadigm palette
“Student”
User
Rotemethod-
ology
Learner
Control groupresearch
SLATheoryCALL
gizmos
Learningtheories
CognitiveScience
Ethno-graphic
research
DesignedLearnercenteredCurriculum
centered
Virtuallearning
environments
Userexperienceresearch
Socialsoftwarereality
Learningmanagementmethodology
Emergence
Literacy
Web/infoliteracies
Socialliteracies:
mobs/crowds
Lineartext
Hyper-text
Textfragments(database)
Openlearning
commons
Digitalnative
Digitalimmigrant
body
mind
body/mind
Design-basedresearch
Statictext
Searcha-bility
(database)
Findability,tags,
folksonomies
Back to narrative?or on to 5?
4.Theoreticculture
3.Narrative
culture
Paradigmpalette
Expanding theparadigm palette
“Processing” immediacy and presence
Immediate processing
Delayable processing
Minimumpresence
Maximumpresence
Testsfor points
Classroompaper tasks
Conversation
Classroomquestioning
Dictation
Cell phonepush
Homework
Drag n’ drop
Point n’ click
Chat
emailchat
SMSchat
(Hunter, 2003. This concern willsoon disappear.)
“Processing” immediacy and presence
---but if processing and presence disappear as CALL designer concerns, where will we be?
We will be in the land of THE USER the land of EVERYTHING NOW, INVISIBLE.
So what should we worry about?
i.e. what would you tell Will Wright (Mr. Sims) if he were to build you the killer app for ELT?
“Processing” immediacy and presence
What would you tell Will Wright (Mr. Sims) if he were to build you the killer app for LL?
LANGUAGE LEARNING SUPPORT
USEREXPERIENCE
CHARACTERIZATIONOF LANGUAGE LEARNING
DESIGNKNOWLEDGE
LEARNINGTHEORY
for
for
for
for
Paradigm reflection tools(choose some)
L2 learning as cognitive learningLearning as social / networked activityEmergence / modelling thereofShort, fast, frequent interaction
The learner as user [sci-fi warrior]User profiling
Comprehension studiesHypertext studies / coherence studies
The untaught learner
Thank you so much for your kind attention.
Lawrie HunterKochi University of Technologyhttp://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/