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THE FRIENDS OF MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY. 'lor. 27 NO.2 SPRING 2007

Committed to the idea that the world's scientists should collaborate fOr the common good, D,; Robert Marshak organized a series ofinternational confirences 011 physics at

the University ofRochesterfrom 1950 through 1957.

ROCHESTER'S ATOMIC LEGACY: ROBERT AND RUTH MARSHAK- A COUPLE UNITED THROUGH SCIENCE

By Tim Stacey

Dr. Robert tributed so much to Marshak died on rhe scientific and December 23, 1992. global community, On March 26, 1993, and who died wilh­

fricnds and family of our warning. The

Dr. Marshak garh­ rexr he had JUSt tln­ered IOgether a[ rhe ishcd wriring was a Univcrsity of culmination of

Rochester to hold a researching and nH:l1lorial service. wriring for five Dr. Marshak died years. exactly one day afrer t1ni~hing a new book While banter­

on particle physics. ing with his wife, He lost his balance Ruth Marshak, on

while swimming on the day hefore his

vacation and passing, Dr. drowned off the coasr of Cancun, Mexico. D,: Man-hak (/ront row) listem as celebrated Marshak reportedly kidded, "[['S done. Now I

Many people who were involved in Dr. physicists j. Robert Oppenheimer and Hans can die." This unintentionally poignant

Marshak's professional career came to speak Bethe converse at the 1957 international remark helps (() indica[c how much of borh

,lIld extol the virrues of a man who had con- nuclear physics confirence. Ruth and Robert Marshak's lives revolved

THE FRIENDS OF MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY. 'lor. 27

. . .

.' . ~ ., ~':~i! ,,~ . ..

, , . .' •• ". I- • •

~ ...... ". ." 10- ". ....r.

NO.2 SPRING 2007

Committed to the idea that the world's scientists should collaborate fOr the common good,D,; Robert Marshak organized a series ofinternational confirences 011 physics at

the University ofRochesterfrom 1950 through 1957.

ROCHESTER'S ATOMIC LEGACY:ROBERT AND RUTH MARSHAK- A COUPLE UNITED THROUGH SCIENCE

By Tim Stacey

Dr. RobertMarshak died onDecember 23, 1992.On March 26, 1993,fricnds and family ofDr. Marshak garh­ered IOgether a[ rheUnivcrsity ofRochester to hold anH:l1lorial service.Dr. Marshak diedexactly one day afrert1ni~hing a new bookon particle physics.He lost his balancewhile swimming onvacation anddrowned off the coasr of Cancun, Mexico.Many people who were involved in Dr.Marshak's professional career came to speak,lIld extol the virrues of a man who had con-

D,: Man-hak (/ront row) listem as celebrated

physicists j. Robert Oppenheimer and HansBethe converse at the 1957 international

nuclear physics confirence.

tributed so much torhe scientific andglobal community,and who died wilh­our warning. Therexr he had JUSt tln­ishcd wriring was aculmination ofresearching andwriring for fiveyears.

While banter­ing with his wife,Ruth Marshak, onthe day hefore hispassing, Dr.

Marshak reportedly kidded, "[['S done. Now Ican die." This unintentionally poignantremark helps (() indica[c how much of borhRuth and Robert Marshak's lives revolved

around the study of science. Ruth Marshak supported Robert's work through many actions. After Robert's death, Ruth Marshak pteserved Robert's memory as a physicist by reating a scholarship in his name for interna­

tional physicists to speak at American Physical Society conventions.

Ruth died of cancer four years after her husband on April 17, ) 996 in Champaign, Illinois. According ro her obituary, donations "in her memory" were made to the University of Rochester Marshak Fellowship Fund in Physics and Astronomy. This couple bonded with their commitment to each other and the science that surrounded both of their lives. The Marshaks became immortalized in Rochester through their solidarity roward the advancement of science.

Th grave for Robert and Ruth Marshak is in Mount Hope Cemetery. Their monu­ment is a modest gravestone, and it is located in the Temple B'rith Kodesh congregation plot of Section R. Their burial in Mount Hope Cemetery demonstrates an aspect of the Marshaks' commitment to the university. Rush Rhees Library, the symbol of knowledge and learning for the University of Rochester, is clearly visible from the gravesite. According to the Rush Rhees Rare Books Library archivist, Nancy Martin, the Marshak family intention­ally positioned the grave in relation to Rush Rhees.

Robert Marshak came to the University of Rochester in 1939, having finished his Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics at Cornell University. He had srudied the astronomical phenomenon of white dwarfs at Cornell with Hans A. Berhe, a prominent astrophysicist and Nobel Prize winner. The University of Rochester originally hired Dr. Marshak for one year to fill a professor position that the univer­sity promised to a person who had taken time orf for advanced study at another institution. During this yearlong appointment, a vacancy for a tenure-track physics professor became available, and Marshak obtained this position.

Dr. Marshak barely started his research at Rochester before he joined the military effort when the United States entered World War II. He began his work researching for the U.S. Department of Defense at the Michigan Institute of Technology and then the Montreal Atomic Energy Laboratory. While performing scientific research for implementation in war­fare, Marshak traveled between Rochester and the various places where he carried out research. He met a schoolteacher named Ruth Gup during this time, and they married in 1943.

Ruth G. Marshak aided her husband rhrough the travails of achieving tenure stanis and performing academic duties. According to remarks made by the Marshaks' son, Stephen, at Dr. Marshak's memorial service, the local Rochester paper often featured Ruth Marshak as an entertainer and charismatic personality for the visiting physicists. Ruth rook an active role in social responsibilities associated with her husband's scientific career. In "Secret City" by Ruth Marshak, she described her duties as an academic lady: "She went to faculty teas, frerted over her budget, and schemed for her husband's advancement."

Ruth Marshak also noted that a physics professor worked longer hours than college professors in other disciplines of research. She said that she was satisfied with this lifestyle, but her way of living changed when her hus­band began to work on the Manhattan Project.

In 1942, the United States commis­sioned the creation of the Manhattan Engineer District to begin the production of an atomic weapon. Fears of the Axis powers having the capabilities to produce such a weapon drove most of the initiative for creating such a weapon of mass destruction. This operation, historically known as the Manhattan Project, set up multiple labs around the country. The main research facility was located in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Many areas of research were central ro development of the atomic bomb, because the theoretical ideas and engi­neering surrounding the bomb were still rela­tively unknown in the early 1940s.

In 1944, Hans Bethe recruited Dr. Robert Marshak to work on rhe Manhatran Project in Los Alamos. ]. Robert Oppenheimer controlled the lab where Marshak worked, and eventually the lab appointed him to the position of chief deputy of theoretical physics.

Once his work was declassified, Dr. Marshak gained a large amount of scientific commendation ror his research in subatomic particle theory at Los Alamos. He developed a theory of how shock waves travel through neu­trons and how nuclear particle collisions can be mathematically modeled. These waves would be tided "Marshak waves" in future research papers in particle physics. This theory held important applications to the weapon production of the Manhattan Project.

The Manhattan Project forced the Marshaks to relocate ro Los Alamos and live in a makeshift town set up specifically to house military officials and scientists working on the

project. Living in Los Alamos was radically different from Rochester, prompting Ruth Marshak to write an essay titled, "Secret City." When the Marshaks originally left Rochester for New Mexico, the government did not divulge most of the details of their living arrangements in Los Alamos. They did not even acquire full directions ro the location of Los Alamos until halfway through the trip. \Vhen they arrived, Ruth found herself in a place that emphasized a standard of living that strongly contrasted with what she had grown accustomed to in Rochester. In "Secret City," she described their arrival at the camp: "My first impression was discouraging. The rickety houses looked like tenements of a metropoli­tan slum-washing hung everywhere, and garbage cans were overflowing."

The space given to the Marshaks barely accommodated two people, allll a small, unpaved road connected them to the rest of the housing on the "Project." The array of purchasable goods was slim, and until house­wives complained, groceries such as eggs were not provided. The governing board of the Los Alamos community rationed many luxuries. For instance, once a week the cafeteria for the residents offered "steak night," when "cuisine at Los Alamos reached its all-time peak." The living conditions in Los Alamos changed how the physicist's wife had to function, but Ruth Marshak still managed to find her niche in rhe new environment.

She taught at the school in Los Alamos, and during her stay there the school changed superintendents four separate times. Different superintendents ascribed ro different pedagogi­cal theories and wanted teachers to present the material in different ways. The constant changing of administration forced Ruth Marshak ro alter her teaching style often. She taught a curriculum designed to prepare sru-

EPITAPH Pub/Ishee! Cjm1rterly b)1 the Friends oj'

MOll1lt HOjJI' CemetelJl, Rochesfn;

M'lO YOrk 14020. tl nOJljJmjit member

orgfwlz.tlt!onJOtmdecllil 1980.

© 2007 The Friend. of Mount Hope Cemetery

Richard 0. Retslw/. I::dt/or

/tltl 1.f5'ltmc/' AD'ocla/i' Editor

Fmllk A. Ct!!eSjJie, PhotograjJher

Dtlt/'iV/alczelosh Art Dlir'etor

Llm!!e Il.fafczellJsh Eclitoria!Amstfmt

Basic IlIIT1llft! IJ/{'mbmhijJ Ij' $20. Cal! (585)

401-3494JOr a ftn' jJocketguide to iV/ollnt

HOjJe CemeteJ}/ and/l membenhijJ ajJjJ!icd­

tilJl{. See ollr co!otjitldJII:! liljOrmatllle /Oeb

jJage: IOIOIl;jOJ/Jh.Olg

around the study of science. Ruth Marshaksupported Robert's work through manyactions. After Robert's death, Ruth Marshakpteserved Robert's memory as a physicist byreating a scholarship in his name for interna­

tional physicists to speak at American PhysicalSociety conventions.

Ruth died of cancer four years after herhusband on April 17, )996 in Champaign,Illinois. According ro her obituary, donations"in her memory" were made to the Universityof Rochester Marshak Fellowship Fund inPhysics and Astronomy. This couple bondedwith their commitment to each other and thescience that surrounded both of their lives.The Marshaks became immortalized inRochester through their solidarity roward theadvancement of science.

Th grave for Robert and Ruth Marshakis in Mount Hope Cemetery. Their monu­ment is a modest gravestone, and it is locatedin the Temple B'rith Kodesh congregation plotof Section R. Their burial in Mount HopeCemetery demonstrates an aspect of theMarshaks' commitment to the university. RushRhees Library, the symbol of knowledge andlearning for the University of Rochester, isclearly visible from the gravesite. According tothe Rush Rhees Rare Books Library archivist,Nancy Martin, the Marshak family intention­ally positioned the grave in relation to RushRhees.

Robert Marshak came to the Universityof Rochester in 1939, having finished hisPh.D. in theoretical nuclear physics at CornellUniversity. He had srudied the astronomicalphenomenon of white dwarfs at Cornell withHans A. Berhe, a prominent astrophysicist andNobel Prize winner. The University ofRochester originally hired Dr. Marshak for oneyear to fill a professor position that the univer­sity promised to a person who had taken timeorf for advanced study at another institution.During this yearlong appointment, a vacancyfor a tenure-track physics professor becameavailable, and Marshak obtained this position.

Dr. Marshak barely started his researchat Rochester before he joined the militaryeffort when the United States entered WorldWar II. He began his work researching for theU.S. Department of Defense at the MichiganInstitute of Technology and then the MontrealAtomic Energy Laboratory. While performingscientific research for implementation in war­fare, Marshak traveled between Rochester andthe various places where he carried outresearch. He met a schoolteacher named RuthGup during this time, and they married in1943.

Ruth G. Marshak aided her husbandrhrough the travails of achieving tenure stanisand performing academic duties. According toremarks made by the Marshaks' son, Stephen,at Dr. Marshak's memorial service, the localRochester paper often featured Ruth Marshakas an entertainer and charismatic personalityfor the visiting physicists. Ruth rook an activerole in social responsibilities associated withher husband's scientific career. In "Secret City"by Ruth Marshak, she described her duties asan academic lady: "She went to faculty teas,frerted over her budget, and schemed for herhusband's advancement."

Ruth Marshak also noted that a physicsprofessor worked longer hours than collegeprofessors in other disciplines of research. Shesaid that she was satisfied with this lifestyle,but her way of living changed when her hus­band began to work on the ManhattanProject.

In 1942, the United States commis­sioned the creation of the Manhattan EngineerDistrict to begin the production of an atomicweapon. Fears of the Axis powers having thecapabilities to produce such a weapon drovemost of the initiative for creating such aweapon of mass destruction. This operation,historically known as the Manhattan Project,set up multiple labs around the country. Themain research facility was located in LosAlamos, New Mexico. Many areas of researchwere central ro development of the atomicbomb, because the theoretical ideas and engi­neering surrounding the bomb were still rela­tively unknown in the early 1940s.

In 1944, Hans Bethe recruited Dr.Robert Marshak to work on rhe ManhatranProject in Los Alamos. ]. RobertOppenheimer controlled the lab whereMarshak worked, and eventually the labappointed him to the position of chief deputyof theoretical physics.

Once his work was declassified, Dr.Marshak gained a large amount of scientificcommendation ror his research in subatomicparticle theory at Los Alamos. He developed atheory of how shock waves travel through neu­trons and how nuclear particle collisions canbe mathematically modeled. These waveswould be tided "Marshak waves" in futureresearch papers in particle physics. This theoryheld important applications to the weaponproduction of the Manhattan Project.

The Manhattan Project forced theMarshaks to relocate ro Los Alamos and live ina makeshift town set up specifically to housemilitary officials and scientists working on the

project. Living in Los Alamos was radicallydifferent from Rochester, prompting RuthMarshak to write an essay titled, "Secret City."When the Marshaks originally left Rochesterfor New Mexico, the government did notdivulge most of the details of their livingarrangements in Los Alamos. They did noteven acquire full directions ro the location ofLos Alamos until halfway through the trip.\Vhen they arrived, Ruth found herself in aplace that emphasized a standard of living thatstrongly contrasted with what she had grownaccustomed to in Rochester. In "Secret City,"she described their arrival at the camp: "Myfirst impression was discouraging. The ricketyhouses looked like tenements of a metropoli­tan slum-washing hung everywhere, andgarbage cans were overflowing."

The space given to the Marshaks barelyaccommodated two people, allll a small,unpaved road connected them to the rest ofthe housing on the "Project." The array ofpurchasable goods was slim, and until house­wives complained, groceries such as eggs werenot provided. The governing board of the LosAlamos community rationed many luxuries.For instance, once a week the cafeteria for theresidents offered "steak night," when "cuisineat Los Alamos reached its all-time peak." Theliving conditions in Los Alamos changed howthe physicist's wife had to function, but RuthMarshak still managed to find her niche in rhenew environment.

She taught at the school in Los Alamos,and during her stay there the school changedsuperintendents four separate times. Differentsuperintendents ascribed ro different pedagogi­cal theories and wanted teachers to present thematerial in different ways. The constantchanging of administration forced RuthMarshak ro alter her teaching style often. Shetaught a curriculum designed to prepare sru-

EPITAPHPub/Ishee!Cjm1rterly b)1 the Friends oj'

MOll1lt Hop/' CemetelJl, Rochesfn;M'lO YOrk 14020. tl nOJlpmjit member

organlz./lt!onJO,mdec!lil 1980.

© 2007 The Friend. of Mount Hope Cemetery

Richard 0. Rns/w/, Editor

/tltl 1.f5'ltmc/' AD'ocla/i' £dllorFmllk A. C,!leSjJie, Photographer

Dtlt/'iV/alczelosh Art Dlir'Clor

Llm!le lJ.1a!czellJsh Ec!itorialAmstfmlBasic flIlmlf'! IJ/{'mbmhip Ij' $20. Cal! (585)

40J-3494JOr a ftn' pocketguide to iV/ollnt

Hope CemereJ}/ andfl membenhip applicd­tioll. See ollr co!otji,!dJlt:! liljOrmattlJe /Oeb

page: 10IOIl;jOJ/Jh.Olg

dems for college. and although the level of dif­ticulty was high. she felt that her teaching greatly enhanced the future scholarship of her Mudellls.

At the end of "Secret Ciry." Ruth Mar~hak fondly remembers the camaraderie and friend~hip that blossomed at Los Alamos. According to biographical memoirs of Robert Marshak written by Ernest M. Henley and I larry Lustig. both Ruth and Robert thought thaI thl' years they spent in Los Alamos wete Ihe: most influential of theit entire lives. The .lCtillm that Ruth and Robert Marshak forged in a response to the Project became a critical part of Iheir time at Rochester.

Throughout most of their three years at Los Alamos, Ruth felt that she did not under­stand the goal of the Manhattan Project. Most of the duties and research of her husband and hl'r colleagues were kept secret. She remarked about Ihe bomb in part of "Secret Ciry:" "Only when an atomic bomb ripped Hiroshima in the fall of 1945 did [ really understand ...

Once rhe Manhattan Project was com­pleted. Ihe United States dropped atomic bombs 011 Hiroshima, Japan. August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki. Japan. August 9. 1945. Over 214,000 people died in these bombings. and the hombs e posed even greater numbers of pcopJ to harmful radiation. Official reports at thl' time indicated no expectation that the radiation would cau c medical ailments.

The d('vaslating impact of the Manhattan Project shocked Robert Marshak. Ill' realil.ed that an international communiry must be cre;\{(·d to facilitate dialoguc on how JlUmic power and atomic research should be used. He: joined the American Federation of Scil>nti~ts in an atrempt to help scientists see Ihe political and moral implications of their rl'sl.'arch.

rhe University of Rochester kept Robert Marshak on taff through the war years, and he was able to return to Rochester in 1947. HI.' produced a series of international confer­l'I1u:s on physics. beginning in December 19')0 and lasting until 1957. Rochester Roundabout by John Polkinghorne details the serie~ of conferences. and it also documents the history of the conferences once they were hdd in other places such as Kiev. Geneva. Vic'nna. and London. Polkinghorne writes that the:~e wnfercnces focused on pure physics and Ics~ on finding olutions to specific problems outside: of science. Unlike the Manhatran Project. rhe Rochester conferences had no goal IOward a ~pl'cific application of science

research. The new forum, however. helped sci­entists to collaborate in a collective similar to

the Project. The first Rochester Conference had such famous physicists as]. Robert Oppenheimer. Hans Bethe. and Richard Feynman in attendance.

Previously attempted post-war confer­ences on particle physics had been small and entirely American. and the emphasis in these conferences was solely theoretical. With the advent of the Rochester Confetence. Robert Marshak invited and encouraged discussion among experimentalists and theorists. Some of these conferences had over one hundred par­ticipants from multiple countries. The Rochester Conferences became famous for their populariry and their international demo-

Robert and Ruth Marshak monument in Section R.

graphics. No country was excluded, including the Soviet Union. According to remarks made by colleague J. B. French at Robert Marshak's memorial service. the move to include the USSR at these conferences was fairly contro­versial at the time, and the act demonstrated an amount of bravery.

Ruth Marshak strived to support her husband's commitment to the international science communiry with the creation of the Marshak Lectureship. Robert Marshak held the position of American Physical Sociery (APS) president in 1983. Ruth created the Marshak Lectureship for the APS after Robert's death. The purpose of the lectureship was to provide travel funding for physicists from developing nations or Eastern Europe so

that they could speak at APS meetings. Ruth Marshak also recognized lhe importance of making an international stage for scientific ach ievement.

Two particular papers that Dr. Marshak published at the Universiry of Rochester showed his commitment to fostering a po,itive international scientific research environmelll and generating Rochester Conferen es for th . common good. The first was "No Winner Yet in the Science Race." published in the Nelli York Times Magazine Section on Ouober II, 1964. In this article. Dr. Marshak stressed how Americans could use the Soviet approach to

scientific research to their own advantage instead of regarding the USSR as an inferior scientific entiry. Dr. Marsh3k analyzed the u,e of applied science, and he concluded that the use of science in the public domain should be: managed with utmost care. He stated: "But above all. we and the Russians must use ;111 our heart and energy, and intellect to ensure: lhal the great scientific and rechnological competi­tion in which we are joined will benefit all mankind." Dr. Marshak learned from his experiences in Los Alamos. and his ;trricle demonstrated that he feared the repeated me of particle physics for warfare.

The second :uricle focused on peaceful uses of atomic research. Marshak wa, an a live trustee on the Atoms for Peace award lO/llll1ir tee. a non-governmental organizalion d 'dic3t­ed to atomic research with appli ations other than warfare. His address on May 14. 1969 al one of their award ceremonies was publi. hed in Science magazine. The awards at this partic­ular ceremony were given for research with applications to such fields as medicine. agri­culture. and industry. Dr. Marshak rem;lrkcd that the uses for atomic energy in these Ilelds were both "striking and contrasting."

After Los Alamos. Robert Mar,hak had become both a political and scientific force 011

the Rochester campus. Along with crcating an internationally savvy science department. he wa one of the most prolific scientists to work at the Universiry of Rochester. generating two large volumes of papers concerning nuclear and particle physics. These volumes are till kept in rhe Physics. Optics. and Astronomy library at the universiry. Marshak was dle: chair of the physics dep3rtment from 1950 to 1%2, and his colleagues credited him wirh invigorat­ing rhe study of nuclear physics during the: 1950s and I 960s. Throughour rhe Marshaks' Rochesrer years. Ruth M3rshak continued to

teach primary school. [n 1950, he gave hirth to a daughter, Ann. and in 1955. rhe Marshaks had a son. St phen.

dems for college, and although the level of dif­ticulty was high, she felt that her teachinggreatly enhanced the future scholarship of herMudellls.

At the end of "Secret Ciry," RuthMar~hak fondly remembers the camaraderieand friend~hip that blossomed at Los Alamos.According to biographical memoirs of RobertMarshak written by Ernest M. Henley andI larry Lustig, both Ruth and Robert thoughtthaI thl' years they spent in Los Alamos weteIhe: most influential of theit entire lives. The.lCtillm that Ruth and Robert Marshak forgedin a response to the Project became a criticalpart of Iheir time at Rochester.

Throughout most of their three years atLos Alamos, Ruth felt that she did not under­stand the goal of the Manhattan Project. Mostof the duties and research of her husband andhl'r colleagues were kept secret. She remarkedabout Ihe bomb in part of "Secret Ciry:""Only when an atomic bomb rippedHiroshima in the fall of 1945 did [ reallyunderstand ...

Once rhe Manhattan Project was com­pleted, Ihe United States dropped atomicbombs 011 Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945and on Nagasaki, Japan, August 9, 1945. Over214,000 people died in these bombings, andthe hombs e posed even greater numbers ofpcopJ to harmful radiation. Official reports atthl' time indicated no expectation that theradiation would cau c medical ailments.

The d('vaslating impact of theManhattan Project shocked Robert Marshak.Ill' realil.ed that an international communirymust be cre;\{(·d to facilitate dialoguc on howJlUmic power and atomic research should beused. He: joined the American Federation ofScil>nti~ts in an atrempt to help scientists seeIhe political and moral implications of theirrl'sl'arch.

rhe University of Rochester kept RobertMarshak on taff through the war years, andhe was able to return to Rochester in 1947.He produced a series of international confer­l'I1u:s on physics, beginning in December19')0 and lasting until 1957. RochesterRoundabout by John Polkinghorne details theserie~ of conferences, and it also documentsthe history of the conferences once they werehdd in other places such as Kiev, Geneva,Vic'nna, and London. Polkinghorne writes thatthe:~e wnferences focused on pure physics andIcs~ on finding olutions to specific problemsoutside: of science. Unlike the ManharranProject, rhe Rochester conferences had no goalIOward a ~pl'cific application of science

research. The new forum, however, helped sci­entists to collaborate in a collective similar to

the Project. The first Rochester Conferencehad such famous physicists as]. RobertOppenheimer, Hans Bethe, and RichardFeynman in attendance.

Previously attempted post-war confer­ences on particle physics had been small andentirely American, and the emphasis in theseconferences was solely theoretical. With theadvent of the Rochester Confetence, RobertMarshak invited and encouraged discussionamong experimentalists and theorists. Some ofthese conferences had over one hundred par­ticipants from multiple countries. TheRochester Conferences became famous fortheir populariry and their international demo-

Robert and Ruth Marshakmonument in Section R.

graphics. No country was excluded, includingthe Soviet Union. According to remarks madeby colleague J. B. French at Robert Marshak'smemorial service, the move to include theUSSR at these conferences was fairly contro­versial at the time, and the act demonstratedan amount of bravery.

Ruth Marshak strived to support herhusband's commitment to the internationalscience communiry with the creation of theMarshak Lectureship. Robert Marshak heldthe position of American Physical Sociery(APS) president in 1983. Ruth created theMarshak Lectureship for the APS afterRobert's death. The purpose of the lectureshipwas to provide travel funding for physicistsfrom developing nations or Eastern Europe so

that they could speak at APS meetings. RuthMarshak also recognized lhe importance ofmaking an international stage for scientificach ievement.

Two particular papers that Dr. Marshakpublished at the Universiry of Rochestershowed his commitment to fostering a positiveinternational scientific research environmellland generating Rochester Conferen es for th .common good. The first was "No Winner Yetin the Science Race," published in the NelliYork Times Magazine Section on Ouober II,1964. In this article, Dr. Marshak stressed howAmericans could use the Soviet approach to

scientific research to their own advantageinstead of regarding the USSR as an inferiorscientific entiry. Dr. Marsh3k analyzed the useof applied science, and he concluded that theuse of science in the public domain should be:managed with utmost care. He stated: "Butabove all, we and the Russians must usc ;111 ourheart and energy, and intellect to ensure: lhalthe great scientific and rechnological competi­tion in which we are joined will benefit allmankind." Dr. Marshak learned from hisexperiences in Los Alamos, and his articledemonstrated that he feared the repeated mcof particle physics for warfare.

The second arricle focused 011 peacefuluses of atomic research. Marshak wa, an a livetrustee on the Atoms for Peace award lO/llll1irtee, a non-governmental organizalion d 'dicat­cd to atomic research with appli atiOl1s otherthan warfare. His address on May 14, 1969 alone of their award ceremonies was publi. hedin Science magazine. The awards at this partic­ular ceremony were given for research withapplications to such fields as medicine, agri­culture, and industry. Dr. Marshak rem;lrkedthat the uses for atomic energy in these Ileldswere both "striking and contrasting."

After Los Alamos, Robert Marshak hadbecome both a political and scientific force 011

the Rochester campus. Along with creating aninternationally savvy science department, hewa one of the most prolific scientists to workat the Universiry of Rochester, generating twolarge volumes of papers concerning nuclearand particle physics. These volumes are tillkept in rhe Physics, Optics, and Astronomylibrary at the universiry. Marshak was dle: chairof the physics dep3rtment from 1950 to 1%2,and his colleagues credited him wirh invigorat­ing rhe study of nuclear physics during the:1950s and I 960s. Throughout rhe Marshaks'Rochesrer years, Ruth M3rshak continued to

teach primary school. [n 1950, he gave hirthto a daughter, Ann, and in 1955, rheMarshaks had a son, St phen.

At the end of the I%Os, UR Presid nt W. Allen Wallis introduced policy changes governing how !acuity were to conduct them­~e1ves during teaching and other situations. The Vietnam War had become a divisive issue. and Marshak and Wallis had a number of dis­agreements that created political turmoil in the science departments of the university. Dr. Mar\hak left the faculty board at Rochester in 1969 to rerurn to his place of origin. ew York City.

The Rochester community remembers Ruth and Robert Marshak in many ways. A room in the Bausch and Lomb building on the University of Rochester campus is dedicat­ed to Robert Marshak, aptly titled the Marshak Room. The tradition of Rochester Conferences still exists today on campus in othcr science fields. such as quantum optics. It is important to note that while Robert Marshak worked on the scientific endeavors. Ruth Marshak provided the support necessary to accomplish these great feats. Without the collective effort performed by Ruth and Robert Marshak, the physics department at the university would be very different. Their offspring continue their parents' commirment ro scien e. Stephen Marshak is currently pro­fessor of g ology at the University of Illinois. and Ann Marshak-Rothstein works as profes­sor of microbiology at Boston University.

(Editor's Note: Tim Stacey is a student at the Unil1ersity ofRochester and prepared this essay as part ofthe coum work for Religion 167, Speaking Stones, taught by Prof Emil Homerin, who is also a trustee ofthe Friends ofMount Hope Cemetery.)

JOHN ALLEN, 11 TH MAYOR OF ROCHESTER, 1844 (BORN APRIL 15, 1797; DIED APRIL 1, 1859)

By MichaeL Rickert

John Allen was born April 15, 1797 in Northern Ireland to parents of Scottish descel1l. His fathcr was prosperous, and John was well educated. However, the family for­runes declincd. Meanwhile, John had been courting a young girl, Nancy, also from a good family, which had managed to maintain their forrunc. Nancy's father forbade her ro see John, \0 the couple eloped, causing Nancy's father 10 disinherit and banish her. So. the young lovers emigrared to Canada, where they ould not find work.

They then came to the U.S. in 1821, hoping matters would improve. There was still no work for an educated Irishman, so John took a job as a laborer with the Comstock Brothers, building the Erie Canal a few miles west of Lockport. The Aliens became acquainted wirh Dr. Isaac Smith and his wife,

John ALLen, mayor ofRochester in 1844, is the only mayor (other than Jonathan ChiLd, Rochester's first

mayOl) to have a fiill-Length oiL painting in Rochester Cit)' HaLL.

whom rhe Allem called "Aunt Ednah", when Nancy gave birth to a daughter. Maria. who died in infancy.

The Aliens lived in a deteriorating log cabin with a dirt floor and a board set up as a door. The bed was made of stakes driven into the ground on one end and into the log walls on the orher. with boards laid across and a lit­tle srraw on top. Aunt Ednah made arrange­ments to have rhem moved to bener lodgings and bener care.

On payday afler his first week of work, John Allen made his X in the pay book as all of the illiterate laborers did, but the foreman, recognizing a gentleman when he saw one. particularly what was left of a gentleman's hands after a week of laboring, asked if he could write and keep books. John could. The foreman offered him a job as clerk at double the wages of a laborer.

The Aliens stayed in Lockport until the completion of the Erie Canal. During thar time they had three children, but twO di d and were buried in Lockport. (Later, when Aunt Ednah wrote of her own experiences for the Lockport Hisrorical Society, she noted that she encountered John Allen many ycars later

on a packet boat when he was returning from Europe. Ednah wrote, "He was a noble man and never forgot his old friends, and remembered enough of his okl 01'­

rows ro have his hand and hean always open ro the wants and sor­rows of others.")

After the complerion of the Erie Canal, Allen lost his accounting position, and the family moved ro Rochester, where Allen went inro the freight forwarding business. The 1827 Rochester City Directory lim him as a clerk. In April 1834, a local newspaper printed a nOlice that Moses Dyer had sold his interest in the forwarders and commission mer­chants firm known as John Allen & Co. ro his partners, John Allen. Isaac Van Alinder, and James Savage .The article noted that as owners of rhe prestigious Clinton Line of packer and freight boats, the company was in a position to provide excellent service.

Detail fi"01n johl/ Allen's jidl-sizl' paillting. Pail/ling'­orthe 63 other mayors dispLay£'d iI/ Ci~y Hall ill'£' Limited to ftc£' portmit,-.

The Allen family, now in an elevated position, rook up residence at II Allen Streer. At other times rhey resided at No. 14 and o. 16 Allen Street.

An itinerant preacher reported that he had a pass from John Allen to ride (he limon line for free, including permission to preach the gospel on board. When one Catholic cap­tain, refused him the privilege of preaching, rhe minister reported the refu al to Allen him­self. who instructed rhe captain on where the Clinton Line srood on such maners.

At the end of the I%Os, UR Presid ntW. Allen Wallis introduced policy changesgoverning how !acuity were to conduct them­~e1ves during teaching and other situations.The Vietnam War had become a divisive issue.and Marshak and Wallis had a number of dis­agreements that created political turmoil inthe science departments of the university. Dr.Mar\hak left the faculty board at Rochester in1969 to rerurn to his place of origin. ewYork City.

The Rochester community remembersRuth and Robert Marshak in many ways. Aroom in the Bausch and Lomb building onthe University of Rochester campus is dedicat­ed to Robert Marshak, aptly titled theMarshak Room. The tradition of RochesterConferences still exists today on campus inothcr science fields. such as quantum optics. Itis important to note that while RobertMarshak worked on the scientific endeavors.Ruth Marshak provided the support necessaryto accomplish these great feats. Without thecollective effort performed by Ruth andRobert Marshak, the physics department atthe university would be very different. Theiroffspring continue their parents' commirmentro scien e. Stephen Marshak is currently pro­fessor of g ology at the University of Illinois.and Ann Marshak-Rothstein works as profes­sor of microbiology at Boston University.

(Editor's Note: Tim Stacey is a student atthe Unil1ersity ofRochester and prepared thisessay as part ofthe coum work for Religion 167,Speaking Stones, taught by Prof Emil Homerin,who is also a trustee ofthe Friends ofMountHope Cemetery.)

JOHN ALLEN, 11 TH MAYOR OFROCHESTER, 1844(BORN APRIL 15, 1797; DIEDAPRIL 1, 1859)

By MichaeL Rickert

John Allen was born April 15, 1797 inNorthern Ireland to parents of Scottishdescel1l. His fathcr was prosperous, and Johnwas well educated. However, the family for­runes declincd. Meanwhile, John had beencourting a young girl, Nancy, also from a goodfamily, which had managed to maintain theirforrunc. Nancy's father forbade her ro seeJohn, \0 the couple eloped, causing Nancy'sfather 10 disinherit and banish her. So. theyoung lovers emigrared to Canada, where theyould not find work.

They then came to the U.S. in 1821,hoping matters would improve. There was stillno work for an educated Irishman, so Johntook a job as a laborer with the ComstockBrothers, building the Erie Canal a few mileswest of Lockport. The Aliens becameacquainted wirh Dr. Isaac Smith and his wife,

john ALLen, mayor ofRochester in 1844, is the onlymayor (other than jonathan ChiLd, Rochester's first

mayOl) to have a fiill-Length oiL paintingin Rochester Cit)' HaLL.

whom rhe Allem called "Aunt Ednah", whenNancy gave birth to a daughter. Maria. whodied in infancy.

The Aliens lived in a deteriorating logcabin with a dirt floor and a board set up as adoor. The bed was made of stakes driven intothe ground on one end and into the log wallson the orher. with boards laid across and a lit­tle srraw on top. Aunt Ednah made arrange­ments to have rhem moved to bener lodgingsand bener care.

On payday afler his first week of work,John Allen made his X in the pay book as allof the illiterate laborers did, but the foreman,recognizing a gentleman when he saw one.particularly what was left of a gentleman'shands after a week of laboring, asked if hecould write and keep books. John could. Theforeman offered him a job as clerk at doublethe wages of a laborer.

The Aliens stayed in Lockport until thecompletion of the Erie Canal. During thartime they had three children, but twO di dand were buried in Lockport. (Later, whenAunt Ednah wrote of her own experiences forthe Lockport Hisrorical Society, she noted thatshe encountered John Allen many ycars later

on a packet boat when he wasreturning from Europe. Ednahwrote, "He was a noble man andnever forgot his old friends, andremembered enough of his okl 01'­

rows ro have his hand and heanalways open ro the wants and sor­rows of others.")

After the complerion of theErie Canal, Allen lost his accountingposition, and the family moved roRochester, where Allen went inro thefreight forwarding business. The1827 Rochester City Directory limhim as a clerk. In April 1834, a localnewspaper printed a nOlice thatMoses Dyer had sold his interest inthe forwarders and commission mer­chants firm known as John Allen &Co. ro his partners, John Allen. IsaacVan Alinder, and James Savage .Thearticle noted that as owners of rheprestigious Clinton Line of packerand freight boats, the company wasin a position to provide excellentservice.

Detail fiwn johl/Aliens jidl-sizl'paillting. Pail/ling,­orthe 63 othermayors dispLay£'diI/ Ci~y Hall ill'£'Limited toftc£' portmit,-.

The Allen family, now in an elevatedposition, rook up residence at II Allen Streer.At other times rhey resided at No. 14 and o.16 Allen Street.

An itinerant preacher reported that hehad a pass from John Allen to ride (he limonline for free, including permission to preachthe gospel on board. When one Catholic cap­tain, refused him the privilege of preaching,rhe minister reported the refu al to Allen him­self. who instructed rhe captain on where theClinton Line srood on such maners.

In 1833. Allen was a vestryman at St. Lukes Episcopal Church, along with Nathaniel Rochester, Frederick Whittlesey, and Jonathan Child. Allen belonged ro the 18th New York Slate Regiment and rose to lieutenant colonel. lie fn:quemly chaired meelings of the Friends of Ireland. In 1837, he was an original mem­her of the Mt. Hope Association. In 1839, the p.lper reported that Allen had just returned

depicting the head only, decorating the walls of the city hall atrium on the second and third floors.

Allen's fortunes declined thereafter. The packet business was badly hurt by the rail­roads, and the freight business was susceptible ro the boom-and-bust economies of the era. In July of 1845, creditors had his household con-

Jobn Allen rllld members ofhis large ftmi0' are buried in Section G, Lot 9.

from an extended trip ro Ireland. This may have been when he wenr ro Ireland ro collect the fortune his father-in-law had left to Nancy. They were reconciled shortly before the old man's death. Judging by the number of Allen families living on Allen Srreet, he may have also hrought a number of relatives over ro enjoy the benefits of the U.S.

John got into politics, as many Irishmen did. He served as supervisor of the second ward for two terms, and was elected the 11 th mayor in 1844 on the Whig ticket. This is rather ironic, as the Whigs were becoming strongly anri-immigration by then. In March 184'), he ran for a second tetm against Rufus Keeler. When the votes were counred, Keeler had 1509 and John Allen had 1508, with an additional vote deemed void because of the spelling of the name, but evidently meanr for Allen. Both candidates declined to be elecred on slH:h a questionable basis. The Board of Aldl'rmen named William Pitkin ro become the 121h mayor of Rochester in 1845. John Alkn has a life-size, full-length oil portrait hanging in Rochester City Hall. The only other mayor so honored was Jonathan Child, Ihe city's first mayor. All of the other 63 may­ors in Rochester's hisrory have small portraits

tents auctioned ro pay debts. His friends bought abour half his goods, $700 worth, and returned it ro him. Anorher time his gold warch was auctioned to settle a debt and again friends bought ir and gave it back to him. John and Nancy had 10 children. Two died in infancy in 1847-1848, two are buried in Lockport, and six are buried with them in Moum Hope Cemetery.

By April 1848, he was appointed lock tender of the mud lock on the Genesee Canal. This was a charitable position ro allow an old friend to keep his dignity. In June 1854, Nancy died.

In 1859, John was living in New York City, and in a fit of depression on April I, he committed suicide, curring his throat with a straight razor. He died 14 days before his 62nd birthday. His son, daughters, and grand­children brought his body back to Rochester, where it lay in state in rhe rorunda of City Hall and was followed by a half-mile funeral procession with three companies of infantry, one of artillery, one band, and a company from the fire deparrmem, all of which escorted his body to Mount Hope Cemetery. He is still there, buried in Section G, Lot 9.

IN MEMORY OF TISH MC KINNEY

(1916-2007)

By Jan Wyland

Recently the Friends of Mount Hope (:emetery were saddened to learn of the passing of Letiria "fish" McKinney, a remarkable woman whose gentle good nature charmed all who met her, and whose dedication and extraordi­nary gardening skill helped restore and beautify many gar­dens at Mount Hope.

Tish was the wife of Jack McKinney, one of the original founders of the Friends of Mount Hope. Right from the organiza­tion's starr ill 1980, Tish put hlT

garden ing expertise to wo rk, restoring and taking meticulous care of the rock garden just inside the north gate; planting and maintaining rhe beautiful beds of the Yaky plot all. the hiIJ­sid just beyond the gatehouse, and caring for the garden in front of the Jacob Gould mausoleum. She was a key contribuLor and peerless salesperson for the hiends' annual plant sale, offer­ing expert advice and encourage­ment to delighted customer".

A master gardener wi th amazi ng energy, Tish was sriJi plami ng and tending garden:, at Moum Hope in her 90th year. The Friends will always remember her warmth, humor, and modesry, and above all 11cr unquenchable zest for living.

This year as the Friends plant a Silver Linden tree ro replace the magnificent Fern-leaf Beech rhaL was lost to disease last year, rhev will place a memorial stone dedi­cating the new tree to Tish a.nd Jack McKinney as a tribure to

their years of dedication to

Mount Hope Cemerery.

Jobn Allen rllld members ofhis large ftmi0' areburied in Section G, Lot 9.

In 1833. Allen was a vestryman at St.Lukes Episcopal Church, along with NathanielRochester, Frederick Whittlesey, and JonathanChild. Allen belonged ro the 18th New YorkSlate Regiment and rose to lieutenant colonel.lie fn:quemly chaired meelings of the Friendsof Ireland. In 1837, he was an original mem­her of the Mr. Hope Association. In 1839, thep.lper reported that Allen had just returned

from an extended trip ro Ireland. This mayhave been when he wenr ro Ireland ro collectthe fortune his father-in-law had left to Nancy.They were reconciled shortly before the oldman's death. Judging by the number of Allenfamilies living on Allen Srreet, he may havealso hrought a number of relatives over roenjoy the benefits of the U.S.

John got into politics, as many Irishmendid. He served as supervisor of the secondward for two terms, and was elected the 11 thmayor in 1844 on the Whig ticket. This israther ironic, as the Whigs were becomingstrongly anri-immigration by then. In March184'), he ran for a second tetm against RufusKeeler. When the votes were counred, Keelerhad 1509 and John Allen had 1508, with anadditional vote deemed void because of thespelling of the name, but evidently meanr forAllen. Both candidates declined to be elecredon slH:h a questionable basis. The Board ofAldl'rmen named William Pitkin ro becomethe 121h mayor of Rochester in 1845. JohnAlkn has a life-size, full-length oil portraithanging in Rochester City Hall. The onlyother mayor so honored was Jonathan Child,Ihe city's first mayor. All of the other 63 may­ors in Rochester's hisrory have small portraits

depicting the head only, decorating the wallsof the city hall atrium on the second and thirdfloors.

Allen's fortunes declined thereafter. Thepacket business was badly hurt by the rail­roads, and the freight business was susceptiblero the boom-and-bust economies of the era. InJuly of 1845, creditors had his household con-

tents auctioned ro pay debts. His friendsbought abour half his goods, $700 worth, andreturned it ro him. Anorher time his goldwarch was auctioned to settle a debt and againfriends bought ir and gave it back to him.John and Nancy had 10 children. Two died ininfancy in 1847-1848, two are buried inLockport, and six are buried with them inMoum Hope Cemetery.

By April 1848, he was appointed locktender of the mud lock on the Genesee Canal.This was a charitable position ro allow an oldfriend to keep his dignity. In June 1854,Nancy died.

In 1859, John was living in New YorkCity, and in a fit of depression on April I, hecommitted suicide, curring his throat with astraight razor. He died 14 days before his62nd birthday. His son, daughters, and grand­children brought his body back to Rochester,where it lay in state in rhe rorunda of CityHall and was followed by a half-mile funeralprocession with three companies of infantry,one of artillery, one band, and a companyfrom the fire deparrmem, all of which escortedhis body to Mount Hope Cemetery. He is stillthere, buried in Section G, Lot 9.

IN MEMORY OFTISH MC KINNEY

(1916-2007)

By Jan Wyland

Recently the Friends of MountHope (:emetery were saddenedto learn of the passing of Letiria"fish" McKinney, a remarkablewoman whose gentle good naturecharmed all who met her, andwhose dedication and extraordi­nary gardening skill helpedrestore and beautify many gar­dens at Mount Hope.

Tish was the wife of JackMcKinney, one of the originalfounders of the Friends of MountHope. Right from the organiza­tion's starr ill 1980, Tish put hlT

garden ing expertise to wo rk,restoring and taking meticulouscare of the rock garden justinside the north gate; plantingand maintaining rhe beautifulbeds of the Yaky plot all. the hill­side just beyond the gatehouse,and caring for the garden in frontof the Jacob Gould mausoleum.She was a key contribuLor andpeerless salesperson for thehiends' annual plant sale, offer­ing expert advice and encourage­ment to delighted customer".

A master gardener wi th amazi ngenergy, Tish was sriJi plami ngand tending gardem at MoumHope in her 90th year. TheFriends will always remember herwarmth, humor, and modesry,and above all 11cr unquenchablezest for living.

This year as the Friends plant aSilver Linden tree ro replace themagnificent Fern-leaf Beech rhaLwas lost to disease last year, rhevwill place a memorial stone dedi­cating the new tree to Tish a.ndJack McKinney as a tribure to

their years of dedication to

Mount Hope Cemerery.

A FULL SEASON OF GREAT MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY TOURS

Starting on May 5 and continuing through October 28, the Friends of Mount Hope Cemetery will present free public walk­ing tours every Saturday and Sunday covering the famous, historic, and oldest municipal Victorian cemetery in America. The Saturday tours srart ar I:00 p.m.; [he Sunday tours starr a[ 2:00 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. They begin from [he north garehouse on Mount Hope Avenue opposire Robinson Drive. There are free cook­ies and lemonade following the tours.

Also starting in May and continuing through October are a series of special [heme tours. These are free to members of the Friends of Mount Hope Cemerery with a modest charge of $4.00 per person for orhers. Again, rhese fascinating special rours include cookies and lemonade after each rour. Here is [he list of special rheme tours for the 2007 season.

May 19, Saturday at 12:00 noon: The Back Forty. Mt. Hope's "new" section. Explore the more recent, but historically fascinating, south half of Mount Hope Cemetery with tour guide Fran Coleman. Meet at the cemetery office (orposite The Distillery).

May 26, Satllrdayat 10:00 a.m.: Famous Artists. Visit interesting mon­uments designed by artists and the gravesites of famous artists with tour guides Anne Kingston, Eric Logan and Richard Reisem. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

June 16, Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: Jewish Heritage. Explore the enor­mous contributions of Rochester's Jewish community with tour guide Sue Jaschik. Meet at the cemetery office (opposite The DistiUery).

June 23, Saturday at 12:00 noon: Spring Horticulture & Landscape Tour. Enjoy the landscape of Mount Hope with landscape architect Ed Olinger. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

June 30 Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: The Famous & the Forgotten. Pat Corcoran explores Grove Avenue, where both Rochester's wealthiest citi­zens and its poorest were laid to rest. This tour is handicap and wheelchair accessible. Meet at the cemetery office (opposite The Distillery).

August 4, Saturday at 1:30 p.m.: Civil War Tour. The Civil War as told against the backdrop of Mount Hope Cemetery, the burial place of many Civil War veterans. Marilyn Nolte focuses on local involvement. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive)

August 11, Saturday at 1:30, 2:00, or 2:30 p.m.: Ice Cream Tour. A celebration of 200 years of ice cream, and Rochester's con­tributions to the world of ice cream. Pick your favorite flavor: Come at 1:30 for vanilla, 2:00 for chocolate, or 2:30 for strawberry. Free ice cream, provided by I Scream of M t Hope Plaza, will be served following the tOlirs Meet at the cemetery office (opposite the Distillery).

Sept 8, Saturday at 12:00 noon: Speaking Stones: Revealing the Past. U of R professor Emil Homerin exam­ines the symbols, inscriptions, and funerary art that expressed views of life, death, and immor ality in the 19th century. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

September 15, Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: Famous Artists. Another opportunity to experience this popular tour. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

September 22, Saturday at 1:30 p.m.: Geology at Mount Hope: The Really Ancient History. Explore the very ancient natural history of Mt. Hope with geologist Bill Chaisson. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

October 20, Saturday at 12:00 noon: Fall Foliage. Enjoy the variety and beauty of Mount Hope's trees in aurumn with landscape architect Ed Olinger. Meet at the north gat house (opposite Robinson Drive).

A FULL SEASON OF GREATMOUNT HOPE CEMETERY TOURS

Starting on May 5 and continuingthrough October 28, the Friends of MountHope Cemetery will present free public walk­ing tours every Saturday and Sunday coveringthe famous, historic, and oldest municipalVictorian cemetery in America. The Saturdaytours srart ar I:00 p.m.; [he Sunday tours starra[ 2:00 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. They begin from[he north garehouse on Mount Hope Avenueopposire Robinson Drive. There are free cook­ies and lemonade following the tours.

Also starting in May and continuingthrough October are a series of special [hemetours. These are free to members of theFriends of Mount Hope Cemerery with amodest charge of $4.00 per person for orhers.Again, rhese fascinating special rours includecookies and lemonade after each rour. Here is[he list of special rheme tours for the 2007season.

May 19,Saturday at 12:00 noon:The Back Forty. Mt. Hope's "new"section. Explore the more recent, buthistorically fascinating, south half ofMount Hope Cemetery with tourguide Fran Coleman. Meet at thecemetery office (orposite TheDistillery).

May 26,Satllrdayat 10:00 a.m.:Famous Artists. Visit interesting mon­uments designed by artists and thegravesites of famous artists with tourguides Anne Kingston, Eric Logan andRichard Reisem. Meet at the northgatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive).

June 16,Saturday at 10:00 a.m.:Jewish Heritage. Explore the enor­mous contributions of Rochester'sJewish community with tour guide SueJaschik. Meet at the cemetery office(opposite The DistiUery).

June 23,Saturday at 12:00 noon:Spring Horticulture & LandscapeTour. Enjoy the landscape of MountHope with landscape architect EdOlinger. Meet at the north gatehouse(opposite Robinson Drive).

June 30Saturday at 10:00 a.m.:The Famous & the Forgotten. PatCorcoran explores Grove Avenue,where both Rochester's wealthiest citi­zens and its poorest were laid to rest.This tour is handicap and wheelchairaccessible. Meet at the cemetery office(opposite The Distillery).

August 4,Saturday at 1:30 p.m.:Civil War Tour. The Civil War as toldagainst the backdrop of Mount HopeCemetery, the burial place of manyCivil War veterans. Marilyn Noltefocuses on local involvement. Meet atthe north gatehouse (oppositeRobinson Drive)

August 11,Saturday at 1:30, 2:00, or 2:30 p.m.:Ice Cream Tour. A celebration of 200years of ice cream, and Rochester's con­tributions to the world of ice cream.Pick your favorite flavor: Come at 1:30for vanilla, 2:00 for chocolate, or 2:30for strawberry. Free ice cream, providedby I Scream of M t Hope Plaza, will beserved following the tOlirs Meet at thecemetery office (opposite theDistillery).

Sept 8,Saturday at 12:00 noon:Speaking Stones: Revealing the Past.U of R professor Emil Homerin exam­ines the symbols, inscriptions, andfunerary art that expressed views oflife, death, and immor ality in the 19thcentury. Meet at the north gatehouse(opposite Robinson Drive).

September 15,Saturday at 10:00 a.m.:Famous Artists. Another opportunityto experience this popular tour. Meetat the north gatehouse (oppositeRobinson Drive).

September 22,Saturday at 1:30 p.m.:Geology at Mount Hope:The Really Ancient History. Explorethe very ancient natural history of Mt.Hope with geologist Bill Chaisson.Meet at the north gatehouse (oppositeRobinson Drive).

October 20,Saturday at 12:00 noon:Fall Foliage. Enjoy the variety andbeauty of Mount Hope's trees inaurumn with landscape architect EdOlinger. Meet at the north gat house(opposite Robinson Drive).

THE MURDER OF WILLIAM LYMAN

H.v Mic!J({fl Keene I//UJ/liIt/lJ/iS ky Boh Morris

On rhe evening of October 21, 1837 ar approximately 9:05 p.m., William Lyman was shot and killed as he walked home frol11 his job as a clerk for rhe Hooker Mill & Grain Company. When he was found, his pockets had been turned inside our and his wallet and money wae gone. Lying a few feet away was his hal rhat concealed a fonune in banknores.

Wirhin minures of the discovery, an alarm was issued and rewards were immediate­ly pmred. William Lyman, 36 years old, devoted husband and father, had jusr become Rochesrer's first murder victim. "There was a srain upon the land," reponed one newspaper.

IVill/lm/ l,ymilll. tlJe murder victim.

Some people said rhar as rhis sordid episode developed, God's providence was watching over rhe events. What else but divine guidance could explain how at the exact moment of rhe crime, a nine-year-old boy,

nO!llas Dixo/l. tbe hoy who saw the JnurdeJ:

Thomas Dixon, happened upon Lyman's death scene ar the precise moment the gun was fired? Only a higher power could accoum filt young Dixon, upon hearing rhe shot that killed l.yman and in rhe brief explosion of light frum rhe shot, seeing a man wearing what Dixon larer called, "a shiny cap, like the Onl'S foreigners wear."

Armed with this seemingly insignificant elue, Robert King, the officer in charge of Rochester's II-man police deparrment, began his investigation. Knowing that the area called Clinton Place, a tepid and seedy parr of Rochester where the Canad ians, who had come to Rochester to work at the canal and the mills, congregated, was as good a place as any to begin the search.

Rohert King, the police chief

Officer King did not have to wait long. As he and other policemen began interviewing rhe residems of Clinton Place, a whisrle sounded coming from rhe railroad yard, indi­caring rhat a suspecr had been sparred. Upon arriving ar rhe train srarion, King saw a man atrempt to hide behind a pile of wood. Found in rhe woodpile was a handkerchief that con­tained banknotes matching the ones under Lyman's hat. Additional banknotes, like the ones in the handkerchief, were found in the man's pockets. The man's name was Octavius

Octavius Barron, the murderer.

Barron, a 17-year-old French Canadian canal worker. He wore a shiny gauze cap. He was immediately arrested and thrown in jail.

The trial of Octavius Barron began one month later. The rriallasted 10 days. A total of 40 witnesses were called. Several people tes­tified seeing Barron loirering around Lyman's

office rhat night. Some saw him bter in the evening with a large sum of money drinking in one of the taverns. Even Barron's mother refured her son's alibi and stared rhar rhe handkerchief found in rhe woodpile that con­tained Lyman's banknores belonged to her son.

!vfargaret Barron, tIJe murderer;- 11/ot;'n:

The prosecutor's summation to the jury rook rhree hours. The defense attOrney's sum­mation lasted four hours. The judge's charge to the jury consumed two more hours. Th~

jury deliberated for only 45 minutes. Th~ evi­dence was overwhelming; the verdict was "guilty"; the sentence: Ocravius Barron was to

be hanged by the neck until dead.

At 1:00 p.m. on July 25, 1838, nine months after rhe rrial ended, Octavius Barron was taken to the first Aoor of Ciry Jail. Wearing a white roundabout, white pan­taloons and a ruffled shirt, he was escorred hy two priesrs, reciring prayers in brin a.nd French. Barron asked forgiveness from those he had injured and from God. Witnesses reported thar "although his countenance betOok great terror, there was no trembling." He died quickly wirh little struggle, holding a Catholic cross in his right hand. He was 18 years old.

On rhe day he was hanged, Barron's body was tak n to rhe newly established Mount Hope Cemetery, where he was buried in an unmarked grave. The whereabouts of his burial site remains unknown.

William Lyman and Ocravius Barron are forever bound togerher for eternity. William Lyman was rhe flrsr person murdered in the city of Rochesrer. Octavius Barron becall1l', rherefore, the first murderer ill rhe histOry of the city, and he beca.me rhe first person exe­cuted in Rochesrer as well. But Ocravius

THE MURDER OFWILLIAM LYMAN

H.v Mic!J({fl KeeneI//UJ/liIt/lJ/iS ky Boh Morris

On rhe evening of October 21, 1837 arapproximately 9:05 p.m., William Lyman wasshot and killed as he walked home frol11 hisjob as a clerk for rhe Hooker Mill & GrainCompany. When he was found, his pocketshad been turned inside our and his wallet andmoney wae gone. Lying a few feet away washis hal rhat concealed a fonune in banknores.

Wirhin minures of the discovery, analarm was issued and rewards were immediate­ly pmred. William Lyman, 36 years old,devoted husband and father, had jusr becomeRochesrer's first murder victim. "There was asrain upon the land," reponed one newspaper.

IVi//III/1I l,ymil/l. tlJe lJIurder victim.

Some people said rhar as rhis sordidepisode developed, God's providence waswatching over rhe events. What else but divineguidance could explain how at the exactmoment of rhe crime, a nine-year-old boy,

nO!llas Dixo/l. tbe hoy who saw the JnurdeJ:

Thomas Dixon, happened upon Lyman'sdeath scene ar the precise moment the gunwas fired? Only a higher power could accoumfilt young Dixon, upon hearing rhe shot thatkilled l.yman and in rhe brief explosion oflight frum rhe shot, seeing a man wearingwhat Dixon larer called, "a shiny cap, like theOnl'S foreigners wear."

Armed with this seemingly insignificantelue, Robert King, the officer in charge ofRochester's II-man police deparrment, beganhis investigation. Knowing that the area calledClinton Place, a tepid and seedy parr ofRochester where the Canad ians, who hadcome to Rochester to work at the canal andthe mills, congregated, was as good a place asany to begin the search.

Rohert King, the police chief

Officer King did not have to wait long.As he and other policemen began interviewingrhe residems of Clinton Place, a whisrlesounded coming from rhe railroad yard, indi­caring rhat a suspecr had been sparred. Uponarriving ar rhe train srarion, King saw a manatrempt to hide behind a pile of wood. Foundin rhe woodpile was a handkerchief that con­tained banknotes matching the ones underLyman's hat. Additional banknotes, like theones in the handkerchief, were found in theman's pockets. The man's name was Octavius

Octavius Barron, the murderer.

Barron, a 17-year-old French Canadian canalworker. He wore a shiny gauze cap. He wasimmediately arrested and thrown in jail.

The trial of Octavius Barron began onemonth later. The rriallasted 10 days. A totalof 40 witnesses were called. Several people tes­tified seeing Barron loirering around Lyman's

office rhat night. Some saw him bter in theevening with a large sum of money drinkingin one of the taverns. Even Barron's motherrefured her son's alibi and stared rhar rhehandkerchief found in rhe woodpile that con­tained Lyman's banknores belonged to her son.

!vfargaret Barron, tIJe murderer;' 11/ot;'n:

The prosecutor's summation ro the juryrook three hours. The defense atrorney's sum­mation lasted four hours. The judge's chargeto the jury consumed two more hours. Th~jury deliberated for only 45 minutes. Th~ evi­dence was overwhelming; the verdict was"guilty"; the sentence: Octavius Barron was to

be hanged by the neck until dead.

At 1:00 p.m. on July 25, 1838, ninemonths after rhe rrial ended, Octavius Barronwas taken to the first Aoor of City Jail.Wearing a white roundabout, white pan­raloons and a ruffled shirt, he was escorred hytwo priests, reciting prayers in btin andFrench. Barron asked forgiveness from thosehe had injured and from God. Witnessesreported that "although his countenanceberook great terror, there was no trembling."He died quickly with little struggle, holding aCatholic cross in his right hand. He was 18years old.

On the day he was hanged, Barron'sbody was rak n ro rhe newly establishedMount Hope Cemetery, where he was buriedin an unmarked grave. The whereabouts of hisburial site remains unknown.

William Lyman and Octavius Barron areforever bound together for eternity. WilliamLyman was the first person murdered in thecity of Rochester. Octavius Barron becall1l',therefore, the first murderer in rhe history ofthe city, and he became rhe flrsr person exe­cuted in Rochesrer as well. But Octavius

Barron's infamous firsts don't end there. He most cerrainly was one of the first people to be buried in the newly opened Mount Hope Cemetery in an unmarked grave. (The first burial was William Carrer on August 17, 1838.) But Barron also holds the distinction of one final first.

Until that time, the most common method of hanging was a technique charitably known as the "shorr-drop method". In effect, rhe victim was slowly strangled to death. For the first time in the U.S., Octavius Barron was hanged using a more humane method. It was called the "long-drop method", which was designed to have rhe condemned person fall several feet before reaching the end of the rope, thereby breaking the neck and presum­ably killing the person instantly. Why this pro­cedure was created for use in Barron's case is not known. On the night before Barron died, his mother visited him and begged him to confess and atone for his sins, which Barron did. His only request was that upon stepping onto the gallows, he be hanged right away.

(Editor's Note: Michael Keene is a fincm­rial conSl/ltant who also produces historic docu­mentaries. His documentary, "71Je Murder of William Lyman': was an official selection ofthe 47th Annual Rorhfi'ter International Film Festival and was chosen "Best ofthe Fest': For more injorrlllllirJr/ abollt the DVD, go to www.ad-hoc-productions.com.)

ANOTHER MOUNT HOPE MONUNMENT BY� TIFFANY STUDIO, NEW YORK (ITY�

By Richard O. Reisem

Everyone is famil­ was born on September iar with the Wilbur 11, 1833 and died on Barry Coon (1870­ October 9, 1911. His 1926) monument-a birthdate is preceded by massive, Art Deco a five-pointed star, memorial in Section which is called the Star MM-created by of Bethlehem because Tiffany Studio in 1927. the five-pointed star is It required a specially used to herald the birrh built railroad car to carry of Jesus Christ. The flve­the huge, heavy stone to pointed star continues Rochester. Many of us to be a birrh announce­who are associated with ment. The death date is the Friends of Mount preceded by a cross with Hope Cemetery thought four arms of equal we were especially lucky length. Above the to have such a grand inscription there is a example, even if it was large circle, a pre­the only one we had, of Christian symbol of the unique skills of the famous Tiffany Studio.

Dr. Isaac Gibbard's monument was designed

by Tiffiny Studio, New York City, in /913.

eternity and is universal­ly recognized as a symbol for eterniry. Inside the

Then, last fall ar circle is a Greek cross, the South Wedge Hisrory which is distinguished by Fair, Roberr Schnacky, former principal of four arms of equal length. It is the traditional Trott Monuments, which used to be located symbol of Christian faith. on Mount Hope Avenue across from the cemetery, came up to me and said, "I know of In the lower left corner on the back of another monumellr in Mount Hope by the stone is the following inscription: Tiffany Studio." I was all ears. It is in Section r. On Fifth Avenue, there is a turnoff near the Copyright 1913 top of the hill wirh a staircase leading down to Tiffany Studio an area of mausoleums and orher gravesite New York monuments. The Tiffany monument is mid­wayan the left. Thank you to Bob Schnacky for identi­

fying the second Tiffany Studio mOllument in The granite gravt',rone memorializes Mount Hope Cemetery.

Isaac Gibbard, D.O. This Docror of Divinity

•� O~ l 'ON llWJild AN 'JillSilllJOM azgl;> l AN 'H3153H)OH

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AH3H~D 3dOH '1~ .:10 50N31H.:I 3H1'6JO lYOJd-UON

By Richard O. Reisem

ANOTHER MOUNT HOPE MONUNMENT BYTIFFANY STUDIO, NEW YORK (ITY

Dr. Isaac Gibbard's monument was designed

by Tiffiny Studio, New York City, in /913.

Copyright 1913Tiffany StudioNew York

In the lower left corner on the back ofthe stone is the following inscription:

Thank you to Bob Schnacky for identi­fying the second Tiffany Studio mOllument inMount Hope Cemetery.

was born on September11, 1833 and died onOctober 9, 1911. Hisbirthdate is preceded bya five-pointed star,which is called the Starof Bethlehem becausethe five-pointed star isused to herald the birrhof Jesus Christ. The flve­pointed star continuesto be a birrh announce­ment. The death date ispreceded by a cross withfour arms of equallength. Above theinscription there is alarge circle, a pre­Christian symbol ofeternity and is universal­ly recognized as a symbolfor eterniry. Inside thecircle is a Greek cross,which is distinguished by

four arms of equal length. It is the traditionalsymbol of Christian faith.

The granite gravt',rone memorializesIsaac Gibbard, D.O. This Docror of Divinity

Everyone is famil­iar with the WilburBarry Coon (1870­1926) monument-amassive, Art Decomemorial in SectionMM-created byTiffany Studio in 1927.It required a speciallybuilt railroad car to carrythe huge, heavy stone toRochester. Many of uswho are associated withthe Friends of MountHope Cemetery thoughtwe were especially luckyto have such a grandexample, even if it wasthe only one we had, ofthe unique skills of thefamous Tiffany Studio.

Then, last fall arthe South Wedge HisroryFair, Roberr Schnacky, former principal ofTrott Monuments, which used to be locatedon Mount Hope Avenue across from thecemetery, came up to me and said, "I know ofanother monum":llr in Mount Hope byTiffany Studio." I was all ears. It is in Sectionr. On Fifth Avenue, there is a turnoff near thetop of the hill wirh a staircase leading down toan area of mausoleums and orher gravesitemonuments. The Tiffany monument is mid­wayan the left.

(Editor's Note: Michael Keene is a fincm­rial conSl/ltant who also produces historic docu­mentaries. His documentary, "71Je Murder ofWilliam Lyman': was an official selection ofthe47th Annual Rorhfi'ter International FilmFestival and was chosen "Best ofthe Fest': Formore injorrlllllirJr/ abollt the DVD, go towww.ad-hoc-productions.com.)

Barron's infamous firsts don't end there. Hemost cerrainly was one of the first people to beburied in the newly opened Mount HopeCemetery in an unmarked grave. (The firstburial was William Carrer on August 17,1838.) But Barron also holds the distinctionof one final first.

Until that time, the most commonmethod of hanging was a technique charitablyknown as the "shorr-drop method". In effect,rhe victim was slowly strangled to death. Forthe first time in the U.S., Octavius Barron washanged using a more humane method. It wascalled the "long-drop method", which wasdesigned to have rhe condemned person fallseveral feet before reaching the end of therope, thereby breaking the neck and presum­ably killing the person instantly. Why this pro­cedure was created for use in Barron's case isnot known. On the night before Barron died,his mother visited him and begged him toconfess and atone for his sins, which Barrondid. His only request was that upon steppingonto the gallows, he be hanged right away.

O~ l 'ON llWJildAN 'JillSilllJOM

OIVdil6PlSOd'S'n

'6JO lYOJd-UON

•azgl;> l AN 'H3153H)OH

'3A'o' 3dOH '1~ EE IIAH3H~D3dOH '1~ .:10 50N31H.:I 3H1