the french revolution 1789-1794. the enlightenment and revolutions i. the american revolution,...

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1794

The Enlightenment and Revolutions I. The American Revolution, 1776-1781 - Claiming abuses by the British Government and a general failure to safeguard the natural rights of the citizens, the American Colonies declare their independence from England. - Thomas Jefferson authors the Declaration of Independence, drawing heavily on the writings of John Locke and the ideals of the Social Contract as theorized by Rousseau and Hobbes: 1.Government must be created by the People 2.The people must consent to be governed 3.The primary job of the Government is to protect the peoples natural rights- Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Happiness 4.When a Government fails to protect these rights, then the people have the right to change their government, to overthrow it.

The Enlightenment and Revolutions John LockeThomas Jefferson

The Enlightenment and Revolutions John LockeThomas Jefferson Darn, I looked better in the last picture, J. Locke

The Enlightenment and Revolutions Following the American Revolution, the Americans again embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment in the writing of their Constitution. James Madison heavily borrowed from the ideals of Montisquieu. Separation of Powers, and Checks and Balances make up the heart of the U.S. Constitution

The Enlightenment and Revolutions The American Revolution and French Involvement: Americas war for independence was successful in part due to the assistance of the French government. One of the most influential French military assistants was Lafayette. * In 1777, Lafayette purchased a ship, and with a crew of adventurers set sail for America to fight in the revolution against the British. Lafayette joined the ranks as a major general and was assigned to the staff of George Washington. He served with distinction, leading America forces to several victories. On a return visit to France in 1779 Lafayette persuaded the French government to send aid to the Americans, specifically the commitment of the French Navy, and monetary support.George Washington

Connections between the American Revolution and the French Revolution Not only did French Citizens and Military directly participate in the American War for Independence, but the war itself, the ideals upon which it was based, and the eventual success served as inspiration for many of the French Citizens who had become disenchanted with their own government, especially King Louis XVI Another impact of the American Revolution was the additional Debt incurred by the French Government in assisting the Americans against the British, further pushing France into Financial Crisis.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Beginning of Revolution Understand the following: 1. The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. 2. In times of crisis, people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability. 3. New ideas and inventions create progress, but this can be accompanied by problems. 1.Any questions from last two nights homework? 2.In packet review p 2 with your group any questions? 3.Complete p 3 part B. 4.Read p 5 and answer reading comprehension questions p 6 5.Complete p 7 part A (do NOT do 1-6 on the bottom half.) 6.Complete p 8 through 11.

On the eve of evolution The Old Regime- I. France was still operating on an archaic social and political system developed during the middle ages. *The French people were in one of 3 categories, or Estates, especially important in terms of wealth and the payment of taxes. *These Estates came under great pressure as Frances economy crumbled, and the Government ran out of money. The Old Regime, best represented by the absolutism of Louis XIV (14 th ) required strong leadership. ** BUT Louis XVI (16 th ) was weak, pampered, uninterested and indecisive

A.The First Estate (The Clergy)- The Church formed this estate. 1.Owned 10% of the Land 2.Collected Tithes 3.Paid No Taxes 4.Bishops and Abbots 5.Run Social Services (Schools, etc) 6.Despise and reject the teachings of the Enlightenment ~The Wealthiest Estate

The Second Estate- Made up of Rich Nobles. 2% of the Population, but controlled 25% of the land. Paid very little in taxes. 1.Top Jobs in Government, Army, Courts, and Local Churches. 2.Owned a lot of land, but had little actual income except from feudal fees paid by peasants some became very successful businessmen as well. 3.Resent Royal Absolutism ~ Fear and resist paying Taxes

Third Estate The Majority of the People. This Estate was made up of 98 percent of the People of France. 29 Million People. 1.Bourgeoisie Middle Class- Bankers and Merchants, Lawyers, Doctors, etc. 2.Peasants- 9 of 10 People 3.City Workers- The Poorest of the Poor. - many of these people were unpaid yet still taxed. ~This Estate paid the Heaviest Taxes. The Bourgeoisie adopted the ideas of the Enlightenment and the others resented the 1 st and 2 nd estates. They were ready for change.

II. Financial Crisis A) Deficit Spending- A Government Spending more than it makes. B) Louis XIV (14 th ) made a huge debt- France had to actually borrow money from other countries. C) Louis XVI, with Marie Antoinette, ran up the debt further on lavish royal stuff, and to pay for war against England (American Revolution) C) To solve problem- Proposal is to raise taxes, but on whom? D) Crumbling Economy- 1) Economic Decline of 1770s 2) Foreign Wars Costly ~ More Debt 3) Bad Harvests of 1780s the price of bread, the main food skyrockets to unattainable levels. -Hunger = Riots, manor houses attacked

Kings Louis XIV, XV, XVI

from the Ode to King Louis (14, 15, 16) Louie Louie, oh no Me gotta go Aye-yi-yi-yi, I said Louie Louie, oh baby Me gotta go

Financial Crisis, Cont. E. Failure of Reforms 1. Louis XV (15)- More Debt 2. Louis XVI (16)- Spiraling Debt out of control. -Financing the American Revolution becomes the straw that breaks the camels back -Decides that financial reforms are necessary, hires Jacques Necker as advisor. - Necker was competent and skilled in finance -Necker proposes reductions in spending and tariffs -Also proposes Tax on the 1 st and 2 nd Estates~ They call for him to be fired

Jacques Necker tax the rich, its okay, really

III. The King Takes Action A) Riots and Protests, and the demands of the 2 nd Estate, force the King to call the Estates General to Versailles. B) The Cahiers (List of Grievances) 1) Reforms, specifically in Taxes and Free Press 2) Class Resentment C) The National Assembly forms and the Tennis Court Oath- 1. Only Property Owning members of the 3 rd Estate Could Vote in the 3 rd Estate 2. Focus on Financial fix and social reform 3. Demanded that Each Vote count, no more block voting 4. After weeks of Debate, they name themselves the National Assembly, and claim that they represent the People, and the People should form the Government and Laws.

National Assembly, Cont. 4.The National Assembly is locked out of the Estates General ~ They take the Tennis Court Oath- and vow to stay together until they develop a Constitution for France. 5.Reform minded Nobles and Clergy join the National Assembly. 6. Louis XVI (16) Accepts- Gathers Troops, orders them to dissolve the National Assembly. Doesnt happen. 7. Louis 16 Hires/ Fires Necker - during this time there are more food shortages and mounting tension

IV.Storming of the Bastille A. The Bastille was a fort and prison holding political prisoners, and it also served as storage for weapons and black powder. B. Crowd Demands Weapons and Powder- Commander of the Bastille opens fire on the crowd C. The People storm the Bastille, break in and kill the commander. Free only 5 Prisoners, but becomes the symbol of the start of the revolution and a strike on Tyranny. ~ July 14 th is Bastille Day, the French equivalent of our Independence Day

Storming of The Bastille

Creating a new France I. Revolts in Paris and Provinces - Terrible Famine and massive unemployment A. The Great Fear 1.Rumors, caused by Famine and Fear (attacks by marauders) 2.Peasants attack Nobles- anger B. Paris in Arms 1.Various Groups try for Power * Moderates ~Lafayette-leader ~National Guard- Fight Royal Troops ~Tri-Color * Paris Commune (Radical) ~Demand end to monarchy ~Violent ~Spread Royal Rumors

II.Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity A) End to special privilege - August 4, 1789 1) N.A. Nobles Vote to give up Privileges B) Declaration of the Rights of Man 1.Modeled after U.S. Declaration of Independence 2.Government must protect peoples natural rights 3.All males are equal 4.People still starving

III.Women March on Versailles ~Paris to Versailles- Women want Bread A) The Mob wants to Wring Her Neck 1. They hate Queen- Extravagant - Accused of Immorality 2. Let them Eat Cake- never said it- untrue 3.Demand that King goes to Paris B) A Triumphant Procession 1.Louis XVI forced to wear the Tri-Color 2.Royal family moves to Tuileries Palace- House Arrest

Lets Get Her

Ms. Marie Antoinette, are you home, do you want to come out and play?

The French Tri-Color

IV. A TIME FOR REFORM ~ National Assembly Goes to Paris A) Reorganizing the Church 1. National Assembly- took over church, sells church land. 2. Civil Constitution of the Clergy- Ends Papal Authority. 3.Priests Refuse 4.Causes problem with Peasants and people in parishes-Church played important role in their lives

A Republican Constitution B) Written Constitution 1. Wrote Constitution of 1791 - Limited Monarchy - Legislative Assembly (Laws/Taxes/War) - All males have right to vote - Provinces become 83 departments - Privilege Propose free trade - No unions allowed

C. The Fateful Flight 1.Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and son make a run for it disguised 3.Former soldier recognizes the royal family 4.Brought back to Paris and treated as a traitor

V. Reaction Outside of France A. Widespread Fears 1. Increase Boarder Patrols 2. Told Horror stories by Emigres- nobles/clergy/ others who fled. 3. Edmund Burke- Predicted Violence B. Threats from Abroad 1. King of Prussia/ Emperor of Austria 2. Declaration of Pilnitz- intervene to protect the Royal Family

VI. War at Home and Abroad - Legislative assembly dissolves A. The Sans-Culottes - Working Class People- Make revolution more radical 1.Supported by the Jacobins- revolutionary political club- use newspapers to their advantage B. Revolutionary Groups - From Right to Left 1. Right of the Leg. Assembly- Reforms were enough, Conservatives 2. Center- Moderates 3. Left- Jacobins- Get rid of Monarchs- Radical

War on Tyranny 1. Leftists Gain Advantage 2. L.A. Declares War on Austria, Prussia, Britain ~ all expect easy victory over messed up country.

Stages of the Revolution 1st Stage- 1789- 1792: National Assembly Storming the Bastille Tennis Court Oath Declaration of the Rights of Man New Constitution Limited Monarchy Great Fear Legislative Assembly

Stages of the Revolution Stage 2- 1792-1794: Execution of the King and Queen Committee of Public Safety Robespierre Reign of Terror Republic * Execution of Robespierre

Radical days I. Downfall of the Monarchy a.Outbreak of Violence 1. August 10, 1792- Kings guards slaughtered 2. Political Prisoners Killed September Massacres ~Patriots or Savages b.French Republic 1. Radicals form the National Convention 2. Suffrage- Right to vote for all males 3. Abolished Nobility Titles 4. All people were to be called Citizen

Radical days (cont.) C. Death of a King and Queen 1. Louis XVI convicted of Treason 2. King and Queen were beheaded II. The Convention under seige ~Declared war on those that they feared would support the monarchy- Eng.,Esp., Ned., Prussia ~Jacobins v. Girondins in Convention A)Committee of Public Safety 1.Deal with Threats to France 2.12 Men Prepare France for War 3. Armies invade Netherlands and Italy 4. Crush the Peasant Revolt

Louis loses it!

Maximilien Robespierre

Robespierre B. Maximillien Robespierre (Jacobin) 1. Lawyer- Leader of the Committee of Public Safety 2. Religious Tolerance 3. Popular with Sans-Culottes, Hates the Old Regime C. Reign of Terror ~ July 7, 1793 1794 1. Organized by Robespierre 2. Hasty Trials- 40,000 Die 3. Mistaken ID/ False Accusations 4. Dr. Guillotin- Argues the Axe is not accurate 5. Convention Eliminates C.P.S ~ Robespierre is Beheaded

Dr. Guillotine and his Invention

Max, have you lost your head?

III. Reaction and the Directory A. Moderates write Constitution of 1795 B. The Directory is set up 1795-1799 1. Dictatorial but weak 2. Suppress Bread Riots 3. Use Napoleon Bonaparte- Popular Military Hero IV. Women in the Revolution 1. Rights ~ Olympe De Gouges- Declaration of the Rights of Women 2. Setbacks ~ National Convention- Banned Womens Political Clubs

V. Changes in Daily Life ~ 10 years of major changes A) Nationalism- an aggressive feeling of pride and devotion to ones country La Marsillaise- French National Anthem B) Social Reform 1.Mandatory Elementary Education- State Run 2. Care for Poor, Old Soldiers, Old Widows 3. No Slavery in Colonies 4. Non Religious Calendar - 1793 was year 1 C) Arts- 1. Grand- Classical- Rome

Governments of the Revolution 1789-1815 Monarchy~ King Louis XVI National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Committee of Public Safety Robespierre The Directory Napoleon King Louis XVIII Napoleon (100 Days)

the french revolution 1789-1794. the enlightenment and revolutions i. the american revolution,...

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