the future anvelope

Research in Architectural Engineering SeriesVolume 8ISSN 1873-6033

Previously published in this series:Volume 7. M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen and R. Visser (Eds.)Cardboard in Architecture

Volume 6. M. VeltkampFree Form Structural Design – Schemes, Systems & Prototypes of Structures for Irregular Shaped Buildings

Volume 5. L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhagiar and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 4. R. di Giulio, Z. Bozinovski and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 3. E. Melgaard, G. Hadjimichael, M. Almeida and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 2. M.T. Andeweg, S. Brunoro and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 1. M. Crisinel, M. Eekhout, M. Haldimann and R. Visser (Eds.)

© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-1-58603-827-4

Publisher IOS Press BVNieuwe Hemweg 6b1013 BG AmsterdamThe Netherlands

tel: +31-20-688 3355

fax: +31-20-687 0019

email: [email protected]

website: www.iospress.nlwww.dupress.nl

[email protected]

Layout & Bookcover DesignRonald Visser

The Future Envelope, a Symposium held at 11 June -

Gevelbrance.

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

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PREFACE

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CONTENTS

Ulrich KnaackThe Future Envelope 1

Bert Lieverse11

A. Beukers, M. van Tooren, C. Vermeeren

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Luke LowingsOverlapping Boundaries 47

Thomas Auer67

Holger Techen75

Tillmann Kleiny

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Wim PoelmanThe future envelope and design methodology 97

Joop HalmanIndustrial Building Systems Design & Engineering

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Michiel Cohen, Joost HeijnisThe Future Envelope

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Axel Thallemerm 131

Mick Eekhout135

Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann KleinRoadmap for The Future Envelope 159

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Prof. Dr. Ulrich Knaack

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Abstract-

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THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack

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2. Current Façade Technology

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- one of the early corridor facades

layer and single glass units as external layer

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unit with a single layered façade, the so called “hybrid façade”

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chimney in the façade cavity and boxed window units to provide

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Figure 4Post tower Bonn – one of the

and double leafed facades are combined into a decentralized “component façade”

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3. Developing a Façade Research Group

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of Building Technology at the Fac-

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Figure 6Air-B-Wall – a student project

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5. The Future Envelope

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Ing. Bert Lieverse-

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DIFFERENT FUTURES

Bert Lieverse

VMRG

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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES IN THE CENTURY AHEAD*

From Arts To Science, From CraftsmanshipTo Multidisciplinary Design And Engineering

A. Beukers, M. van Tooren C. Vermeeren

Faculty of Aerospace Engineering

Figure 1Wright brothers

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A Possible Scenario

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2.2 Scenario / Energy carriers

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Period Energy carrier/transformer Transport system MaterialsUp to 1830 Direct Wood, wind, water,

animals, manWalking, horses, barges, coaches

Wood, linen, copper, brass and iron

1830-1900 Coal Steam engines Coaches, ships, trains Wood, linen, iron, steel1900-1940 Coal Electric dynamo Trains, cars, buses Wood, linen, plywood, iron, steel1903-2003 Oil Internal combustion

engines, piston andturbine engines

All aluminium aircraft withpressurised fuselages

Wood, plywood, linen, iron, steel, aluminium, polymers

1960-2025? Oilpass turbine engines

Supersonic aircraft Iron, steel, aluminium, polymers, titanium,composites

1970-1990 Nuclear Centralised electricity distribution

High velocity trains Steel, aluminium, composites

1990-2025? Gasenergy supply, CH4and H2

City transport Steel, aluminium, titanium, advancedcomposites, advanced alloys, ceramics

2025-future? Hydrogen? Fuel cell?Gas? Bio-fuels?

Sustainable transport:Smart cars and busesNew aircraft and train concepts

newreinforcing materials and improved metals.

Nuclear? Direct electricity high velocity trainSolar? Direct electricity

Table 1

materials

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Proven and future transport systems

VelocityDomain (km/h)5

Transport market/system- Fuel Dominantresistance/drag-

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50 < V < 100 Local:Smart2 busesSmart2 carsSmart2 trains

gas and electricity wheels(rubber/asphalt)(steel/steel)

spec

50 < V < 250 Local, regional and continental:human controlledcarsbuses

liquid fuels wheels, air friction(rubber/stone)

spec

125 < V < 300 Regional and continental:high velocity trains

electricity air friction(steel/steel)

spec

300 < V < 900airspeed

Regional, continental andintercontinentalsubsonic aircraft

liquid fuel, hydrogen friction drag spec3

Exotic or obsolete transport systemsIntercontinental:supersonic aircraft

liquid fuels induced drag, wave drag spec

V < 150 Regional:wings in ground effect

liquid fuels air friction, induced drag spec

V < 120 Regional:airships

liquid fuels air friction spec4

Table 2

1. Dspec = 0·30 (equal to 30%) means: for 1kg in transport about 3N is needed to overcome resistance.2. Smart could mean:

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Figure 3Leonardo da Vinci sketch

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Figure 5Wright biplane

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8 Fire, smoke, and toxicity regula-

interiors.

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2.5.4 Improved durability

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State of the art metaltransport vehicles

Wempty /Wpayloadindicative3

BusesCars 3 (12)1

8 (27)1 Mercedes Benz S-class, 1st edition, value dominated by propulsion and systems weightSubsonic aircraft 42 balanced division of weight fractions3

Supersonic aircraft 122 value dominated by propulsion, systems and fuel weightIntercity trains 102 value dominated by structural weightGlobal orbit 66 value dominated by fuel weightLunar orbit 500 value dominated by fuel weight

Table 3

1. Between brackets the value is given for one occupant only

3. Wtotal = Wempty + Wpayload

Wempty = W + Wfuel + Wstructure

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Design Philosophy

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Figure 6Extra 400

Figure 7Airbus A380

Figure 8Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

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Table 4

lowest registered value11

or Performance per unit weight

based on imaginary yarn properties of equal apperance

engineering constants yarns existing

T 300yarns existing E-type

yarn virtual 7075

yarn virtual piano wire

Material properties densityYoung’s modulusyield stress

3 kgm–3

9 Nm–2

y 106 Nm–22303,530

733450

71420

2103100

(vs) the lowest listed value (1 0)dominantparameter

Solid shells: compression

buckling critical (E 1/3

(E 1/3min

Curved beams:CompressionBending

buckling critical orstiffness criticalstrength critical

(E 1/2

(E 1/2min

Bending f 2/3

f2/3

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Pressure vessels: strength critical,iso-tensoid wound

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f min

Sandwich shells:Bending

stiffness criticalmin

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11 The yield stress is the lowest stress at which a material under-

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Figure 11The S curve

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Figure 12Fuselage requirements

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Figure 14The shift of the coincidence frequency for a sandwich panelwith a bending stiffness of 20 times the stiffness of a single skin plate and 2/ 1 = 10(7)

wich Fuselage Concept

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Figure 15BWB fuselage cross-section

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Figure 16Nests of pressure vessels from pressurised tubes to nestedchains of ellipsoidal segments and pressurised ‘cathedrals’

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References

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OVERLAPPING BOUNDARIES

Luke Lowings

London

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The Rachofsky House Dichroic Light FieldTower Palace London

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Columbus Center, Glass Wall and Roof

Design engineer: Schlaich, Berger-mann & Partner1999-2004

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Lichthof Facade and Roof

Bergermann & Partner1999

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WTC7 façade

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Arup & Partners, London 2002 - 2004

previous page

Docklands, Dublin Building architect: BurdonCraig

Engineer: Arup Facade Engineer-ing, London2005-

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Thomas Auer

Transsolar

PERFORMANCE AS A GOAL INTEGRATION AS THE APPROACH?

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Figure 2Crown Hall and the Dayley Center in Chicago

3. High Performance glass buildings

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Figure 3Prisma Building, Frankfurt, using double facade technology

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with heat mirror glass

opposite page

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integrated mechanical systems

Figure 7Graded wall principles (Marcel Bilow)

5. Future Systems

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FUTURE ENVELOPES FROM IMAGINATION TO REALIZATION

Holger Techen

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Figure 1Design model

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Figure 2

components

Figure 3Lower reinforcement layer, piping

displacement bodies, built-in light

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Figure 4Arrangement of high-load posts

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Figure 5Glass dividing walls with concealed -

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a free-standing wall during the building process

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Winter)

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fully glazed building envelope

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membrane

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Figure 13Assembly and test loading of the membrane roof on the free-stand-ing glass panels

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4. Summary

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Tillmann Klein

Leader Facades Research Group Faculty of Architecture

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EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS IN FAÇADE TECHNOLOGYIs Function Integration the Strategy for the Future?

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Technology, Chicago, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956

Figure 2

Technology, Chicago, Detail of façade

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Ausklinkung A

Ausklinkung B

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Figure 3Detail of post-beam system, Raico Bautechnic

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sign teams from project to project

Figure 5Standars and systems in the design process

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Exemplary projects-

Modular facade element

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Figure 6Modular fa

concrete with decentralized climate unit

Figure 7Detail of modular façade element

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Figure 11Assembly of Jackbox

Jackbox

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Figure 12School of Management and Design, Essen, SANAA, Tokio with Heinrich Böll, Essen, 2006

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6. Conclusion

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THE FUTURE ENVELOPE AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Wim Poelman

Chair of Product Development Faculty of Architecture

Poelman + Partners

Figure 1Eekels (1995)

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Figure 2Fundamentals of design

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3. The funnel model

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Figure 4

technology

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(1992)

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Figure 6

research, according to Van den

10. Conclusions

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERINGAccelerating change through research and education

Joop Halman

Management & Engineering Faculty of Engineering

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Figure 1

(Hofman et al, 2006)

Relative importance

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Type of kitchen

Sanitairy facilities (type and colour bath, w ashbasin, toilet)

Tiling (type and colour)

Floor f inish (parquet, carpet, tiles)

Interior w alls (w allpaper, stucco)

Telecommunication (telephone, internet, television)

Position kitchen

Type, number and position sockets and sw itches

Length and w idth living room

Number of bedrooms

Type of heating (f loor / w all)

Choice in roofing construction (dormer, terrace)

Façade back (bay, position w indow s)

Façade front (bay, position w indow s)

Position bathroom

Position w ashbasins

Inner casements and doors

Depth house

Heating system (boiler, w ater heater)

Door hardw are (type of locks and latches)

Casing (material, free of maintenance)

Position toilet

Choice in type of roof

Position innerdoors

Number of bathrooms and toilets

Position w atertaps (cold and w arm)

Façade f inish (masonry, w ood)

Plot layout

Parking facilities

Width house

Roofing f inish (type and colour roofing tiles)

Type security system

Playground and green area

Extra (solar system)

Pavement

Housing attribute

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Figure 2

hierarchy of modules (Veenstra et al, 2006)

Structure Traffic Space

(Bed)room

Kitchen

BathroomExtensionLiving room

Garage

Storage

Bay window

Dormer

Exterior(building style)

Core

Finishes

Floorplan

Built-inmodules

Extensionmodules

Module specification

Interior

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Figure 3Centralized versus decentralized network (Langlois and Robertson, 1992)

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8. Towards a new Master in Industrial Building systems Design and Engineering

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ules and subsystems (NCC and Burggraaf)

9. Future professionals in façade development

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THE FUTURE ENVELOPETowards a More Reactive Facade

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Figure 1“Could medieval man imagine a city of brick?”

Michiel Cohen, Joost Heijnis

Cepezed Architects

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Figure 2Basic shelter without added (com-plicated) requirements.

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Figure 6The sandwichpanel evolved into a building component which led to

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Figure 8Perforated steel screens used in the design of the Centre for Hu-man Drug Research, CHDR (1995) in Leiden, the Netherlands (by cepezed)

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Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Axel Thallemer

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AFTERTHOUGHTS TO THE SYMPOSIUM

Axel Thallemer

Professor Technical Design Academy of Fine Arts, Hamburg. Dean of Industrial Design Linz, Austria Self-employed under Airena®

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FUTURE FOR FAÇADE RESEARCH AT TU DELFT

Mick Eekhout

Professor of Product Development Nestor of Building Technology Faculty of Architecture

A warrior of light knows that he has much to be grate-ful for.

He was helped in his struggle by the angels; celestial forces placed each thing in its place, thus allowing him to give of his best.

His companions say: ‘ He’s so lucky!’ And the warrior does sometimes achieve things far beyond his capa-bilities.

That is why, at sunset, he kneels and gives thanks for the protective Cloak surrounding him.

His gratitude however, is not limited to the spiritu-al world; he never forgets his friends, for their blood

A warrior does not need to be reminded of the help

he makes sure to share with them any rewards he re-ceives.

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Figure 1

and 5 research programs

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Figure 2Six rings from fundamental re-search to free architectural design

of Research, Development and Design.

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Figure 3

Technology Research, 15 subpro-grams and some 80 researchers.

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3. Status Of The Subprogram Facades

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Step 1: Growth-

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approach.

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Step 5: Towards Reprogramming

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Step 8: Peer Reviews for the Mid Term Review -

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Step 11: Mid term Review

Step 12: Programming Building Technology Plus

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Step 16: Tendering for the European 7 FP Program-

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• Industrial Building

• Informatics

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6. Development of this Research Program

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8. Aim Of The Colloquia

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Poster 9.2.2

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Poster 9.2.3

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Poster 9.2.4

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Poster 9.2.5

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Poster 9.2.6

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Poster 9.2.7

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10. Towards a 3TU Research Plan for Building Technology

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13. Enlarging the Research Plan In 2007

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14. Match between Demand and Supply

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Before embarking on an important battle, a warrior of light asks himself: ‘How far have I developed my abilities?’

He knows that he has learned something with every battle he has fought, but many of those lessons have caused him

did not deserve his love.

Victors never make the mistake twice. That is why the war-rior only risks his heart for something worthwhile.

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The Next Step: Integrated Facades and Comfort Industry

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ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack Tillmann Klein

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Façade System ProviderPost-and-rail systemElement systemDouble Facades

Service Provider (Subsystem)HeatingCoolingVentilationLight

Integrated facade solution

Figure 1

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The Strategic Development: Performance Oriented Envelopes

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Service ProviderHeatingCoolingVentilationLight

Integrated facade system

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Time

Rapidchange

New discovery

Improvement

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and incre-mental improvement when products reach maturity.

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The performance oriented envelope.

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Personal Conclusions of the Conference

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the future anvelope

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