the galitzianer may 2001alan rauch leslie reich gayle schlissel riley charlie roberts chaya roth,...

The Galitzianer May 2001

GG Matters 2 Coordinator’s Column

Shelley Kellerman Pollero

3 From the Editors’ Desks Edward Goldstein and Eva Rosenn More changes

3 London2001

4 2001 GG Family Finder Errata; announcement of update

4 Contributors to Gesher Galicia

40 Gesher Galicia Steering Committee Names, addresses, telephone numbers

Town Updates 5 Buchach

Norbert Porile

5 Gorodenka Norman Berman

5 Ivano-Frankovsk Denise Azbill

6 Kolomyya Alan Weiser

6 Mielec Dr. Howard I.A. Lieb

7 Lancut Peter Jassem

7 Tarnobrzeg Gayle Schlissel Riley

7 Radomysl Wielki Ben Weinstock

7 Rzeszow Marian Rubin

JRI-Poland 8 The Great Galician Indexing Race Is On

Mark Halpern JRI-Poland’s newest initiative

10 Przemysl Archives Roberta Cohen Jainchill JRI-Poland progress

Feature Articles 11 JewishGen’s Yizkor Book Project: History

and Accomplishments Joyce Field

13 Girls Enrolled in Tarnow Trivium School in 1854 A list of Jewish girls

14 Martyred Przemysl Physicians Leon Gold List of Physicians who perished in the Shoah

15 The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867-1918: Part I Professor Piotr Wróbel Part I of a scholarly article

24 The Children Below Stanley Ostern, MD During WW II, one of our members spent two years in a sealed bunker in Stryj

25 Names from the Skalat Yizkor Book Yvette Scharf Names and descriptions

29 Portrait of a Landsmannschaft Ada Greenblatt List of members of the Nadworner Landsmannschaft

Vol. 8, Nos. 2 & 3 (Double Issue) May 2001

The Galitzianer A Publication of Gesher Galicia

The Ga li tzianerA Publication of Gesher Galicia


2

Coordinator’s Column Shelley Kellerman Pollero [email protected]

As the seasons shift once again, we are filled with renewed energy and thoughts of new experiences and new opportunities. We intensify our networking and connect with relatives, collect new data, organize the old, and seek new horizons to discover or rediscover.

The long awaited, newly available Ellis Island Records for passengers arriving in New York from 1892 to 194_ are a magnet, drawing many of us again into our ongoing search for our forefathers (and “mothers”) who emigrated from Galicia to America. Some of us have already experienced the excitement of discovery in these records, spawning a desire to share our new information with family and others.

This season, some of us will reconnect with family at reunions. While at a reunion, ask someone for a copy of a favorite traditional recipe handed down from your Galitzianer “grandmother.” Take a few notes about the people, places, events, and/or memories associated with the recipe and plan to submit an entry into the Gesher Galicia (GG) cookbook planned for the 2003 Gesher Galicia Tenth Anniversary Gala in D.C. Tell us about your upcoming reunions so we might publicize them in The Galitzianer, perhaps leading to the discovery of a new cousin or branch of the family

Another way to connect and network with others includes updating or submitting your name, e-mail address, surnames, and towns to the JewishGen Family Finder. Also try contacting other GG members listed in the GG Family Finder who are also researching your surnames and/or towns.

As technology advances, we find new ways to share information and learn about the places where our families once lived. We learn about the many types of districts in Galicia and how the boundaries shifted over the years, causing us to relearn some lessons in geography. We try to make sense out of all this and seek information and guidance.

The 2001 edition of the Gesher Galicia Family Finder provides some help in explaining the Galicia districts. Peter Zavon has included a new section (MAPS) in which he has published two maps, the newer one showing the principal towns and juridical (court) districts of Galicia, as they existed in 1878. Although not Jewish districts, the map and the accompanying list of the Districts of Galicia and Bukowina (circa 1878) help with geographic references and enable us to see approximately where our towns were located at that point in time.

Having located our ancestral town, a next step is to visit the town. Travel to Galicia has become more feasible for many, and several of our members (perhaps you) will travel there this year “in search of…” Remember to take along a video camera and, when you return, contact Sam Eneman <[email protected]>, to find out how to include some of your video footage in the Galicia video he is preparing for the 2003 Gala.

Some members will have the opportunity to attend the IAJGS Summer Conference in London this year. A Galicia SIG meeting is planned for Monday evening. Although I will be unable to attend this year’s conference, a few members of the GGSC and the Galicia Group of the JGS of Great Britain will co-host the annual SIG meeting. The tentative agenda includes an orientation to Galicia and networking opportunities with other Galitzianers. Plan to attend!

Whether networking, meeting, doing archival research on site or online, or traveling, remember to share what you have learned and experienced. We all benefit from each other’s successes (and failures). Let us collaborate, cooperate, and share the results!

I’d like to take a moment to thank the members of the GGSC for their dedicated support and fine efforts in providing focus and direction to our growing membership and in handling GG’s administrative details. Thanks to Leon Gold, who deftly keeps track of the membership, to Edward Goldstein and the Editorial Team (Eva Rosenn, Peter Jassem, and Peter Zavon) for a wonderful Summer/Fall edition of The Galitzianer, to Peter Zavon for the very well-received, newly expanded Gesher Galicia Family Finder, to Mark Heckman, Webmaster of our excellent GG web site, to Melody Katz, Research Chair and productive Projects Coordinator, to Peter Jassem, our knowledgeable, capable, and generous Liaison to JRI-Poland, to Nelson Pollack, who keeps track of our finances, to Roni Seibel Liebowitz for her excellent insights, to Barb Khait for her feedback, and especially to Joyce Field for her ongoing support and indefatigable efforts on behalf of GG and JewishGen. I’d also like to thank Beverly Shulster for her dedicated work as Moderator of the Galicia SIG Online Discussion Group, which has almost 800 subscribers, and to Edward Rosenbaum for managing the very useful Galicia Surname Index on our web site. These are the volunteers who make Gesher Galicia possible for all of us. Thank you so much!

GG

Mat

ters


3

From the Editors’ Desks Edward Goldstein Eva Rosenn

As you can see, we are still experimenting with the layout of our newsletter. We have narrowed the margins and the space between columns and have reduced line spacing from 14 points to 13 points. Three reasons: (1) to improve the appearance of the pages, (2) to use space more efficiently, and (3) to reduce the unsightly problem with long email addresses and URLs you may have noticed in the last issue.

We hope that you have also noticed a significant improvement in print quality for both text and graphics. This has come about because we made some technological changes in our production. For the techies among you, here’s the difference. In the previous issue, we used Word 98 to prepare a file of the entire issue on a Macintosh computer. We then printed it on a laser printer and hand-carried the paper copy to a convenient CopyCop, which then photo-copied the almost 1,000 copies we needed. For this issue, on the other hand, we did not print the file out at home, but transferred it to CopyCop via a part of the Internet called File Transfer Protocal or FTP. At the CopyCop location, another Macintosh computer prepared the file for direct electronic input to a high-resolution Xerox printing system called DocuTech, which then printed the copies. I hope you enjoy the difference.

We have been fortunate in having available for publication what I hope you will agree is a wealth of interesting material. To make room for as much of it as possible, we have gone to a 40-page double issue and chosen to publish one of the articles in installments.

We want your opinions on how we can improve The Galitzianer. Please see the boxed notice on the bottom of the last page.

London2001: 8-13 July, 2001 Shelley Kellerman Pollero

Speakers on a wide variety of topics are scheduled for the LONDON2001 Conference, including the major countries of Europe and other regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Jamaica, the Americas, and the Middle East. A list of themes promises many additional choices for Conference attendees. There will be a wide selection of sessions ranging from Archives to Yizkor Books, including sessions for beginners and on computing, crime, databases, family histories, genealogy concepts, Holocaust, genetics and genealogy, migration, miscellaneous, onomastics, and Sephardi. In addition, mini-courses in Yiddish and in understanding documents in Hebrew will be offered.

Several sessions may be of interest to Galicia researchers. Speakers marked with an asterisk (*) are Gesher Galicia members: Sessions of interest to Galicia researchers: Galicia 1900 Wales 2000 – Holocaust History:

the next generation – Mike Joseph* Reading Between the Lines of Grandfather’s

Letters from Galicia & Poland – Mike Joseph* The Destruction of Galician Jewry and the

Deportations to Belzec – Robin O’Neil The Changing Maps of Eastern Europe – Hal

Bookbinder Waves of Immigration to Australia – Sophie

Caplan* The Censuses of the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom

including Belarus & Ukraine – Jeffrey Cymbler* Jewish Records Indexing – Poland Project –

Stanley Diamond JewishGen’s Research Projects for the New

Millenium – Joyce Field* Burial Societies in the NY Metro Area – Ada

Greenblatt* JGS NY Cemetery Project – Ada Greenblatt* Jewish Roots in Scotland – Harvey Kaplan* Integration of Jews arriving in France in the 19th

Century – Anne Lifschitz-Krams Hamburg Passenger Lists 1850 –1934 – Jurgen

Sielemann Liverpool to America: The Voyage of a Lifetime.

Tracing Jewish Immigrants in the U.S. Records – Marian Smith


4

2001 GG Family Finder By now, you should have received your copy of the 2001 Gesher Galicia Family Finder. If you haven't please contact Peter Zavon (email: [email protected]; postal mail: 30 Woodline Drive, Penfield, NY 14526-2414).

The Galitzianer will publish an update to the GGFF in its next issue. The update will list recently joined members and their research interests, as well as late changes in the contact information (address, phone, email) of continuing members.

Errata: Please correct Section A1 and A2 by adding the name and membership number for Max Heffler of Houston, TX, (member #1227) at the appropriate point in the first column of Page 3, Section A1; and in the first column of page 6, Section A2.

Also, please change the email address for Richard Schwarzstein (#226) to [email protected].

Lezajsk (Po) was inadvertently dropped from the Place Name Search List on page 11 of Section D. The surnames being searched in Lezajsk are listed under the place name Lesko (Po), along with the names for Lesko. Please make the following correction in your copy.

Contributors to Gesher Galicia A special “thank you” to the following members who made donations to Gesher Galicia for 2000-2001 above their membership dues.

Martin Baumrind Rabbi Yosef Becher Steve Bien Ann Brandt Fred Chenin Claire Colodny Jeff Cymbler Shoshana Egan Mervin A. Fahn Susan Fifer Carole Glick Fineberg Wylma Pencer Freedman Ima Joy Chodorow Gandler Catherine Rachel Glatt Rhoda Green Alan Greenberg Joseph L. Greene Carol Slutsky Hanig Donald Ian-Benet Howard S. Katz Rita Morgolies Ronny Munster Shirley PencerMonio Pilpel Alan Rauch Leslie Reich Gayle Schlissel Riley Charlie Roberts Chaya Roth, Ph.D. Frances Sacker Judy Salomon Arlene Raab Shykind Ina Schornstein Tillman Nadine Wagner Alan J. Zell


5

Buchach Norbert Porile [email protected] The translation of the Buchach Yizkor book is now in its second year. Our first professional translator had to leave the project and we now have a second translator working on the project. We have also benefited from the help of several volunteer translators. Approximately half of the 304- page book has been translated so far. The translation is posted on the JewishGen Yizkor book site, www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/translations.html.

We have now gone through two rounds of fund raising and have virtually used up the available funds. Anyone interested in Buchach is urged to support this project with a donation to the JewishGen Buchach translation project. The material translated so far contains a wealth of interesting information as well as the names of many hundreds of former residents. The above site has links to both on-line and mail-in donation forms. Donors can at the same time make a voluntary contribution to JewishGen to help defray general expenses associated with the Yizkor Book Translation Project. Anyone fluent in both Hebrew and English who might be interested in volunteering to translate some of the remaining material is urged to contact me. Gorodenka Norman Berman [email protected] The Gorodenka Web site can be found at http://shangrila.cs.ucdavis.edu:1234/heckman/gorodenka. Mark Heckman designed the site with some assistance from Norman Berman.

The site is dedicated to the study of Jewish family history in the area around the town of Gorodenka (Horodenka), now in Ukraine, but formerly part of Poland and the Austrian province of Galicia. Horodenka has had a long history and there is evidence of Jewish taxpayers residing in the town as far back as 1789 and probably before that time. Genealogists with non-Jewish ancestors from Horodenka may also find useful information on this site.

The site has many interesting new features that include maps, family and group photos, searchable databases, and historical research sources. There is also the Yizkor List of Holocaust Victims, which Mark Heckman and I translated. Recent additions include the introduction of family photos with

appropriate captions. If you have family photos to be posted contact Mark at [email protected].

We are still in the process of translating the Yizkor Book called “Sefer Horodenka.” The book is over 400 pages long and the vast majority of the text is in Yiddish and Hebrew. We are part of the Translation Project of JewishGen and are seeking tax-deductible contributions in order to hire a translator to translate those parts of the book which have not yet been translated. Those of you out there who have ancestors from Horodenka and would like to make a contribution can do so by accessing the “Yizkor Book” project on www.jewishgen.org. Once there, you will find the appropriate form for completion and submission.

If you have any questions, please contact me.

Ivano Frankovsk Denise Azbill [email protected]

The Ivano Frankovsk (Stanislawow) ShtetLinks site is located at www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org. We have a number of links of interest to Stanislawow researchers. Through private anonymous funding, we're building a database that will link thousands of records of data, including photographs both old and new, documenting Jewish life in Stanislawow. This database, targeted for July, 2001 will be searchable by surname, street name, and key word. All of the data, including photographs, will interface with a detailed clickable town street map that is already viewable on the site.

The Stanislawow - Ivano Frankovsk (SIF) Research Group encourages all members to add their surnames of interest to the JewishGen Family Finder, to be found at www.jewishgen.org. All discussions about the area will be included on the Galicia Mailing List (please go to www.jewishgen.org/listserv/sigs.htm to subscribe) but we also maintain a separate private mailing list for announcements to SIF researchers only. To join the SIF Announcements list, contact Denise Azbill at [email protected].

In another area of SIF research development, Susannah Juni recently announced that permission had been obtained for translation of the Yizkor Book. Fundraising is now being accepted for this project via www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/stanislawow-arim. Stanislawow was the third largest city in Galicia (after Lemberg / Lviv and Crakow). As such, those of you who are researching neighboring smaller towns might find it within your realm of interest to help support Stanislawow research projects.

Town U

pdates


6

Kolomyya Alan Weiser [email protected]

The Kolomea Research Group (KRG) continues to grow both in membership (43 members) and in features on our web site www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/kolomea/kolomad.htm. Since last reporting we have added another first-person account of life in Kolomea and exodus during WW I.

The project of translating 168 documents on war crimes in Kolomea and surrounding area from German to English has been completed. Member Georges Rosenfeld, assisted by member Bob Israel, headed the project. Georges has produced a database identifying the accused, victims, witnesses, and place and date of crime. This database will be posted on our web site under HOLOCAUST FACTS in the near future. We are seeking the help of KRG members or others with fluency in German-English translations to create summaries of selected documents. If you can help, please contact Alan Weiser, KRG Coordinator.

Another new feature added to our web site describes how Immigrant Passenger Manifests can be obtained from the U.S. National Archives. It identifies the type of information that can be obtained from these manifests about the immigrant. To ensure that you can obtain the manifest it is necessary that you have immigrant's name at entry, date of entry, port of entry and ship name. There are now at least two web sites that will eventually provide such information through the use of a surname searchable database. The Immigrant Ship Transcribers Guild at http://istg.rootsweb.com is slowly building up. The advantage of that site is that all ports to U.S., even those in Canada where U.S. is listed as final destination, will be covered. Another source of immigrant data is the new web site at www.ellisislandrecords.org. It is not complete, but contains quite a bit of information on those immigrants entering the United States via Ellis Island, New York.

Under the leadership of Saul Zeichner our web site section on surname meanings and origins continues to grow and to provide interesting insight on the names our ancestors carried. It also is a drawing point for new KRG member applications.

If you want to join the KRG please see the Member Data form link on our web site.

Mielec Dr. Howard I.A. Lieb [email protected]

As a descendant of several families from Mielec, a shtetl which changed hands from Austria-Hungary to Poland in the past century, I always wondered whether any of my relatives survived the holocaust. Through some online websites I was able to network with others on the same quest

I have received a number of inquiries from around the world as well as some interesting photos and other memorabilia from Mielec which we hope to post on an upcoming website of our own. In the meantime, if anyone with a connection to Mielec wishes to contribute information (names, etc.) to this effort they would be most welcome and appreciated.

Elderly Jew from Kolomyya, ca. 1880

A Message to Town Coordinators, Historians, et. al. The next issue of The Galitzianer will go to press around 15 July.

The deadline for submission of material for Town Updates will be 15 June. In unusual circumstances, the deadline may be extended through consultation with the Editor.


7

Lancut Peter Jassem [email protected]

Yizkor Book Project: The last issue of The Galitzianer reported the official launch of the Lancut Yizkor Book Project. At this point, we don't have funds to hire a translator. For a start, I am looking for volunteers to sponsor financially or translate one of the two (or both) small sections of the book that are most important for genealogical research. These are: "Index of Surnames" (9 pages, of which 4 have been already been marked up with transliteration of names) and the "In Memoriam Pages" section (in Yiddish), which include many names, obituaries and short articles about people of Lancut, who perished in the Holocaust (33 pages). If you would like to help, please contact me by e-mail (see above), post (at 321 Joicey Blvd., Toronto, ON M5M 2V8) or phone (416-782-3436) for further instructions. Web Page: I am also looking for material for the Lancut Web Page, which is to be available as a ShetLink on the JewishGen site. I have already collected and located some useful contents. Please contact me if you have or know of any material related to Lancut, whether a text, a database, a picture or interesting part of your research. Also, Web programmers and designers who would like to offer help are very welcome as well.

Tarnobrzeg Gayle Schlissel Riley [email protected]

The Tarnobrzeg-Dzikow Shtetlink web page has been up since August of 1999. We are redesigning it to look more professional and I am excited about the new design. It should be up before you see this.

The Tarnowski family archives are located in old Krakow at the castle/Wawel archives. There is an inventory of 900 pages for the years 1351-1947.

The 1772 census for Tarnobrzeg is now up on the web page. The problem with the census is that only 25% of the families have last names. There are also three Kollel donor lists on the web page.

I will be visiting the archive after the London convention and will report back to you what I find. I am told some of the records can be microfilmed, which I will do. In London I will meet with a member of the Tarnowski family, Andrew, a lovely man who is in his 60’s. He has some interviews with his older family members that he is willing to share with me.

If anyone has any information to share, please get in contact with me.

Radomysl Wielki Ben Weinstock [email protected]

I have recently obtained some documents that may be of interest to Radomysl Wielki researchers: A translation of the entry for "Rabbi Avraham

Chaim Horowitz, the son of Tzadik Rabbi Moshe Horowitz" from the 1911 book "Ohele-Shem."

A translation of the minutes of a town meeting in Radomysl Wielki c.1910, which lists the names of several Jewish men of the town.

The text of these items will be posted on the future Radomysl Wielki web page. In the meantime, anyone interested should contact me by email or via regular mail at 8121 23rd Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11214-2012. Rzeszow Marian Rubin [email protected] The Rzeszow birth records database on Jewish Records Indexing-Poland (JRI-Poland) has been expanded thanks to the work of Judie Ostroff-Goldstein and her team of volunteers. There are now an additional 2,700 birth records from the period 1835-1866 recorded in the city of Rzeszow. You can access the JRI-Poland database from the Rzeszow website: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Rzeszow.

When you type a surname to begin your search, you will see references to the surname if it appears in other towns in Galicia before you get to the Rzeszow records. If you see the name of a family member in the Rzeszow records, and wish to have a photocopy of the actual record, contact Eden Joachim ([email protected]) for information on ordering the booklet of the records:

Use the Rzeszow website also to access the Rzeszow Yizkor Book chapters that have been translated into English. An index with over 3,000 names from the translated chapters appears with the online translation.

Scott Genzer took recent photographs of gravestones in the Rzeszow cemetery; these can be viewed on the website. The transcriptions on the stones have been translated.

If your family lived in the city of Rzeszow, I invite you to add your name to the Rzeszow Research Group email list. As new information develops, I send a message to the group. Please contact me to have your name added to the list, or to inquire about your family.


8

THE GREAT GALICIAN INDEXING RACE IS ON … Mark Halpern, AGAD Coordinator, JRI – Poland

In the February Galitzianer, I introduced the AGAD Archives project by telling you that JRI-Poland would be indexing 19th-Century vital records of 82 towns that are housed at the AGAD Archives in Warsaw. I also said we were starting with a limited number of towns in the Tarnopol area. Read on to find out how the project is expanding. The Great Galician Indexing Race JRI-Poland is launching the second phase of the AGAD Archives project—The Great Galician Indexing Race. The Race is a unique competition whose goal is to challenge researchers to ensure that their town’s records are indexed as soon as possible.

The Tarnopol Area initiative allowed JRI-Poland to work out the indexing and ordering process. Initially we had planned to index the AGAD records on an area-by-area basis. However, we felt this would be inherently unfair to some researchers and more complex to administer that needed.

So now all the remaining towns will be part of the second phase. The Race is to get your town onto the Indexing Schedule. It’s simple: indexing of a town’s records will be assured once 75% of the town’s fund raising target has been reached. The target is an estimate of the cost to index the town’s records based on a detailed inventory of the records. The AGAD Archives is preparing these inventories for the 90 towns. As of April 15, we have inventories and cost estimates for 81 towns. The table below shows the 90 towns, their estimated cost of indexing, funds raised as of April 15, percent completion, an indexing priority (if the town has met 75% of the target), the Town Leader, and the Town Leader’s e-mail address. Although indexing will be assured once 75% of the target is met, the indices will not be added to the JRI-Poland database until 100% of the target is reached.

For more information, see our web page at www.jewishgen.org/JRI-PL/galicia/index.htm or write me at [email protected]. What Towns Records are Included? If your ancestral town was in East Galicia and is not amongst the 90 towns, your town’s records could still have been registered in one of these towns. The towns included in this project are all Subdistrict towns. The Jewish Community in each town was required by law to collect the vital records for many nearby towns.

Now that you know that your ancestral town’s records may be included in one of the Subdistrict towns, you will ask how do I find where my town’s records were registered? There are two sources:

1. Finding Your Jewish Roots in Galicia: A Resource Guide by Suzan F. Wynne has a finding aid, starting on page 132, that alphabetically lists Galician towns where Jews were living during the 1870 census. Alongside, the town listed as Subdistrict is where those records were registered.

2. At www.polishroots.com/galicia_towns.htm is a Galician Town Locator, which will identify where Jewish vital records were registered. Using the Austrian era name, insert your town’s name and click on “search.” The resultant table will show where Jewish records were kept.

Just one word of caution. Not all Subdistrict town records are housed at the AGAD Archives and not all years for the Subdistrict towns in the Table are maintained at AGAD. Some records could be housed at the Lviv, Ukraine State Archives, and no records have been found for some Subdistrict towns. Contributing to the Indexing Race If you want to see your town’s records indexed, now is the time to volunteer to be a Town Leader. Town Leaders are responsible for raising the funds to pay for the cost of the indexing for their town. The Table shows which towns do not have a Town leader. Interested? Please contact me.

If you cannot be a Town Leader, just send in a donation and encourage others to do the same. Contributions to "Jewish Records Indexing - Poland" may be made by check, bank draft, money order, or Visa Card. Send to:

Jewish Records Indexing - Poland, Inc. c/o Sheila Salo, Treasurer 5607 Greenleaf Road Cheverly, MD 20785 USA Telephone / Fax: (301) 341-1261 email: [email protected]

Visa contributions may be telephoned to Sheila Salo. (Only between 8am to 8:00 pm Eastern US time). Please be sure to write “AGAD – (Your Town Name)” on your check or on your correspondence.

The indexing of the 12 Tarnopol Area towns will be completed first. As of April 15, fifteen of the remaining 78 towns have secured their priority position in the Indexing Race. To help secure your town’s position, act now. Those researchers who donate a qualifying amount will be eligible to receive the Excel files with all of your town’s record indices. Contact the Town Leader or myself to determine the minimum qualifying amount.

Notes to the table on the next page: N/A = Inventory and fundraising target not yet available Full = Fundraising target met. Ph. 1 = Phase One Town Done = Indexing complete and all available records on JRI-Poland Database

JRI-P

olan

d


9

Po

lish

Tow

n N

ame

Est

imat

ed

Cos

t of

Inde

xing

Fu

nds

Rai

sed

To

Dat

e %

C

ompl

ete

Inde

xing

Pr

iori

ty

T

own

Lea

der

Bialy Kamien 419 Full 100% 2 Ada Greenblatt Bolechow 976 150 15% D. Gottdenker Borszczow 942 194 21% Boryslaw 2,263 225 10% A. Sharon Bobrka 98 Full 100% 4 B. Shulster Brzezany 1,518 665 44% Ph. 1 Jill Rothwell Buczacz N/A 800 75%+ 15 Tom Weiss Budzanow N/A Bukaczowce 102 Full 100% 7 B. Shulster Bursztyn 1,531 Chorostkow N/A Czortkow 1,057 Drohobycz 3,862 400 10% Carol Feinberg Gliniany N/A Gologory 387 Full 100% 12 Michael Miller Grodek Jagellonski 650 Full 100% 5 Mike Kalt Gwozdziec Miasto 30 Horodenka 1,834 25 1% Husiatyn 532 499 94% 13 Jack Hoadley Jagielnica 1,526 109 7% Janow N/A 25 Jaryczow Nowy 156 25 16% Jaworow 2,313 Kamionka Strumilowa 1,498 300 20% Kolomea 6,058 25 0% Alan Weiser Komarno 269 50 19% Israel Pickholtz Kopyczynce 788 450 57% Jack Hoadley Kosow 943 Kozlow 326 Full 100% Ph. 1 Mark Halpern Kozowa 228 Full 100% Done Jay Hackin Krakowiec 430 Krzywcze Gorne 206 Kudrynce 87 25 29% Lee Bothast Lubycza Krolewska 67 Lwow N/A 25 Mielnica 1,214 25 2% Lee Bothast Mikulince 728 200 27% Ph. 1 Leslie Safran Mosty Wielkie 442 Mosciska 379 Sam Ditzion Nadworna 1,326 Full 100% 3 Brooke

Schreier Narajow Miasto 353 Full 100% Ph. 1 Paul Gordon Nawarya 65 Obertyn 819 Full 100% 1 John Stachel Okopy 11 Olesko 161 Oleszyce 78 Podhajce 679 495 73% J. Rosenbaum Podwoloczyska 497 235 47% Ph. 1 Leslie Safran Pomorzany N/A Rawa Ruska 1,776 Rohatyn 1,236 500 40% Alan Greenberg Rozdol 668 250 37% Israel Pickholtz Rudki 882 Sambor 2,141 Sasow 296 Skala 1,200 Denise Azbill Skalat 1,238 Full 100% Ph. 1 Israel Pickholtz Skole 754 150 20% Israel Pickholtz

Sokal 1,480 Sokolowka 40 Full 100% 8 Stanislawow 3,989 525 13% Stara Sol 41 Stary Sambor 732 Stratyn 68 Strusow 150 Stryj 2,470 525 21% Mike Kalt Strzeliska Nowe 199 Full 100% 9 Barry Megdal Szczerzec 272 125 46% Sandi Goldsmith Swirz 62 Tarnopol 4,698 3,870 82% Ph. 1 Mark Halpern Tartakow Miasto 374 Torczyn N/A Trembowla 245 Full 100% Done Rabbi Gary Gans Turowka N/A Uhnow 619 Ulaszkowce 34 Full 100% 6 Uscie Biskupie 86 Full 100% 11 Ignacio Sternberg Wielkie Oczy 369 Stephen Landau Winniki 23 Zablotow 522 Full 100% 10 Ron Schechter Zalozce 1,059 525 50% Ph. 1 Israel Pickholtz Zawalow 12 Zbaraz 1,020 360 35% Ph. 1 Israel Pickholtz Zborow 428 Full 100% Done Ricki Zunk Zloczow 1,837 50 3% Zabie 164 Zniesienie 1,113 Zolkiew 1,958 Zurawno 145 Full 100% 14 Israel Pickholtz Zydaczow 418

Town Leader Town Leader EMAIL Denise Azbill [email protected] Lee Bothast [email protected] Sam Ditzion [email protected] Carol Feinberg [email protected] Rabbi Gary Gans [email protected] Sandi Goldsmith [email protected] Paul Gordon [email protected] David Gottdenker [email protected] Alan Greenberg [email protected] Ada Greenblatt [email protected] Jay Hackin [email protected] Mark Halpern [email protected] Jack Hoadley [email protected] Mike Kalt [email protected] Stephen Landau [email protected] Barry Megdal [email protected] Michael Miller [email protected] Israel Pickholtz [email protected] Jean Rosenbaum [email protected] Jill Rothwell [email protected] Leslie Safran [email protected] Ron Schechter [email protected] Brooke Schreier [email protected] Alexander Sharon [email protected] Beverly Shulster [email protected] John Stachel [email protected] Ignacio Sternberg [email protected] Alan Weiser [email protected] Tom Weiss [email protected] Ricki Zunk [email protected]


10

The Jewish vital records in the Przemysl branch of the Polish State Archives are now being indexed under the auspices of JRI–Poland. The project includes the city of Przemysl and three surrounding towns (Jaroslaw, Oleszyce and Radymno). (Also see the preceding article.)

With the exception of some birth and death records for Oleszyce, these records have NOT been microfilmed by the LDS (Mormons). Because there are no index pages, indexing of the records will be done by the staff of the Przemysl branch working directly for JRI-Poland. Once completed, the indices will be made available through the JRI-Poland searchable database.

The following records/years are being indexed:

Town Births Years

Marriages Years

Deaths Years

Jaroslaw 196 13 138 1877 1877 1877 Przemysl City 16,104 1,244 17,864 1790-1827,

1853-1893 1790-1893 1790-1893

Oleszyce 938 101 501 1865-76 1860-76 1870-76 Radymno 73 0 39 1877 1877 1877

Following successful searches of the indices, researchers will be able to order records directly from the Przemysl branch in a cost-effective way.

I have volunteered to be the Archive Coordinator for this project. Town Leaders, who have the responsibility for raising the necessary funds for indexing the records for their towns, are

City of Przemysl: Ilan Blech ([email protected]) Jaroslaw: Marcia Meyers ([email protected]) Radymno: Jeff Levin ([email protected]) Oleszyce: Nancy Levin Arbeiter, CGRS ([email protected])

Contact them with question regarding their specific towns/city.

The latest project status report can be found on the JRI-Poland website. Two thirds of the necessary funds have been contributed, but additional funding is required. For information about how to make a contribution, see the preceding article.

We thank those who are helping for their support. If you are interested in this project and/or want to volunteer to help, please contact any of the Town Leaders or me for additional information.

Przemysl Archives Roberta Cohen Jainchill, Project Coordinator, Przemysl Archive Project [email protected]


11

JewishGen’s Yizkor Book Project History and Accomplishments Joyce Field, JewishGen Vice President, Research [email protected]

Yizkor books are memorial books to commemorate communities destroyed in the Holocaust. They are generally published by a landsmannschaft, a group of people from a particular town who emigrated to Israel, the United States, South America, or South Africa before World War II or who were Holocaust survivors from the town. They contain valuable information about a town, including a history of the town, biographies of prominent people, photographs and lists of townspeople who perished in the Holocaust, and sometimes the location of survivors. These books are of particular interest to professional genealogists and historians as well as to “amateurs”—laypersons who want to learn more about their ancestral homes. Although most books were published in the 1950s to the 1970s, some are still being written today.

The majority of yizkor books were written in Yiddish and/or Hebrew. (The Yizkor Book Database now has 1093 unique entries and about half are written at least partly in Yiddish.) This makes the books authentic records of Jewish life in the towns—primarily in central and eastern Europe—where our ancestors lived. The flavor of the culture as well as the history is preserved. However, the fact that these books were written in Yiddish—and many more in Hebrew—means that most American Jews are not able to read and understand the original texts. In addition, since these books were usually privately printed in small numbers, they are not generally available and are relatively expensive to purchase.

There are different kinds of yizkor books. Most tell the story of one town. Some tell the history of a number of towns in a region. As many of the towns were quite small, it would not have been feasible to have a separate book on each one. Each of these two types is written in a similar fashion: chapters are written by different persons, most of whom had never written anything for publication before. Although the writing style may not be polished, it reveals the raw emotions of the writer. Very often a “professional” editor was selected to help put the book together but often the role was to mediate the conflicting points of view of the writers. Arguments about the content of the book were frequent and brutal.

The third type is an encyclopedia of communities, such as the Pinkas HaKehillot, published by Yad Vashem. These volumes have an academic tone and contain more factual material than is typical of the volumes written by laypersons. Each of the 17 volumes already published contains a separate chapter on towns in the geographical area of the book. There are seven volumes alone on Poland:

Vol. I: Lodz region, 1976 Vol. II: Eastern Galicia, 1980 Vol. III: Western Galicia and Silesia, 1984 Vol. IV: Warsaw region, 1989 Vol. V: Volhynia and Polesie, 1990 Vol. VI: Poznan, Pomerania and Danzig Vol. VII: Kielce and Lublin, 1999

Yizkor Book Project In 1994 some members of the JewishGen Internet

Discussion group, all volunteers, created the Yizkor Book Special Interest Group (SIG), its mission being to make yizkor books more accessible.

The first project was to create a master database of all known yizkor books, together with information about researchers who either owned or wanted to purchase the book, information about who had translated parts of the book, and who would contribute to the translation of the book. A second purpose was to enable people with interests in the same town or yizkor book to contact one another and pool resources for translation.

Another purpose was to put actual translations on the yizkor book web site so they could be accessible to any researcher. Much preliminary work was needed to implement this goal, primarily work on copyright issues. Susannah Juni did much of the background work to solve this thorny issue. In fact, when Susannah turned over the reins of the translation project to me during August 1997, there were only a few copyright issues left to work on. Over the years we changed forms and procedures, making each iteration more “user friendly.” The project was the groundbreaker for all other JewishGen projects: donor agreements and permission forms in use today were adapted from those of the Yizkor Book Project.

On October 6, 1997 the first translation went online at www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/translations.html. Of interest to readers of The Galitzianer is that the first translation was the Stanislawow chapter from the Pinkas HaKehillot on Eastern Galicia. In December 1997 a partial translation of Debica went online and it has been frequently updated since then. In January 1998 we published the translation of Tysmenitsa.

Feature Articles


12

Thus, Galicia had a significant impact on the early years of the Yizkor Book Project. At last count, 54 of the online translations are of Galician towns.

The number of translations increases weekly. In addition, the number of “hits” on the web site increases each month. At the end of March 2001 we had 282 entries for 271 individual books. In March 2000 we had 198 entries. During 2000 the web site received 837,514 hits, but in March 2001 alone there were 139,129 hits. And the size of the site almost doubled in the past 12 months.

The Yizkor Book Project contains other information: there are listings of the yizkor book holdings of major libraries, of retail establishments that sell yizkor books, and of translators of yizkor book material. There is also a glossary of yizkor book terms and links to other databases that have yizkor book materials. All in all, this is a treasure trove of information for Jewish historians and genealogy researchers.

In December 2000 we published the Necrology Index. The JewishGen Yizkor Book Necrology Database indexes the names of persons in the necrologies—the lists of Holocaust martyrs—published in the yizkor books appearing on the JewishGen Yizkor Book Translation Project. This database is only an index of names; it directs researchers back to the yizkor book itself, where more complete information may be available. This database allows the surnames to be searched via Soundex. Because most of these names were transliterated from Hebrew and Yiddish, the spellings of the surnames may not be as you are used to seeing them in Latin-alphabet sources. In April 2001 we published an update to the Index, which now contains over 105,000 names.

The number of entries listed for each town does not equal the number of persons memorialized. Each yizkor book had its own style and format for listing a necrology. Some list each person separately on their own line, while many others have each family group recorded as a single record. Many of the family groups are inexact, such as "Mordche and family," or "Haim, Liba and children," or "Shlomo and wife," or "Feyga and her two sons," so we are not attempting to separate these. Only the full family group record as a whole unit makes sense, by providing its own context. Thus the 105,000 entries in this database represent over 250,000 individuals, or about 4% of all Holocaust victims.

Future We cannot rest on our laurels. There is still much to be done. Some of the tasks require human resources and some require financial resources.

• The pool of Yiddish and Hebrew translators with appropriate characteristics needs to be increased: they must be as adept in these languages as they are in English; they must be able to commit to the translation of a large book; and they must, I have to add, charge moderate fees. From time to time we also need translators of Polish, Russian, Hungarian, and German. It is also important for translators to have computer skills and email.

• Some translations initially were financed by pooling the financial contributions of individuals to pay for the translation. However, it soon became clear that these pools of funds were inadequate to translate whole books of large towns. So JewishGen established the JewishGenerosity fundraising page on behalf of the Yizkor Book Project to enable us to extend the scope of our translation and web publishing effort. As of the end of March 2001 we had 35 separate fundraising projects. Contributions can be made for the translation of a single yizkor book or for yizkor book translations in general. Since JewishGen is a 501(c)(3) organization, donations are tax-deductible. Contributions can be made online at www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/translations.html.

• Considering the rapid growth of the Project, it is anticipated that we cannot continue to manage this project without some paid staff. In 2000 we added 89 new books and updated 122 books, all with volunteer htmlers. The number of graphic images in the books keeps increasing. And we have a side by side presentation—Yiddish pages alongside the English translation—in one book. The challenge now is how to pay for the infrastructure, the administration, and the maintenance of the Yizkor Book web site. We are a creature of our own success! As JewishGen has experienced unprecedented growth over the last few years, how to manage that growth and pay the increasing costs of maintaining the web site have become constant themes.


13

Girls Enrolled in Tarnow Trivium School in 1854 We are indebted to PolishRoots™, The Polish Genealogy Source, for publishing the contents of the booklet pictured in the next column on its website at www.polishroots.org/tarnow_school.htm.

The title of the booklet is Classification of Female Students of a Trivium School in Tarnow Arranged According to the Academic Achievement on the Completion of the Second Semester of 1854.

Peter Jassem cites some historical facts from Dzieje Miasta Tarnowa, by Leniek, Herzig and Lesniak, published in Tarnow in 1911: “On Feb. 16 1815 the regional authority of Tarnow decided to expand an existing semi-private school for girls founded by Jozef Lignau in 1789 and create a public school for girls. As a result, the Trivium School in Tarnow was opened on August 17, 1818. It enrolled 86 students. (At the time there were 148 girls of school age in Tarnow including suburbs and 146 in surrounding villages.) One-third of the rent was to be split between Catholic and Jewish congregations, two-thirds was paid by town and region.”

We have extracted from the document the names that we somewhat arbitrarily thought might be Jewish, and rearranged the list alphabetically:

Band, Lia Baron, Scheindel Bass, AnnaBau, Jutel Baumfeld, Helena Baumfeld, Maria Berger, Rezi Bernas, Jozefa Brobtuch, Maria Ettinger, Jozefa Feig, Rebeka Flaum, Laje Folner, Tekla Frisch, Anna Gelbwachs, Cipora Goldhammer, Rebeka Grunfeld, Maria Habermann, Zirl Heller, Roza Hocker, Rachel Hoffman, Sara Horn, Rachel Ingber, Fradl Jakobi, Maria Kalm, Rozalia Kellman, Neche

Koch, Anna Kollmann, Paulina Mahler, Adela Mahler, Debora Mahler, Rebeka Meiseles, Lia Platzmann, Blume Platzmann, Rezi Rappaport, Ester Ratz, Sara Reier, Ferdzia Rosner, Eleonora Rothenstein, Haja Schmal, Leie Schonfeld, Fani Schreiber, Joanna Schreiber, Teresa Schwarz, Sabina Silbermann, Rachel Sommer, Rozalia Spielmann, Adela Staudinger, Katarzyna Staudinger, Maria Sternglanz, Maria Stuber, Cili


14

I recently reviewed a book entitled The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland. This book, published in 1963 (by Exposition Press in New York) for the Medical Alliance - Association of Jewish Physicians from Poland, contains a section with the names of approximately 2500 Jewish doctors who died at the hands of the Nazis. That section, entitled "Martyred Name Born Specialty Aberdam, Mateusz (Marcin)

1899 Gynecologist

Blech, Bernard 1869 Internist, Pediatrician. Brand, Izaak (Edward ?)

1884 Dermatologist

Brand, Izydor 1908 Felsen, Saul 1897 Stomatologist Grabscheid, Maurycy 1864 Internist, Gynecologist Grabscheid, Michal 1866 Internist, Senior Physician Henner, Edward 1904 Pediatrician, Internist Hessel, Bruno 1907 Assistant Physician in

Jewish Hospital, Internist Jakubowicz, Aba 1904 Neurologist Kohn, Klemens 1904 General Practitioner,

Gynecologist Kupfer, Emanuel 1906 General Practitioner Kutna, Natan (Samuel) 1863

Hungary Laryngologist

Lebel, Henryk Gynecologist Meier Or Majer, Salomon (?)

1893 Stomatologist

Nussbaum, Salomon Associate Physician in the Surgical Department of the Jewish General Hospital

Ochsenberg, Joachim 1893 Pediatrician Oller, Michal 1870

Stryj Dermatologist

Rawicz, Stanislaw 1907 General Practitioner Reben, Jozef Rinde, Abraham 1894 Roentgenology Schmiedel, Mayer 1900 Laryngologist, General

Practitioner Stapp, Emanuel 1889 Bacteriologist Stapp-Gans, Helena (Wife of Emanuel Stapp)

1893 Ophthalmologist

Susswein, Alfred 1910 Worked in Neurological Department of Warsaw Jewish Hospital

Susswein, Jerzy (Brother of Alfred Susswein)

Turteltaub, Szymon 1872 Gynecologist, Obstetrician Ueberall, Edward 1899 Stomatologist

Physicians," was researched and documented by Dr. Leopold Lazarowitz and Dr. Simon Malowist.There are approximately 30 doctors in the listing who either were born in Przemysl or practiced medicine there. These names are listed in the table on the left with their year of birth and medical specialty, where given.

For more information about any of these physicians, contact me at [email protected] . Also contact me to check for the name of any Jewish doctor believed to have died in the Shoah. I'd be happy to see if it is included on the list. In another section of the book dealing with doctors who died as underground activists (page 249), there is mention of a Dr. Samuel Szenker from Przemysl.

Also in a section discussing doctors of the 16th century, there is mention (on page 7) of a Dr. Mordechai (Marcus) Schwartz.

This book is available in at least three locations: The Library of Congress, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the University of Chicago. It is available on Interlibrary Loan. The book is in English.

Kamionka Strumilova

Bimah of the Wooden Synagogue, ca. 1910

Martyred Przemysl Physicians Leon Gold [email protected]


15

The Galitzianer is pleased to publish Professor Piotr Wróbel’s article, “The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867-1918,” which we will publish in three installments. Professor Wróbel holds the Konstanty Reynart Chair in Polish Studies in the Department of History at the University of Toronto. He wrote this article to fill the great dearth of scholarly literature on Galicia.

Professor Wróbel has also taught at the University of Warsaw, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and the University of California-Davis. He was scholar-in-residence at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1999. He has authored or co-authored nine books and over 50 scholarly articles.

Due to space limitations, we are unable to publish the accompanying endnotes. Interested readers are urged to contact the Editor for an electronic copy of the full scholarly apparatus accompanying the article.

Galicia occupied an important place in the history of the Jewish Diaspora. Galician Jews made up a majority of Habsburg subjects of Mosaic faith and formed a cultural bridge between West- and Ost-juden. Numerous outstanding Jewish

political figures and scholars, such as Isaac Deutscher, Karl Radek and Martin Buber, were born or raised in Galicia, where Zionist and Jewish socialist movements flourished at that time. The unique atmosphere of a Galician shtetl was recorded in Hassidic tales, in the books of Emil Franzos, Manes Sperber, Bruno Schulz, Andrzej Kusniewicz and others. Scholarly works on Jewish Galicia are, however, mostly outdated and relatively short. Consequently, scholars who use information on Galicia only as supplementary data often make numerous errors, and even for an educated American or West European Galicia remains a land of mystery. Marsha Rozenblit is absolutely right when she concludes a review essay, "The Jews of the Dual Monarchy," with the observation: "Indeed, it would be nice to know more about the traditional Jewish population of Moravia, Galicia and Hungary." The present article is a contribution to filling that gap with regard to Galicia.

Galicia constituted the largest and simultaneously the poorest and the most retarded province of Austria. The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was created in 1773 out of the territories ceded to the Habsburg Empire after the First Partition of Poland in 1772.

Previously, Galicia had no separate identity within the Polish state. The new name of the southern Polish lands, grabbed by Austria, harked back to the medieval principalities of Halich and Vladimir, once claimed by the Hungarian state. In 1795 Galicia was enlarged by the Austrian share of the Third Partition of Poland, which was recaptured by the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 and after the Congress of Vienna formed a part of the Russian controlled Congress Kingdom of Poland. In 1846, the tiny, puppet Republic of Cracow was added and after this reorganization Galicia, covering about 20,000 square miles, remained unchanged until the end of its existence in October 1918.

Galician history, like that of the entire Habsburg Empire, can be divided into three periods: (1) the absolutist era before 1848; (2) the decade of revolution, counter-revolution and neo-absolutism of 1848-59 and the struggle for democratic changes 1859-67; and (3) the epoch of Galician autonomy 1867-1918. Initially, the monarchs of Austria thought of exchanging the province for another territory and, as a result, Galicia was ruled more harshly than the neighboring Russian and Prussian provinces of former Poland. Galicia stagnated after 1772 and was exploited economically, cut off from its Polish hinterland, treated as a reservoir of manpower for the Austrian army, burdened with a monstrous bureaucracy and numerous border garrisons. Polish patriots were harassed by the inquisitorial police system, and the entire Polish population was Germanized.

The revolution of 1848 significantly changed the Empire and introduced the unwritten rule that all people should be treated as equals under the law. A new period began in the economic and social history of Galicia: serfdom was abolished and the first changes leading to a capitalist society were

The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867-1918: Part I Professor Piotr Wróbel


16

introduced. Political change was slowed with the triumph of the counter-revolution and the reestablishment of absolutism in 1851. However, Hungarian rebelliousness, Austrian policy during the Crimean War of 1854-56, the Italian War of 1859 and the loss of the Italian provinces, the defeat in the struggle for supremacy in Germany and several lesser problems pushed the emperor towards new reforms and liberal constitutional experiments. The February Patent of 1861 established a constitutional system in Austria which also brought into being separate administrative institutions in Galicia. In 1867, after the Compromise with Hungary and the reorganization of the Empire as the Dual Monarchy, a broad autonomy was granted to Galicia. The province was administered by the Poles themselves, that is by an oligarchy of Polish nobles. Polish became the official language and Galicia was reshaped into a center of Polish culture, influencing the other parts of partitioned Poland.

The Galician Diet (the Sejm) and the entire apparatus of self-government was, however, dominated by the Polish lower nobility. The total number of registered landowners did not exceed 2,000, mostly noble families, but among them there were only about 400 families, which (in 1866) owned 42.98% of arable land, 90.45% of forests, and preserved numerous traces of feudalism. By 1890 the supremacy of the Galician nobility came under challenge by new political and economic forces, mostly of peasant origins; but still, representatives of the rich gentry owned 41.3% of arable land and forests (in 1889), almost half of which were held by 161 families. Legal Position of Galician Jews Austria, like Prussia and Russia, was confronted with a large scale Jewish problem for the first time after acquiring Polish territories. In 1785 there were 150,000 Jews in the Habsburg lands outside Galicia: about 70,000 in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and about 80,000 in the vast Hungarian Kingdom. No Jews lived in Austria proper: Emperor Leopold I had banished them from Vienna in 1669 and two years later from the whole of Lower Austria. The exiled Jews moved to the West, to Prussia and to Hungary, where Jewish communities suffered heavy casualties during the Turkish wars. Even without counting Galician Jews, Habsburg Jews constituted a relatively large community in eighteenth century Europe: there were about 40,000 Jews in France at this time; Dutch and British Jewries were even less numerous. Galician Jewry was much larger: the Austrian

administration listed 171,851 Jews in Galicia after the First Partition of Poland and 215,447 in 1785, which made up almost 9% of the entire Galician population.

Habsburgs' Jewish subjects were dispersed over immense territories, and by the end of the eighteenth century an Austrian Jewish elite entered an era of rapid modernization. A relatively large number of Jews went to secular, non-Jewish schools and started successful big businesses or even converted. A comparatively large group of Jewish entrepreneurs, readmitted to Vienna in the 1690s, lived or conducted business in that city. Some of them made fortunes during the wars against revolutionary France. In the 1780s, Emperor Joseph II ennobled the first Austrian Jews, mostly rich court bankers. Galician Jews were less modernized and their situation was harder. In 1764, Jewish self-government in Poland, the so-called Council of Four Lands, was abolished, but the authority of the Jewish communities and conservative rabbis was so great that it was hard to weaken their power. Poland, falling apart, was not able to protect its Jews, who were oppressed in many ways. The Jews of Galicia were ruined during the devastating wars fought on Polish territories in the eighteenth century. Galician Jews were divided into at least two parts: adherents of orthodoxy and admirers of Baal Shem Tov.

Empress Maria Theresa treated Galicia as a bargaining chip and tried to exploit the province as much as possible. The Empress, a bigoted Catholic, detested the Jews. Despite this she intended to profit from the presence of the Galician Jews, although that was not easy to do. The new border, which divided partitioned Poland, had negative economic consequences, especially for Jews. Maria Theresa's "Code of Regulations Concerning the Jews" of 1776 proclaimed that Jewish beggars should be expelled from Galicia and that only rich Jews would be allowed to settle there. Jewish artisans were not permitted to work for Christian customers, except in places where no Christian was working at the same time, and Jewish traders could not sell products controlled by state monopoly. Maria Theresa's Judenordnung levied several heavy taxes on Jews and created a new autonomous board of trustees (Generaljudendirection) to help collect them. The board was presided over by a chief rabbi and consisted of six district elders and six deputies from different parts of the province.

Maria Theresa's successor and an admirer of Enlightenment, Joseph II, wished to systematize and administratively supervise the entire life of his subjects. They were to be reshaped into loyal citizens


17

and taxpayers, Austrian patriots and potential soldiers. The emperor abolished some feudal privileges, improved the situation of peasants and changed again the status of Jews. They were partially admitted to civil rights, to education, and to numerous previously prohibited professions. Jews were allowed to settle in all cities and to hire Christians. To make Jews more useful to the state, Joseph II intended to terminate the traditional "separatism" of the Jews and to expose them to intense modernization and Germanization. Jews were encouraged to take up agricultural work and to send their children to government schools, established for the education of Jews. The new position of Galician Jewry was codified in the status of 1785, abolishing the Generaldirektion and in the Toleranzpatent of 1789. The latter was the most liberal of the Emperor's Decrees of Toleration for the Jews in any of the Habsburg lands. However, the document contained numerous contradictions. The Patent abolished the autonomy of the kahals (rabbinical courts) but kept the Jewish population in ghettos. Jews were forbidden to hold leases (arenda) of mills, inns, breweries and estates, or even to reside in rural areas except to work on the land or as artisans. Jews had to serve in the army and were declared members of the communities in which they lived, but at the same time special Jewish taxes were retained or even increased. The authors of the Patent wanted to limit the increase of the Jewish population, and therefore, among other means, marriage taxes were introduced for the Jews. Fortunately for the Jews of Galicia, the Austrian administration was not able to implement all of these regulations.

Joseph II's successors discontinued his policy and opposed the emancipation of the Jewish people. All government schools established by Joseph II for education of Jews in Galicia were closed and the right of the Jews to participate in municipal elections was sharply limited, personal service in the army was abolished and replaced by the old Polish exemption tax. The plan of settling Jews on government-owned land failed, most Jews were excluded from the inner city of Lwow (Lviv), foreign Jews could come to Galicia only for a limited time and, from 1811, all newcomers from Poland had to pay a poll-tax. Joseph II's detailed codification succeeded only in one point: numerous Jewish arenda-holders and innkeepers lost their businesses, which meant that close to one-third of the Jewish population of Galicia was deprived of its means of livelihood.

Many relics of medievalism survived in Galician legislation until the middle of the nineteenth century.

Numerous cities had Jewish ghettos or even managed to keep old Polish "privilegia de non tolerandis Judaeis." The burdensome system of Jewish taxation was extended. An imperial order of 1810 sought to limit Jewish marriages by decreeing that no one could marry unless he had passed an examination in religion based on German catechism. Secular education and the abandonment of distinctive dress was encouraged but the system of oppression, which remained unchanged until 1848, preserved the old Jewish social structure, pushed almost a half of the Jewish population in Galicia beyond the limits of poverty and produced crowds of Luftmenschen.

Jewish emancipation was accelerated during the "Springtime of Nations" in 1848. Habsburg Jews took part in the revolutionary events in the entire Empire, demanding equal rights for themselves. Even earlier, in 1846, Jews participated in the rising at Cracow and a number of them were jailed as a result. That same year Austria incorporated the Republic of Cracow. Jews in Galicia continued a political fight, calling for civil rights, already enjoyed by Jews in other parts of Austria. In spring of 1848, when the first news about the outbreak of the revolution came to Galicia, the Jews ceased to pay taxes on kosher meat and candles. Jewish representatives joined a delegation, which went to Vienna to present to the emperor the Galician postulates. The most important of them included the liberation of peasants and the termination of statutes that singled out Jews. Two Jews from Galicia were members of Kremsier Reichstag, and Isaac N. Mannheimer, a Vienna rabbi, was elected for Brody. The Austrian constitution of April 1848 granted equal rights and civil liberties to all social groups. However, it did not abolish all Jewish restrictions and taxes. These were abolished in October 1848, when the Reichstag declared null and void all the semi-feudal estate taxes. The constitution of March 1849 confirmed these principles. Jews were given full civil rights, were allowed to settle in all Habsburg lands and to buy real estate.

The "Springtime of Nations" brought Jewish and Polish elites closer together and introduced the principle of equality into Galician politics. This principle was broken, however, after the defeat of the revolution. At the end of 1851, the 1848 constitution was revoked. Certain anti-Jewish restrictions were reintroduced, while others were enforced by local authorities contrary to the law but with the toleration of the government. Jews of Galicia lost the right to buy land, and they were frequently restricted to ghettos and driven from town centers. Craftsmen's guilds, public service and university professorships


18

were closed to Jews and their representation on city councils were sharply limited. Special taxes on Jews were collected again, Christians were not allowed to work in Jewish enterprises.

The conservative forces, which dominated Austrian political life after 1849, saw their predominance come to an end when the Habsburg Empire was defeated by France and Piedmont in 1859, which led the emperor to introduce reforms. In the same year of 1859, anti-Jewish marriage restrictions were lifted and Jews were allowed to witness in court against Christians, to practice all artisan professions, to work as chemists and tavern owners and to buy real estate anywhere. However, Lwow and Cracow managed to preserve their ghettos until 1867. In 1861, Jews received the right to be elected to the Sejm and, in the same year, during the first election, four Jewish deputies entered the provincial parliament. The Austrian constitution of 1867 granted Jews equal rights which meant a termination of all feudal restrictions.

The principles of the 1867 constitution were realized in different ways in different fields of life. Constitutional theory and everyday practice met in the closest way in municipal self-government. By 1874, the Jews were represented in 261 city councils. Forty five other Galician city councils lacked Jewish deputies. In the second half of the nineteenth century, 10 cities in Galicia elected Jewish mayors. Only a few Jews represented their communities in the largest cities of the province. There were only five Jewish deputies among 100 council members in Lwow and only 11 Jews among 60 members of the city council in Cracow. The number of Jewish representatives in the Sejm, consisting of 150-155 members, seldom exceeded five.

Jews were also rarely admitted to the civil service: in 1897 only 5.8% of the Galician judiciary staff were of Jewish origin, 4.7% of them were public notaries. A similar situation prevailed at the universities. New limitations appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. A state salt-monopoly was introduced in 1910, and as a consequence hundreds of Jews lost their jobs. A year later, Jews were forbidden to sell alcoholic beverages; 15,000 Jewish families lost their livelihoods.

In 1867, the Jews of Austria received full civil emancipation as individual citizens. They had not been accorded the status of a "nationality" (Volksstamm), but were considered only as a religious group (Religionsgemeinschaft). Consequently, Jews were not granted even the limited national rights enjoyed by the recognized "nationalities." Yiddish did

not receive official approval for use in schools and public life. Israeliten should seek their places among the non-Jewish "nationalities," and consider themselves Poles or Germans of the Mosaic faith. Majority "nationalities" initiated a campaign to persuade Jews to join their ranks and a Jewish response in one direction or another frequently provoked anti-Semitic reactions. Only in Bukovina, where no nationality had a majority, Jews were recognized as a de facto "nationality." The duties of a Religionsgemeinschaft were outlined by the all-Austrian law of March 21, 1890. Previously, there were numerous statutes regulating Jewish life in different ways in particular provinces of the Danubian monarchy. The law of 1890 remained in force until the end of World War I. Each israelitischer Glaubensgenosse, regardless of his rite, had to belong to a religious community. They did not create, as in pre-partition Poland, a hierarchic and autonomous organization, settling independently their own internal affairs, but the state supervised and protected individual local communities. Teachers of the Mosaic religion, to give only one example, received permanent positions at schools and were paid from the state budget. Religionsgemeinschaften were responsible for the entire religious life of the local Jewish population, they constituted legal bodies endowed with public-law status and privileges, enjoyed the right to tax their members and maintained objects connected with religious life. Specific instructions regulated the internal structure of a community and the activities of its staff members, who had to meet specific educational requirements. In the years 1891-93, there were 206 Jewish religious communities in Bohemia, 15 in Bukovina, 2 in Dalmatia, 253 in Galicia, 1 in Styria, 10 in Silesia, 1 in Vorarlberg, 2 in Kustenland, 50 in Moravia, 14 in Lower Austria and 2 in Upper Austria. Demography of Galician Jews All statistical data concerning Galicia should be taken with extreme caution. The first modern census was held there in 1880 and was based on "everyday language" (Umgangssprache). Yiddish did not receive this status and qualified only as a "local dialect" (Localsprache). Jews, who figured only as a denomination" in official documents, had to choose one of the eight "official" languages (Landessprache) of the Empire. Religious statistics did not give the numbers of Uniats and the people combining Polish national consciousness with the Mosaic faith. Frequently, the Jews disliked and avoided all kinds of


19

censuses and polls and did not register their new-born children.

The ethnic map of Galicia changed only to a limited extent in the nineteenth century. In 1785 about 215,000 Jews (9% of the whole population) lived there, in 1821 about 218,000 (5.5%) and in 1830 about 250,000 (6%). The Republic of Cracow was populated by 8,500 Jews (8.4%) in 1818, and by 16,500 (11.5%) in 1843. In 1850 about 333,000 Jews were recorded in Galicia, 449,000 in 1857, and 576,000 (10.6%) in 1869. The growth of the Jewish population in Galicia is shown in Table 1 (above).

Before World War I, Jews constituted the fifth largest nation of Cisleithanian Austria (4.68% of the

entire population) after Germans, Czechs, Poles and Ukrainians. In 1900 Galician Jews made up 66.9% of all the Jews in the Habsburg Monarchy (excluding Hungary). By comparison, the Jews of Lower Austria (including Vienna!) comprised 12.9%, those of Bukovina 7.9%, those of Bohemia 7.6%, those of Moravia 3.6%, and those of Silesia 1%. Jews in other provinces of Austria constituted only 0.9% of all Austrian Jews. Table 2 (below) shows the number of the Jews in the lands of Austria and Hungary in the years 1880-1910.

A majority of Galician Jews, like Jews elsewhere in Europe, but especially in the Eastern and Central part of the continent, lived in cities; however only in Galicia and Russia did the Jewish population form the majority ethnic component in numerous urban centers. In 1900 Jews made up 72.1% of all residents in Brody, 57.3% in Buczacz, 57.1% in Rawa Ruska (Rava Rus'ka), 52.7% in Sanok, 51.3% in Stanislawow (Stanislaviv), 51.2% in Gorlice, 50.8% in Kolomyja (Kolomyia).

Galicia, in ethnic terms, consisted of the two halves: predominantly Polish Western Galicia—west of the river San—and Ukrainian Eastern Galicia—east of San. 169,684 Jews constituted 8% of the whole population of Western Galicia in 1880, but at the same time there were 516,912 Jews (13.4% of all residents) in Eastern Galicia. Respective data for

Table 1 The growth of the Jewish population of

autonomous Galicia

Year Entire population

Jews %f Jews

1869 5,418,016 575,433 10.6

1880 5,958,907 686,596 11.5

1890 6,607,816 768,845 11.6

1900 7,315,939 811,183 11.1

1910 8,025,675 871,895 10.9

Table 2 The number of Jews in the lands of Austro-Hungary, 1880-1910

: 1880 1890 1900 1910

Lands Number % of Pop Number % of Pop Number % of Pop Number % of Pop

Galicia 686,596 11.52 772,213 11.7 811,371 11.09 871,895 10.86

Bukowina 67,418 11.79 82,717 12.8 96,159 13.17 102,919 12.86 Lower Austria 95,058 4.08 128,729 4.4 157,278 5.07 184,779 5.23

Bohemia 94 449 1.70 94 479 1.6 92 745 1.46 85 826 1.27

Moravia 44,175 2.05 45,324 2.0 44,225 1.82 41,158 1.57

Silesia 8,580 1.52 10,042 1.6 11,988 1.76 13,442 1.78

Kustenland 5,130 0.79 5,268 0.8 5,534 0.73 6,513 0.73

Cisleithanien (Total):

1,005,394 4.54 1,143,305 4.78 1,224,899 4.68 1,313,687 4.60

Hungary 624,826 4.60 707,961 4.70 831,162 4.90 911,227 5.00

Croatia 13,488 0.70 17,261 0.80 20,216 0.80 21,231 0.80 Transleithanien (Total)

638,314 4.10 725,222 4.20 851,378 4.40 932,458 4.50


20

1910 show the number of 213,173 (7.9%) for the West and 658,722 (12,3%) for the East.

A majority of West-Galician Jews was concentrated in the eastern parts of this region, mostly in the cities. In 1910, Jews constituted 21.3% of the entire population in Cracow, 14.7% in Biala, 17.7% in Wadowice, 16.1% in Wieliczka, 19.2% in Bochnia, 27.9% in Podgorze, 32% in Nowy Sacz (all these

Table 3 Number of Jews in the Districts of Western

Galicia in 1910

Dis

tric

t

N

umbe

r of

Je

ws

% J

ews

% J

ews o

f V

illag

e Po

pula

tion

% L

and

in

Jew

ish

Han

ds

(190

2)

Biala 2,678 3.1 1.4 0.7 Bochnia 6,633 5.8 2.3 0.9 Brzesko 5,866 5.6 3.3 3.0 Chrzanow 11,442 10.3 3.7 3.9 Cracow (w/o the city)

1,238 1.8 1.8 0.1

Dabrowa 5,632 8.1 3.9 3.4 Gorlice 6,179 7.5 2.8 0.7 Grybow 2,916 5.5 3.7 0.8 Jaslo 5,743 6.5 4.5 Kolbuszowa 6,251 8.5 4.7 3.7 Krosno 6,253 7.5 3.3 0.3 Lancut 7,032 7.5 4.6 Limanowa 3,046 3.8 2.6 Mielec 7,724 10.0 3.8 6.4 Myslenice 1,819 2.0 1.0 Nisko 5,658 8.2 4.4 3.6 Nowy Sacz 12,240 9.3 3.0 1.6 Nowy Targ 3,327 4.1 2.5 Oswiecim 6,559 13.1 1.9 Pilzno 2,988 6.1 3.7 6.1 Podgorze 7,071 11.0 1.6 1.5 Przeworsk 3,948 6.9 2.6 0.1 Ropczyce 6,837 8.5 3.2 3.6 Rzeszow 14,104 9.6 2.1 1.4 Strzyzow 4,192 7.2 5.4 6.4 Tarnobrzeg 8,311 10.7 3.5 8.1 Tarnow 17,533 15.1 2.6 3.1 Wadowice 2,957 3.1 0.7 1.2 Wieliczka 2,869 4.2 2.3 Zywiec 1,905 1.6 1.5 Total 213,269 7.9 2.9 2.3

towns were located in the western or central parts of Western Galicia) and (in eastern segments of the region) 41.2% in Tarnow, 37.1% in Rzeszow, 22.3% in Jaslo, 28.2% in Krosno, 51.2% in Gorlice. Table 3 shows the number of Jewish citizens in particular districts (powiaty) of Western Galicia in 1910.

The Jews of Eastern Galicia, more numerous than in Western Galicia, were distributed almost evenly in all parts of the region. In several districts of Eastern Galicia, especially in the North, the Jewish population held the balance between Polish and Ukrainian groups, almost identical in numbers. In other districts, especially in the South, Jews and Poles formed two minorities similar in numbers, living in the midst of clear Ukrainian majority. In Eastern Galicia a relative numerical decline of the Jewish population was slower than in Western Galicia. Jews were better represented in the villages and composed one of the three equaly large ethnic groups in the cities. Table 4 shows the number of Jews in particular districts of Eastern Galicia in 1910.

Table 4

Number of Jews in the Districts of Eastern Galicia in 1910

Dis

tric

t

N

umbe

r of

Je

ws

% J

ews

% J

ews o

f V

illag

e Po

pula

tion

% L

and

in

Jew

ish

Han

ds

(190

2)

Bobrka 10,171 11.5 7.4 0.2 Bohorodczany 7,479 10.7 8.5 0.1 Borszczow 13,740 12.6 11.9 9.4 Brody 22,596 15.5 6.7 3.6 Brzezany 10,744 10.3 5.4 4.8 Brzozow 5,325 6.5 5.3 1.8 Buczacz 17,481 12.7 5.3 2.8 Cieszanow 10,780 12.5 8.8 2.2 city of Lwow 57,387 27.8 - - Czortkow 7,945 10.4 5.5 2.8 Dobromil 7,575 10.5 7.7 2.9 Dolina 12,812 11.3 5.8 13.8 Drohobycz 29,566 17.2 5.8 7.7 Grodek Jagiel. 6,882 8.6 3.0 1.6 Horodenka 10,114 11.0 7.3 5.6 Husiatyn 11,276 11.7 7.0 3.7 Jaroslaw 14,982 10.0 4.2 1.1 Jaworow 6,353 7.3 4.1 4.3 Kalusz 8,178 8.4 4.3 0.3 Kamionka Strumilowa

14,662 12.7 7.1 4.0

Kolomyja 23,880 19.1 5.0 5.5 Kosow 9,701 11.3 4.8 .


21

Lisko 13,884 14.1 9.7 12.5 Lwow 14,038 8.7 7.6 1.6 Mosciska 7,230 8.2 4.5 1.8 Nadworna 11,451 12.6 6.3 3.0 Peczenizyn 4,201 9.0 6.0 . Podhajce 7,316 7.8 4.3 6.4 Przemysl 22,540 14.1 5.6 2.7 Przemyslany 9,548 11.0 5.6 2.5 Rawa Ruska 16,711 14.5 6.7 5.9 Rohatyn 13,548 10.8 5.2 4.1 Rudki 6,392 8.3 2.5 0.6 Sambor 8,829 8.2 3.9 3.1 Sanok 11,149 10.4 5.8 1.4 Skalat 12,621 13.1 4.4 9.2 Skole 5,918 10.7 5.8 Sniatyn 10,237 11.6 5.1 1.0 Sokal 16,304 14.9 8.9 3.2 Stanislawow 29,754 18.8 11.1 3.0 Stary Sambor 6,480 10.7 6.3 5.9 Stryj 12,760 15.9 4.1 8.4 Tarnopol 19,722 13.9 3.4 5.2 Tlumacz 9,649 8.3 5.2 2.9 Trembowla 7,278 9.0 5.5 4.0 Turka 11,668 13.6 9.1 3.7 Zaleszczyki 9,237 12.0 8.3 7.7 Zbaraz 5,337 7.5 3.3 7.1 Zborow 6,198 10.2 5.3 Zloczow 13,586 11.6 6.1 6.6 Zolkiew 9,520 9.6 3.7 3.2 Zydaczow 6,871 8.2 2.8 1.6 Eastern Galicia 659,706 12.4 6.0 4.5

The relative increase of the Jewish population in

Galicia sank in the 1880s. However, Jews still had the largest birth-rate: 18.2% in the years 1901-1910, when Ukrainian and Polish birth-rates amounted to 15.9% and 16.3% respectively. Altogether, the Jewish population of Galicia increased more than two times between 1850 and 1914 (Table 5).

Table 5 Change of the share of Jews within the

population of Galicia, 1869-1910 Interval % Growth of

Entire Population % Growth of

Jewish Population 1869-1880 10.0 19.3 1880-1890 10.9 12.3 1890-1900 10.7 5.5 1900-1910 9.7 7.5

Emigration Emigration belonged to the most important phenomena leading to the decrease of the Jewish population in Galicia. The bad economic situation,

especially in industry and in the cities, and the fact that opportunities for the Jews to enhance their social status were extremely limited, drove many Galician Jews from their homeland. In the years 1881-1910, the United States naturalized 3,091,692 immigrants from Austrian lands. Jews constituted 9.1% of them (281,150) and the Jewish emigration from the Danubian Monarchy was the second largest after that of Russia. The main source of Austrian emigrants was Galicia: 236,504 Jews left the province in the years 1881-1910. These constituted about 85% of all Jewish emigrants from Austria and 30.1% of all emigrants from Galicia.

Jews were, in relative terms, three times more numerous among emigrants than their share of the entire population of Galicia. Jewish emigration, unlike that of Poles or Ukrainians, was not predominantly seasonal in character. In the years 1900-1910, as many as 389,338 Poles and 152,811 Jews emigrated, which means that within particular ethnic groups living in Galicia 105 Jews, 71 Ukrainians and 47 Poles emigrated out of each 10,000 of their co-nationalists. Even smaller Galician shtetls were well represented in the "New World." In 1890, there were so many immigrants from tiny Dobromil (1,845 Jews in 1900) near Przemysl (Peremyshl) in New York that they could establish the "First Dobromiler Young Men's Sick and Benevolent Association," continuing well into the 1920s.

Numerous Galician Jews did not leave the Dual Monarchy but moved from Galicia to other Habsburg lands. In 1787, there were only 83,000 Jews (1% of the entire population) in Hungary. In 1850, about 366,000 Jews (3.2%) lived there, sixty years later there were 910,000 (5.0%). Nearly three quarters of the Hungarian Jewish population came from the neighboring provinces, mostly from Galicia. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, Galician Jews increasingly emigrated to Vienna. The Jewish population of this city rose from 6,000 in 1857 (1.3% of all residents of the Danubian capital) to 99,000 in 1890 (12.1%) and 175,000 in 1910 (8.6%). Vienna became the second largest Jewish community in Europe (after Warsaw). In 1910, as many as 47,137 inhabitants of the city were born in Galicia and Jews formed 40% of this group. At the same time, 5% of Jewish residents of Berlin originated from Galicia. In 1846, there were no Jews in Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. Less than one thousand Jews lived in Tirol and Vorarlberg. The first Jewish settler (of the modern era) came to Graz shortly after 1868. Simultaneously, small Jewish communities were established in Salzburg and Innsbruck. The first Jew moved to Klagenfurt in 1883. Initially, the majority of these immigrants came from Bohemia and Moravia, but Galician Jews started to dominate in the last years


22

of the nineteenth century, when the differences among Austrian provinces—in terms of the Jewish settlement—were partially leveled. Table 7 presents the number of the Jews in the particular provinces of Cisleithania in 1846-1880. Assimilation The relative increase of the Jewish population in Galicia was also slowed down by assimilation, which became more popular, especially among Jewish elites. The Jewish progressive intelligentsia, created in the nineteenth century, represented different streams of assimilation, growing or waning in a changing political context. Initially, the so-called German assimilation formed the strongest trend, especially in Eastern Galicia. Its supporters admired German culture, the Viennese way of life and the German Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment movement) and dominated Galician Jewish elites until the 1860s. In the last years of the eighteenth century and in the first decades of the nineteenth century, "Germanophiles" were encouraged and helped by the Austrian administration, which intended to use them as agents of Germanization. In 1792, about one hundred Jewish-German schools, established by the administration of Emperor Joseph, existed in Galicia. In 1806, a court decree decided that all officials of the larger Jewish communities must understand German. According to a decree of 1810, every Jewish voter in communal elections had to prove that he could speak and write German. These decrees were followed by other Germanizing practices, which officially were to "improve" the Jewish masses. As a consequence, two opposing coalitions emerged in Galicia: Poles and orthodox Jewry versus the Habsburg dynasty and progressive Jews. Some of the latter preserved their allegiance to Deutschtum until the First World War. They formed a veritable a cult of the Habsburg dynasty and believed that it was Franz Joseph who protected Austrian Jews from racism and nationalism. German orientation was also very attractive intellectually, and even at the beginning of the twentieth century numerous Galician Jews, who were partly assimilated into the Polish culture, remained actually bi- or tri-cultural, graduated from Austrian universities, spoke German perfectly and were fascinated by the German culture. Initially, "Germanophiles" were not numerous but they vigorously aimed at a modernization of the Jewish life and, in 1846, they scored a symbolic success; they managed to establish in Lwow a Deutsch Judisches Bethaus—a reformed synagogue, led by a rabbi educated in Germany, who preached in German and organized a modern German-Jewish school. A society concentrated around the temple propagated German Enlightenment ideas and emphasized its loyalty to the

emperor. In 1867, a group of Lwow's German assimilationists gathered around Dr. Emil Byk founded the first Jewish political organization in Austria Shomer Israel (Guardian of Israel) and its periodical Der Israelit. During the first direct election to the Viennese parliament in 1873, Shomer Israel allied itself with the Ukrainians against the Poles and succeeded in electing four Jewish deputies, three of them from the East Galician districts of Brody, Kolomyja and Drohobycz. Poles answered with a call for economic boycott against the Jews, challenging all Jewish entrepreneurs, regardless of their opinions and political affiliations.

Shomer Israel, centralistic and hostile towards the Polish national movement, declared with pride: "We are Austrians." In 1873, representatives of the organization told the Emperor, that they were "Austrian patriots" and that it was due to the Habsburg dynasty that Jews received "freedom and equality." "Germanophiles" belonged mostly to the richest Galician Jewish families, kept in touch with Jewish cultural centers in Germany and sometimes were related to progressive rabbinical "dynasties" that originated in that country. Members of Bernstein-Loewenstein family, for example, were active as rabbis and merchants in Amsterdam, Hanover, Prague, Stettin, Lwow and Lubartow. "Germanophiles" were active on Lwow's city council and several religious communities' executives until the end of the Danubian Monarchy. In 1870, some members of Cracow's kahal demanded that its protocols should be written in German. Other community elders protested that motions of this kind were wrong and provocative towards Polish public opinion. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, German assimilation waned. The Deutsch Israelitisches Bethaus changed its official name into the Polish translation of Progressive Synagogue. German service and sermons were replaced with Polish and even Shomer Israel shifted to Polish patriotic positions. In 1880, 5.4% of Galician inhabitants declared themselves German, in 1910 only 1.1%, although the number of ethnic Germans was small and the Jews made up about 11% of the entire population throughout the period 1880-1910.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, especially during its last decades, a Polish orientation prevailed among the supporters of assimilation, particularly in Lwow and Cracow. The latter was formally independent until 1846 and progressive Jews there tended towards assimilation into the Polish culture. In 1830, a Polish-Jewish school was established in Cracow. A group of Jews from that city participated in the 1830 insurrection in Congress Poland and in the 1846 Cracow Rising. In 1848, Cracow's Jews participated in all Polish patriotic


23

demonstrations and they disassociated themselves from the Jews of Poznan (Posen), who assumed a clearly pro-German position during the Polish-German conflict in the Grand Duchy of Poznan. After 1848, while the German cultural trend was still very strong in Galicia, and also in Cracow, where a majority of Jews did not speak Polish, Jewish-Polish assimilation started to make progress. "Polonophiles" replaced Moses Mendelsohn with Adam Mickiewicz as an object of their admiration. They recalled the friendly pro-Jewish attitude of the leaders of the 1846 Cracow Rising and harmonious Polish-Jewish cooperation during the "Springtime of Nations" in Galicia. A Polish orientation was supported by Berush Maisels, rabbi of Cracow and Warsaw. A group of Galician Jews joined the guerrillas in the 1863 Uprising in Congress Poland. Some of those who survived returned to Galicia advocating Jewish-Polish assimilation and combatted Shomer Israel. One of the most active partisans of "Polishness," Simon Samelsohn, a member of Galician Diet and a president of Cracow's kahal in the years 1870-1881, sometimes demonstratively wore a kontusz, the Polish national dress and a symbol of the gentry. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, it was not easy to occupy an important position in a larger Galician-Jewish community without a good command of the Polish language.

Polish assimilation was additionally strengthened thanks to economic changes and the Polonization of Galicia, after it received autonomy in 1867. Jewish elites had to cooperate with the Polish administration and to learn Polish. A young Jewish generation used this language at schools and, unlike in the Polish provinces of Prussia and Russia, Galician Jews had an opportunity to familiarize themselves with Polish culture, which proved to be so attractive that a part of the Jewish intelligentsia started to identify itself with Poland. From the early 1880s, the pro-Polish group grew larger, dominated the Jewish elites and established new organizations. The best known group Aguda Akhim (Convenant of Brothers), was founded in 1882 in Lwow to teach Jews how to be conscious citizens of their country. Aguda Akhim organized various educational activities: evening schools, libraries and clubs, which propagated and taught Polish language and culture. One such school existed in Przemysl in the years 1884-1890 and more than 50 students enrolled in it during the academic year 1884/85. A Jewish Reichstag caucus, created in 1873, which initially cooperated with Ukrainians and entered a liberal faction, changed its policy during the next election, and from that time on Jewish deputies belonged to the Polish Club. Jewish-Polish assimilation was accelerated by the "red assimilation": the socialist movement in Galicia was

dominated by Poles, and numerous Jewish workers learned the Polish language as members of Polish Social-Democratic Party. Even the first Zionist periodicals in Galicia were published in Polish. In the last decades before the First World War, a group of Jews or Poles of the Mosaic religion participated in various organizations working for the resurrection of Poland. Several hundreds Jews fought in Joseph Pilsudski's Polish Legions after 1914.

Assimilation was also accelerated by a developing system of public education. More and more Jews received secular instruction. In 1830, only 408 Jewish children attended public schools in Galicia, in 1900 the number was 110,269. In 1867 only 556 Jews attended high school (Gymnasium), in 1910/11 about 6,600 (20.5% of all students). The number of Jewish students in the Realschulen grew from 125 to 735 (21% of all pupils) at that time. In 1867, only 769 Jews studied at all Austrian universities; in 1904 two Galician universities alone (leaving aside Lwow's "Polytechnic") enrolled 904 Jewish students.

A group of Jewish white-collar workers, mainly civil servants and clerks in private enterprises, appeared. They, wrote Franciszek Bujak, "do not fulfill any religious duties and come to synagogues only during state holidays, in their official uniforms." In 1910, Jews constituted 5% of all the civil servants working in Cracow, 17% of Cracow's engineers, 24% of all the physicians, 11% of pharmacists, 52% of lawyers, 8% of journalists and writers, 8% of actors. It was not identical, however, with a triumph of the assimilationist movement, which, according to Wilhelm Feldman (who did not explain, however, what assimilation meant to him) consisted of around 10,000 persons by the end of the nineteenth century. A majority of emancipated Jews of Galicia combined Polish education and elements of European culture with Jewish heritage, Jewish national consciousness and reformed Mosaic religion. In the years 1897-1902, only 157 Jews left their community in Lwow (68.1% of them converted to the Catholicism, 12.7% to the Greek-Catholic Church, 15.3% to Protestant denominations). At that time the Mosaic faith was abandoned by 444 individuals in Cracow.

---------(To be continued)


24

“The Children Below” Stanley Ostern, MD [email protected]

When I was six years old I entered an underground bunker which I would not leave until two years later.

The bunker was built in Stryj, south of Lvov, during 1940 and 1941 while the Russians were occupying the area. During that time the Russians took my father into their Army Medical Corps (where he survived the war).

A house was built on top of the bunker and a Pole named Starko was hired to live in the house in exchange for a monthly payment of gold pieces.

The bunker was stockpiled with flour, barley, kasha and oil in tin cans. The builder of the bunker, a man named Morgenstern, managed to tap into the city gas line; this provided fuel for cooking and some light. Water was obtained by the use of hand pumps. Two vents that extended into the attic served also as conduits for food that was obtained by Mr. Starko

When the Germans occupied Stryj in 1941, thirty-five people, including me, my mother, and an aunt and uncle and their son, crowded into the claustrophobic space that had been designed to hold a dozen. The group include six children under fifteen.

The bunker was sealed in 1941 and we did not emerge until 1944, when the Russians drove the Germans out of Stryj.

We basically existed. There were no books. Hunger was a great problem since our intake existed mostly of soups and bread. Rats were rampant; they actually ate up any remaining food. It was hot in the bunker because of the gas lights and poor ventilation.

Sanitation was a major problem. We had cesspools—basically holes in the ground. Toward the end of our stay in the bunker we ran out of places to dig for more cesspools.

The psychological pressure took its toll. We had some territorial problems. Some people felt they needed special attention. Others refused to give up their gold coins to pay Mr. Starko. There were quarrels.

The children got essentially no education. My mother tried to teach me arithmetic, etc., but without books it was very difficult. Basically, I had no education when I came to the United States.

We were almost discovered once when someone heard noises and reported it to the Nazis. When they pounded on the walls, all of us prayed. Lucky (our prayers were answered) for us and unlucky for the Jews who were found hiding in an adjacent cellar.

The inhabitants of the bunker survived the war. Except for my father and those of us who were in the bunker, I lost the rest of my family, including my grandparents, when the Germans rounded them up in the Stryj ghetto and sent them to their deaths in Belzec.

What I remember when I think of those two years are hunger, fear, boredom, sweltering heat and foul air. I felt like a trapped rat. But the rats in our bunker were able to escape to the outside. They were living a better life than I had. It is difficult to remember something so horrible, especially when it happened to a child. I have repressed a lot. Periodically, it all comes back. This happened eight years ago when my mother died. I went into a severe depression.

Plans for a Documentary I am now co-producer of a planned documentary that will allow the child survivors of this experience to tell their own stories, not only those of their childhood but also their adulthood. Are they healed? What scars have remained? How did they deal with their own children and parents?

Sixty percent of the film will contain interviews of the child survivors, and of historians and psychologists specializing in the problems of hidden children. In addition, the film will use historical narration, archival stills, documentary and location footage.

The producers and a small camera crew, as well as several of the child survivors, will journey to Stryj to find the house where the bunker was located. Contacts have been established in the town. Today there remains only one Jew who was born in Stryj. He calls himself the "Last of the Mohicans."

The project is under the fiscal sponsorship of The Center for Jewish Culture and Creativity in Los Angeles, which has nonprofit status. At the present time funds are being raised.


25

Names from the Skalat Yizkor Book Yvette Scharf [email protected] Eric Blaustein and Yvette Scharf have compiled the following index to the Skalat Yiskor Book (Skalat Memorial Volume of the Community Which Perished in the Holocaust, edited by Chaim Bronstein, Tel Aviv, 1971; published by Yacov Krol School, Petah Tikva and former residents of Skalat in Israel).

Yvette's paternal grandparents and ancestors were from Skalat, as were Eric's father and ancestors on his maternal side. Neither of them found any known family names in the index they prepared.

Eric translated into English only those chapters that contained references to names of people from Skalat. He encountered some difficulties in the transliteration of the names from Hebrew into English. It is possible that these names were originally provided in Yiddish, which in itself was a transliteration of those names from the original spelling in Polish, German, Ukrainian or Russian. Other spelling variants are therefore possible.

Researchers may contact Yvette Scharf by e-mail or by mail:165 Howard Drive, Hamden, CT 06514 with questions.

Name Page Description Amiz, Baruch 90-92 Author of chapter "With the People of Kuvpak in the Carpathian Mountains." Axelroth, Sarah 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine during the late 1930s. Balbat, Pinhas 24-26 Changed his name to the Hebrew, "Dagani." See Dagani, Pinhas. Ben-Porath, J. 138, 151 See Porath, Ben. Berenson, Zilah 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine during the 1930s. Berkovitz/Berkowitz/ Berkowicz, Dr. *

44-46 Member of Skalat Judenrat.

Bernstein, Rosia 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Brand, E. 136 Official at "Yad Vashem" in Jerusalem. Braunstein, Avner 14-17 Brother of Haim Braunstein. Braunstein, Haim 14-17 Author of chapter "Ruminations." Brother of Avner Braunstein. Brick, Motil 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Brick, * 90-92 Brother to Motil Brick. Partisan from Skalat. Brief, Dr. * 44-46 In charge of Jewish police in Skalat. Bumsa, Isiu 118-121 Was seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr. Bumsa, Malzia 47-63 Aunt of Tonka Pickholz. Bumsa, Shlomo 47-63 Brother-in-law of Tonka Pickholz. Czarkover, Yaacov 24-26 Emigrated to Israel after WWII. Dagani, Eliezer

44-46 New Hebrew name. Original surname may have been Korn, Weitz, or Fisher. Son of Leibish Dagani and brother of Haya/Chaya Dagani. Author of chapter "How Was The Skalat Judenrat Established?"

Dagani, Haya/Chaya 44-46 Daughter of Leibush Dagani and sister of Eliezer. Dagani, Leibush 44-46 Father of Eliezer and Haya/Chaya Dagani. Dagani, Pinhas 24-26 See Balbat, Pinhas. Dickstein, Munjo (Haim) 30 Author of chapter "The Betar Movement in Skalat." Engel, Dov 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine during the late 1930s. Epstein, * 105-109 Daughter of David Epstein. Survived mass execution. Epstein, David 105-109 May be father of Reisel Epstein. Epstein, Reisel 137-138 May be daughter of David Epstein. She is a survivor and an accuser in the trial of

Muller. Feinstein, Fishel 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Fisher/Fischer, Hersh (Zvi) 67 Brother of Hinda Fisher/Fischer Kornweiz and uncle of her 3 children. See Kornweiz. Fishfeider/Fishfeder, Smuel 93-97 Jewish partisan officer. Not from Skalat. Flashner, Isiu 118-121 Was seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr. Franzus, Professor * 47-63 Worked in department for social works in Skalat. Galfand, Fima 93-97 Jewish partisan officer. Not from Skalat. Gelbtuch 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Glod, Andji 47-63 Not Jewish. Husband of Tonka Pickholz Reis. See Glod, Antonina. Glod, Antonina 47-63 Known by the following names: Reis, Tonka; Pickholz, Tonka; Walach, Tonka. Goldstein, Fishel 156-158 Philip and Fishel may be same person. Author of chapter "The Last Jew to See

Skalat."


26

Name Page Description Goldstein, Philip 118-121 Philip and Fishel may be same person. He was seen in Siberia by M. Orr. Gorenstein, Josef 101-104 Jewish partisan. May be from Skalat. Greenfeld, Bronka 24-26 Sister of Solka Greenfeld. Emigrated to Palestine before 1932. Greenfeld/Grinfeld, Meir 105-109 May be father, or brother, of Bronka and Solka Greenfeld. Witnessed the mass

execution at Novosijulka. Greenfeld, Solka 24-26 Sister of Bronka Greenfeld. Emigrated to Palestine before 1932. Grobman, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Hecht, Malka 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine before 1932. Heiczkik/Heizik/Heizig, Sisy/Susya/Sussia

101-104 Jewish partisan officer. May not be from Skalat. Name appears with different spellings in three stories.

Hermoni, Zvi 24-26 Original name was Wojsenberg. Changed name to Hermoni in Israel. Wojsenberg is father's name and is the Hebrew transliteration of the Polish spelling of the German name, Weissenberg or Waisenberg. Brother of Shmuel Wojsenberg and brother-in-law of Ziporah Kaczur. See Wojsenberg and Kaczur.

Hofman, * 138 Mentioned in connection with trial of Muller. Hofman, Itzi 30 Treasurer of Betar. Jabar, * (two brothers) 90-92 Partisans from Skalat. Kaczur, Ziporah 24-26 Wife of Shmuel Wojsenberg, sister-in-law of Zvi Hermoni. Emigrated to Palestine

during the 1930s. Kahahovitz, M. 98-100 Author of the chapter "Wars of the Jewish Partisans in Eastern Europe." Not from

Skalat. Karmick, Joseph Dr. 136 Official at "Yad Vashem" in Jerusalem. Katz, Hadassah 21-23; 24-26;

156-158 Author of the chapter "My Shtetl Skalat." Emigrated to Palestine in 1932.

Kazlof/Kazloff/Kaczlof, Moshe 67 Helped Hinda Kornweiz and her small daughters to escape. Kiwetz, Witia 137 Witness in the Muller trial. May be Jewish. Kleiner, Berta 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine in the late 1930s. Kornweiz, Fellah (Zipporah) 67 Daughter of Hinda Fisher/Fischer Kornweiz, niece of Hersh (Zvi) Fisher/Fischer. Kornweiz, Hinda Fisher/ Fischer 67 Mother of 3 children, sister of Hersh (Zvi) Fisher/ Fischer. Author of chapter "Mother

of Daughters." Kornweiz, Mathilda 67 Daughter of Hinda Fisher/Fischer Kornweiz, niece of Hersh (Zvi) Fisher/Fischer. Kosovsky, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Kravitz/Kraviz, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Kron, Dr. * 156-158 Attorney in Skalat. Kuper, Adam 93-97 Jewish partisan officer not from Skalat. Kuperschmid/ Kupferschmid, * 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Lampert, Munyo (Muni) 44-46, 47-63 Attorney in Skalat. Landsman/Landesman, David 64-66 Son of Moshe Landsman/Landesman. Landsman/Landesman, Dvora 24-26 Probably related to Moshe Landsman/ Landesman. Emigrated to Palestine during the

1930s. Landsman/Landesman, Jacob 64-66 Son of Moshe Landsman/Landesman. Landsman/Landesman, Moshe 64-66 Father of six children, of whom we know David, Jacob, Rivka and Perez. Landsman/Landesman, Peretz/Perez

64-66 Son of Moshe Landsman/Landesman. Author of the chapter "My Struggle to Survive."

Landsman/Landesman, Rivka 64-66 Daughter of Moshe Landsman/ Landesman. Lankin, * 101-104 Partisan commander not from Skalat. May be Jewish. Lauquizki, Ruth 136 Translated German court documents into Hebrew. Licht, Mordechai 118-121 May be Mordechai Orr. See Orr. Lon/Lan, Yizhak 12-13 May be from Skalat. Assisted in preparation of Skalat Yiskor book. Mager, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Mager family 47-63 Mager family referred to twice. Marder, Moshe 24-26 Brother of Yisrael Marder. Author of the chapter "Pioneers From Skalat in the

Agricultural Settlement Movement." Marder, Yisrael 24-26 Brother of Moshe Marder. Emigrated to Palestine before 1932. Margolis/Margaliot/Margalit, * 105-109 Widow living in Skalat. Margolis, Lonik 118-121 Was seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr. Masalshziki, J. 118-121 This may not be his real name. Was seen in Siberia by M. Orr. Messing, Cilla 47-63 Aunt of Tonka Pickholz Reis, wife of Nissim, and mother of Zalman and Minja

Messing.


27

Name Page Description Messing, Minja 47-63 Cousin of Tonka Pickholz Reis, daughter of Nissim and Cilla, and sister of Zalman

Messing. Messing, Nissim 47-63 Uncle of Tonka Pickholz Reis, husband of Cilla, and father of Zalman and Minja

Messing. Messing/Messingov, Zalman 47-63 Cousin of Tonka Pickholz Reis, son of Nissim and Cilla, and brother of Minja

Messing. Messingov family 47-63 May be the Russian form of German name, Messing. Milgrom, Joseph 31-32 Owner of flour mill in Skalat. Neuman, Hana 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine in the 1930s. Nirler, * 44-46 Head of Judenrat in Skalat. Novicki, Mr. * 47-63 Assumed name of a Jew with Aryan papers. May not be from Skalat. Ofstein, Shmiki/Smiki, (Samuel?) 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Oren, Yehuda 24-26 Brother of Leahke Oren Yisraeli. Emigrated to Palestine during the late 1930s. Orenstein, Jacob 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Orr, Mordechai 118-121 New Hebrew name. Original name may have been Licht. Author of the chapter "The

Cold and Frozen Country." Perl, Hannah 47-63 May be related to Shlomo Perl. Perl/Perlov, Shlomo 47-63 Relative of Tonka Pickholz Reis. Perlov Family 47-63 May be the Russian form of the German name, Perl. Pickholz, Feige 47-63 Mother of Tonka Pickholz. Pickholz, Mathilda 47-63 Sister of Tonka Pickholz. Pickholz, Muniu 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Related to Tobias Pickholz. Pickholz, Regina 47-63 Sister of Tonka Pickholz. Pickholz, Rosa 47-63, 68-69 Teacher in Skalat. Pickholz, Shuvka 47-63 Sister of Tonka Pickholz. Pickholz, Tobias 47-63 Husband of Feige and father of Tonka, Mathilda, Regina and Shuvka. Pickholz, Tonka 31-32, 47-63 See Glod, Antonina; Reis, Tonka; Walach/Wallach, Tonka. Porath, Ben 138, 151 Hebrew name, not an original name. Probably Ben-Porath. Mentioned in connection

with the trial of Muller. Author of chapter "A Verdict After 25 Years". Razenstein, Leake 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine during the 1930s. Reis, Tonka 31-32 See Glod, Antonina; Pickholz, Tonka; Walach/Wallach, Tonka. Rosenblat, Yizhak 105-109 Rabbi in Skalat. Rosenblat, Gad/Gregory/Grisha 101-104 Jewish partisan officer. Not from Skalat. Author of chapter "Fire in the Forest." Rosenstein (Tarshish), Gershon 24-26 The family may have taken name Tarshish in Israel. Emigrated to Israel after WWII. Rosenstock, Alexander 12-13 Lived in the 19th century. Rosenstock, Eliezer 30 Betar official in Skalat. Rosenstock, Siskind 12-13 Lived in the 19th century. Rosenzweig, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Rotstein, Josef 118-121, 156-

158 Was seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr.

Samet, Ezra 30 Betar official in Skalat. Sapir, Max 118-121 Was seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr. Sarid, Yohebeth Weissman 24-26 Sister of Mordechai Weissman. See Weissman. Emigrated to Israel after WWII. Sas, Dr. * 47-63 Physician in Skalat. Sas, Fisi (Fishel?) 90-92 Fisi may be nickname for Fishel. He may be related to Dr. Sas. Partisan from Skalat. Schechter/Shechter Family 47-63 First family killed in Skalat. Schechter/Shechter, Moshe 118-121 Seen in Siberia by Mordechai Orr. Schechter, Shalom 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Schteckel, Itzi 44-46 Member of early Judenrat in Skalat. Schweizer, Sarah 24-26 Emigrated to Palestine after 1932. Sczervata/Sczerbata/ Stashervata, Yoel

101-104 Family name may be a pseudonym. Jewish partison officer. Not from Skalat.

Seidman, Hillel, Dr. 105-109 Author of chapter "The End of Skalat." Shapira (or variation) family 67 The basement of their house was used as a hiding place. Shpira/Spira, David 90-92 Brother of Hershel Shpira/Spira. Partisan from Skalat. Shpira/Spira, Hershel 90-92 Brother of David Shpira/Spira. Partisan from Skalat. Szarkover, Yakov 30 Betar leader in Skalat. See Zarkover. Taler, * 156-158 Home owner in Skalat. Taler, Yizhak 24-26 From family of home owners. Emigrated to Palestine after 1932.


28

Name Page Description Tennenboim/Tennenbaum/Tennenbaun, Josef/Joseph

12-13, 105-109, 156-158

Wealthy Jewish land owner. Chairman of the Jewish community.

Varshigora, Lieutenant-Colonel Mathias/Piotro

98-100 Not Jewish. Author of chapter "People With a Clean Conscience."

Volovitz/Wolovitz, Berl 68-69, 105-109

Son of Benyamin Volovitz/Wolovitz.

Volovitz/Wolovitz, Benyamin 105-109 Rabbi and father of Berl Volovitz/Wolovitz. Votshin/Voitshein, Haim (Nickname: Patty/Patti)

101-104 Jewish partisan officer. Not from Skalat. Author of chapter "Jewish Fighters in the Kuvpak Brigade."

Walach/Wallach, Fredel 47-63 Mother-in-law of Tonka Pickholz. Walach/Wallach, Manya/ Minya 47-63 Daughter of Fredel Walach/Wallach and sister-in-law of Tonka Pickholz. Walach/Wallach, Tonka 31-32, 47-63 See Glod, Antonina; Pickholz, Tonka; Reis, Tonka. Walach/Wallach, Yisrael 24-26 Emigrated to Israel after WWII. Walach, Yizhak Hersh 47-63 Husband of Fredel Walach/Wallach, brother-in-law of Tonka Pickholz. Weinraub, Pinka 47-63 Worked in the Skalat Jewish Health Service. Weinsaft, Nadja 90-92 Partisan from Skalat. Weintraub/Weinraub, Josef 156-158 May be related to Pinka Weinraub. Home owner. Weisbrod/Weisbard/Woesbard, Abraham

12-13, 68-69, 98-100

Historian. Author of chapter "Berl, the Son of the Rabbi."

Weissman, Mordechai 24-26 Brother of Yohebeth Weissman Sarid. See Sarid. Emigrated to Israel after WWII. Wojsenberg, Shmuel 24-26 Brother of Zvi Hermoni. Emigrated to Palestine in the 1930s. Killed in 1948 during

War of Independence. Yisraeli, Leahke Oren 24-26 Sister of Yehuda Oren. See Oren. Zarkover, *

138 Mentioned in connection with the trial of Muller. See Szarkover, Yakov (may be the same person).

Zimer/Zimmer, * 44-46 Representative of the Judenrat.

Galician Jews ca. 1916


29

The following table has been adapted from a spreadsheet constructed by Ada Greenblatt, primarily from the uncatalogued records of the Erster Nadwornaer Kranken Unt. Verein (First Nadworner Sick Benevolent Association) in the Landsmannschaften collection at YIVO. This the Landsmannschaft for the shtetl of Nadworna, Galicia (now Nadvima, Ukraine) was founded on November 2, 1897.

Most of the information comes from two bound volumes containing membership information on 486 males who joined the society between May 1, 1900

and April 5, 1963. Additional information in the table is derived from death certificates of each person buried in the Nadworna Landsmannschaft plots at Baron Hirsch Cemetery in Staten Island, NY, who had a death record on file in New York City through 1948 (the last year that New York City death records are publicly available on microfilm).

While Ada Greenblatt’s original spreadsheet was arranged chronologically, i.e., by the date on which members joined the organization, the table below has been sorted alphabetically (according to the member’s name) in order to facilitate research

. Book

# # Date Joined Member’s

Name Member’s Birthplace Ag

e Wife’s Maiden Name Ag

e Wife’s Birthplace

Nadworna Plot?

2 90 Aug 12, 1922 Albert, Uscher Tartakov 30 Gottesman, Sara ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 160 Aug 18, 1907 Alsofrom, William Not Listed 23 No 1 141 Dec 16, 1906 Arbeit, Max Ottynia 35 Gerler, Minie 28 Stanislau No/No 2 152 Mar 22, 1930 Arzt, Arthur Stanislau 30 Mondschein, Malie 22 New York No/No 1 40 Nov 16, 1901 Arzt, Chaim Stanislau 33 Grosbach, Chane 34 Kolomea Yes/Yes 1 53 Sep 20, 1902 Arzt, Louis Stanislau 27 Herman, Taube 26 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 151 Mar 22, 1930 Arzt, Louis Stanislau 52 Herman, Tillie 49 Tlumacz Yes/Yes 2 170 May 26, 1934 Atlas, Henry Jacob Kiev 26 No 2 244 Mar 17, 1957 Awner, Joseph Nadworna 48 Markushewicz, Hinda 50 Russia No/No 2 191 Jan 22, 1938 Awner, Oscar Nadworna 37 Traub, Ethel ? Nadworna No/No 2 50 Jul 12, 1919 Axer, Josel (Joe) USA 29 Kovel, Polin 27 Skalat No/No 1 101 Jun 24, 1905 Bacher, Usher Nadworna 22 No 2 216 Jan 8, 1944 Badler, Bernard Nadworna 43 Lemlarub (?), Rose 40 Janiszpol Yes/Yes 1 23 Jan 5, 1901 Bandfeld, Israel Krasne 23 Brumberger, Lea 26 Nadworna No/No 1 164 Jan 19, 1908 Banet, M. Nadworna 38 No 2 201 May 25, 1940 Banner, Benjamin New York 38 Nagelberg, Anna ? Austria Yes/No 2 177 Jan 26, 1935 Banner, Bennie

(Benjamin) New York 33 Nagelberg, Anna ? Austria Yes/No

2 156 Apr 26, 1930 Banner, Charles New York 30 Salomon, Clara 27 Russia Yes/No 2 190 Oct 31, 1937 Banner, Isidore New York 27 Winiger, Rose 27 New York No/Yes 2 224 Nov 9, 1946 Banner, Joseph New York 39 Sodsysky, Rebecca 33 USA Yes/No 1 3 May 1, 1900 Banner, Leib Krasne 28 Brumberger, Rosa 24 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 106 Aug 20, 1905 Bardfeld, Osias Not Listed 23 No 1 211 Aug 6, 1911 Barr, Osias Komarno 25 Kassern (?), Elsa ? Lemberg Yes/Yes 1 63 May 2, 1903 Baseches, Max Buczacz 38 Menkes, Li_Yl 32 Vienna, Austria No/No 2 145 Sep 14, 1929 Beck, Jacob New York 28 Brickel, Rae 26 Nadworna No/No 2 221 May 25, 1946 Becker, Irving Vienna 24 Keller, Nelly 24 Not Listed No/No 1 181 Jul 4, 1909 Beiller, Josch Nadworna 29 Schaffer, Salka 29 Solotwina Yes/Yes 1 151 May 20, 1907 Beiller, Juda Tysminitsa 40 No 1 97 Jun 4, 1905 Beiller, M.L. Nadworna 28 No 1 182 Aug 15, 1909 Beiller, Moritz (Morris) Nadworna 26 No 1 215 Dec 3, 1911 Beller, Moris Not Listed 28 No 2 149 Jan 25, 1930 Berg, Irving Nadworna 23 Yes 1 163 Dec 15, 1907 Berg, Jonas Austria 26 Zanger, Witte 26 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 239 Feb 1, 1953 Berger, Bernard (Berl) USA 40 Meyer, Helen 34 Not Listed No/No

Portrait of a Landsmannschaft Ada Greenblatt


30

Book #

# Date Joined Member’s Name

Member’s Birthplace Ag



Nadworna Plot?

2 218 Mar 1944 Berger, Paul New York 27 Zalman, Beatrice 25 New York Yes/Yes 2 41 Jul 13, 1918 Berger, Sam Nadworna 26 Berger, Tillie 28 New York No/No 1 183 Sep 5, 1909 Bergler, Salamon Nadworna 24 Lifschitz, Sara 22 Tarnopol Yes/Yes 1 152 May 20, 1907 Bergler, Sender Nadworna 24 Bochner, Hinde 23 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 60 Apr 21, 1903 Blau, Moris Nadworna 24 Pester, Rose 22 Brody No/No 1 94 Dec 17, 1904 Blau, Sise Nadworna 28 Semel, Golde 22 Galicia Yes/Yes 2 144 Jul 1929 Blau, Sisie Nadworna 52 Yes 2 166 Jan 14, 1933 Blaustein, Jacob Halicz 30 Bochner, Idelle 28 Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 111 Oct 15, 1905 Blaustein, Leb Iasi, Roumania 33 Awner, Ani 30 Russia-Poland Yes/Yes 1 190 Jan 17, 1910 Bleitzer (?), Nathan Dr. Not Listed 31 No 2 57 Nov 22, 1919 Blond, Fishel Nadworna 37 Weissman, Fani 34 Kolomea No/No 1 35 Oct 19, 1901 Blonder, Morris Kopycznce 28 Preis, Rise 20 Ottynia No/No 2 162 May 9, 1931 Blumenstein, Irving New York 26 Kroin, Anna 20 New York No/No 1 95 Oct 15, 1900 Blumenstein, Jakob Lojowa 22 Scheiner, Klara 19 Nadworna No/No 2 245 Nov 1, 1959 Bochner, Aaron Nadworna 52 Regosow (?), Dora 44 USA Yes/Yes 1 13 May 1, 1900 Bochner, Berl Nadworna 33 Blau, Heny 30 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 199 Dec 18, 1910 Bochner, Isak Leib Nadworna 34 Trauner, Marjem 37 Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 159 Dec 1930 Bochner, Joe Nadworna 28 Scheiner, Taube ? Kolomea Yes/No 2 118 Aug 2, 1925 Bochner, Max New York 22 No 2 124 Oct 23, 1926 Bochner, Max Ii Nadworna 32 Fiet, Rose ? Poland Yes/Yes 2 76 Jan 22, 1921 Bochner, Morris Nadworna 22 No 2 160 Dec 1930 Bochner, Paul Nadworna 31 Weissman, Rose 24 New York No/No 2 121 Feb 13, 1926 Bodnar, Julius Nadworna 37 Deutscher, Regina 32 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 34 Mar 17, 1918 Boll, Sam Nadworna 26 Taubman, Ani 24 Delatyn Yes/Yes 2 69 Jun 12, 1920 Borden, Harry Nadworna 30 Einwohner (?), Ana ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 1 May 1, 1900 Bortyn, Beny Nadworna 26 Grunfeld, Sara 24 Russia Yes/Yes 1 166 1900 Brener (Brenner), Isak Nadworna 44 Yes 1 102 Mar 15, 1902 Brenner, Berl Cucylow 30 Gobler, Rose 26 Stanislau No/No 2 135 Aug 13, 1927 Bressler, Bennie Nadworna 42 Glasser, Sime ? Solotwina Yes/Yes 1 25 Oct 19, 1901 Brikel, Hersch Nadworna 44 Lorber, Rosa ? Not Listed? Yes/Yes 1 4 May 1, 1900 Brikel, Jakob Nadworna 42 Leiter, Klara 40 Bohorodchany Yes/Yes 1 108 Aug 8, 1905 Brikel, Leiser (Louis) Nadworna 32 Eichhorn, Klara 30 Maryampol No/No 2 40 Jul 13, 1918 Brill, D. New York 28 Diamond, Line ? Russia No/No 2 194 May 14, 1938 Brooks, Abraham Philadelphia, Pa 27 Cohen, Henrietta 26 Not Listed No/No 2 206 Mar 8, 1941 Brucker, Marcus Nadworna 40 Zwirn, Fanny 43 Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 221 Apr 9, 1912 Brumberger, A. Nadworna 28 Wendlinger, Beki 23 Boryslaw No/No 2 35 Apr 6, 1918 Brumberger, Abraham Nadworna 31 Goldberg, Mary ? Russia Yes/No 2 74 Dec 11, 1920 Brumberger, Abraham Nadworna 35 Reiss, Babec 30 Horodenka No/No 1 73 Nov 5, 1903 Brumberger, Daniel Nadworna 24 Meier, Bruche 20 Stanislau No/No 1 177 May 16, 1909 Brumberger, Isak Nadworna 27 Meril, Scheindel 30 Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 171 Jan 3, 1909 Burg, Abraham Nadworna 21 No 1 194 Aug 21, 1910 Burg, D.A. Nadworna 45 No 1 205 Mar 19, 1911 Burg, Leiser Nadworna 38 Wiesel, Babe 39 Solotwina No/No 2 148 Jan 25, 1930 Burg, Simon M. Nadworna 25 No 2 240 Jan 17, 1954 Cohen, Charles (Schaje) USA 34 Bochner, Helen

(Chinke) 24 USA No/No

1 84 Aug 6, 1904 Cohen, Davis Skala 23 Hirsch, Poli ? Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 195 May 14, 1938 Cohen, Hyman New York 28 Chatkelson, Dorothy ? Russia Yes/Yes 2 42 Aug 10, 1918 Cohen, Max Skalat 31 Bessel, Rose 31 Russia No/No


31

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

1 99 Jun 18, 1905 Cohn, Philip Russia 33 Moschkowitz, Ester 33 Radomyshyl No/No 2 220 May 25, 1946 Dash, Ira (Israel Froim) USA 43 Federing, Beatrice (Sabine) 38 Not Listed Yes/No 1 198 Dec 18, 1910 Dawer, Jacob Stanislau 36 Wagner, Chaje ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 146 Jan 11, 1930 Dawer, Sigmund Stanislau 22 Yes 1 93 Nov 5, 1904 Deutscher, Berl Nadworna 22 No 2 203 Dec 17, 1940 Deutscher, Dr. Jacob Nadworna 36 Silverstein, Ruth 26 Konigsberg Yes/Yes 2 154 Mar 22, 1930 Deutscher, Louis E. Nadworna 32 Frank, Lilian 25 New York No/No 2 158 Nov 8, 1930 Deutscher, Nathan Nadworna 38 Zweifler, Betti 30 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 208 May 7, 1911 Diamont, Isidore Izrgeth, Hungary 29 Drath, Saltze 29 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 142 Sep 8, 1928 Dicker, Dr. Rubin Morris New York 33 Berger, Mildred ? New York No/No 1 109 1900 Dollinger, Emanuel Horodenka 37 Wertler, Jennie ? Stanislau No/No 1 54 Nov 15, 1902 Dorfman, Dr. Samuel A. Russia 29 No 2 22 Dec 17, 1916 Drath, Samuel M. Galicia 42 Shilling, Gittel 35 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 14 May 1, 1900 Dreilinger, Chaim Nadworna 35 Schaler, Niche 30 Nadworna No/No 1 88 Apr 1, 1905 Dreilinger, Fischel Nadworna 30 Kramer, Sadie 23 Czortkow No/No 1 165 Jun 7, 1908 Dreilinger, Fischel Ii Nadworna 38 Mauriber, Babze 34 Delatyn Yes/Yes 2 17 Apr 16, 1916 Dreilinger, Max Nadworna 28 Bernstein, Rose 24 Tlumacz No/No 2 14 Jan 16, 1916 Dreilinger, Moris Not Listed 35 Newman, Clara 29 Czortkow No/No 2 125 Nov 13, 1926 Dreilinger, Oscar New York 21 No 1 129 Apr 1, 1906 Dreskler, Osias Podhajce 37 Rosenstrauch, Rose 36 Brzezany No 2 83 Dec 10, 1921 Drimmer, Louis Austria 20 Haber, Ray 19 USA No/No 2 85 Dec 24, 1921 Drimmer, Sam Austria 23 No 1 86 Jan 21, 1905 Drumer, Isak Nadworna 32 Kramer, Feige Breine 32 Czortkow Yes/Yes 1 222 Apr 9, 1912 Ebert, Aron Bukaczowce 24 Moriber, Malke Reise 21 Wiznitz, Bukow. No/No 1 42 May 17, 1902 Ellasberg, Abraham Minsk 20 No 1 126 Feb 5, 1906 Ellenberg, Mandel Tysminitsa 35 Feingold, Ester 32 Halicz No/No 2 238 Feb 1, 1953 Elmer, Louis Isaac Hungary 51 Berger, Lilian (Lea

Beile) ? USA Yes/Yes

2 56 Nov 22, 1919 Engelstein, Beni Nadworna 27 Kowal, Eida 27 Skalat Yes/Yes 2 212 Jan 20, 1943 Engelstein, Beni Nadworna 51 Cohen, Chajcie 50 Skala Yes/Yes 2 91 Aug 26, 1922 Engelstein, Isaac Nadworna 40 Henigsberg, Ester ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 173 Oct 27, 1934 Engelstein, Menasche

Hersch (Harold) Nadworna 24 *Seidman, Dora ? Not Listed No/Yes

1 213 Oct 15, 1911 Engelstein, Sig (Sigmund)

Nadworna 30 Yes

2 214 Apr 11, 1943 Engelstein, Stanley (Israel)

Nadworna 23 Greenfield, Blime 23 Russia No/No

2 175 Nov 24, 1934 Engelstein, Uscher Isaak (Seymour)

Nadworna 23 Dorothy ? Not Listed No/No

2 81 Oct 8, 1921 Erger, Nathan Austria 20 Ruth 21 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 197 Mar 25, 1939 Federbusch, Dr. Herman Stanislau 32 No 2 248 Mar 3, 1963 Federbusch, Dr. Herman USA 52 Lichter, Mary 38 Trenton, Nj No 1 232 Jul 3, 1913 Federbusch, Frojem (Efroim) Nadworna 30 Kimel, Salie 26 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 104 Aug 20, 1905 Federbusch, Schulem Nadworna 33 Yes 2 205 Jan 11, 1941 Federing, Abe New York 23 Katz, Chaje (Eileen) ? New York Yes/No 1 148 Apr 21, 1907 Federing, Isak Nadworna 26 Brumberger, Sara 21 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 115 Dec 4, 1904 Feier, Josef Kolomea ? Beki Yes/Yes 2 147 Jan 11, 1930 Feingold, Dawid Odessa 25 Dawer, Jenny ? New York Yes/Yes 1 217 Dec 17, 1911 Feld, Mechel Not Listed 28 Kwartler, Jetti ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 132 Feb 12, 1927 Feldstein, Jack Russia 24 Weitz, Minnie 21 New York No/No


32

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

1 81 Apr 16, 1904 Feuer, Max Kolomea 22 Herman, Ester 23 Kolomea No/No 2 169 Mar 24, 1934 Fiderer, Dr. Solomon Tluste 28 Corn, Bella 28 New York No/No 1 28 Nov 10, 1900 Fischer, Abisch Nadworna 56 Yes 1 38 Nov 2, 1901 Fischer, Hyman Nadworna 21 Blau, Betti ? Sereth, Bukowina No 2 3 Jan 18, 1914 Fisher, Harry Galicia 28 Blau, Stella 26 Roumania Yes/Yes 1 192 Jun 1910 Fladeh, Dr. Max M. New York 26 No 1 200 Feb 5, 1911 Fleish, Dr. Israel Not Listed 26 No 1 161 Oct 6, 1907 Flohr (Flower), Harry Not Listed 21 No 1 29 May 1, 1900 Flohr, Moses Nadworna 42 Gelbart, Babe 38 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 122 Jun 12, 1926 Forkash (Forkus), Dawid Monasterzyska 22 No 2 24 Jan 21, 1917 Frankel, Isidore Kolomea 31 Jentow, Line 31 Russia No/No 1 26 Oct 19, 1901 Frankel, Joel Nadworna 50 Neustatter, Ruchel 36 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 27 Nov 2, 1901 Frankel, Zve (Jozef) Bohorodchany 20 No 1 132 Jun 3, 1906 Freifeld, Abraham Sanok 27 Wichner, Ruchel 19 Not Listed No 2 198 Apr 22, 1939 Fromowitz, Harry New York 30 Locker, Ethel 27 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 82 Dec 10, 1921 Fuchs, Dr. Joseph USA 26 No 2 117 Jun 27, 1925 Gartner, Pinkus Galicia 38 First, Rose 35 Sikhov (?) Yes/No 1 30 May 1, 1900 Gelbart, Kalman Nadworna 33 Lakriz, Gitel 32 Maydan-Gurny Yes/Yes 1 47 Sep 20, 1902 Geler, Meier Nadworna 39 Greenblath, Leize 38 Kolomea No/No 1 45 No Date Geller, Jacob Galicia 27 Manvel (?), Hanny ? Galicia Yes/Yes 2 208 Nov 8, 1941 Gerler, Edward (Israel) New York 42 Schwartz, Gertrude 32 New York Yes/Yes 1 186 Oct 17, 1909 Gerler, Leib Nadworna 40 Rand (?), Chaje 30 Ottynia No/No 1 85 Sep 3, 1904 Gerler, Samuel Nadworna 21 No 1 167 Oct 18, 1908 Gerler, Samuel Nadworna 25 Wojner, Fani 20 Bohorodchany No/No 1 110 1900 Glozer, Berl Burshteyn 22 Friedman, Ruchel 17 Bukachevska No/No 1 33 Aug 18, 1900 Goldberg, Nuchem

Hersch Nadworna 35 Leiblein, Frime 32 Stanislau No/No

2 94 Feb 24, 1923 Goldbetter, Louis Galicia 33 Drimer, Jenie 28 Stanislau No/No 1 229 Apr 6, 1913 Goldstein, Max Nadworna 28 Zwirn, Ziwje 22 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 62 Dec 27, 1919 Gorden, Samuel Russia 33 Meinhart, Fany 27 Stanislau No/No 1 218 Dec 31, 1911 Gottesman, Benjamen Not Listed 38 Sheril, Ester 36 Banya Berezov Yes/Yes 1 79 Apr 2, 1904 Gottheim, Beny Nadworna 20 Leibowitz, Simi ? Hungary Yes/Yes 1 225 Oct 1, 1912 Gottheim, Hersh Nadworna 21 Yes 2 86 Mar 25, 1922 Gottheim, Isak Leib Nadworna 62 Zwirn, Ruchel 55 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 169 Nov 15, 1908 Grauer, Frojem (Froim) Nadworna 28 No 2 23 Jan 21, 1917 Grauer, Simon Nadworna 38 Yes 2 241 Jan 17, 1954 Greenberg, Julius

(Yudel) USA 29 Yasemsky, Helen (Chinke) ? USA Yes/Yes

2 230 Jun 26, 1949 Griffel, Bernard Nadworna 50 Mehrbaum, Malke 46 Vorokhta Yes/Yes 2 129 Nov 13, 1926 Grill, Samuel Bukowina 30 Bochner, Sarah 21 Not Listed No/No 1 216 Dec 3, 1911 Grische, Osias Not Listed 32 Yes 1 189 Jan 20, 1910 Grischer (?), Alex (Alexander) Nadworna 26 No 1 162 Nov 17, 1907 Gross, Herman Austria 32 Kassman, Annie No/No 2 13 Jan 2, 1916 Gross, Moris Drohobycz 26 Porper, Ida 27 Nadworna No/No 1 187 Dec 5, 1909 Gruberg, Esriel Podhajce 42 Trifwasser, Alte 42 Delatyn No/Yes 1 71 Jul 18, 1903 Grunberg, Isaac Breicla (?), Roumania 39 Brumberger, Resel 38 Nadworna No/No 1 52 No Date Grunfeld, Louis Russia 22 No 1 197 Dec 4, 1910 Hahn, Julius Not Listed 28 No 1 44 Dec 7, 1901 Harig, Isak Stanislau 22 Susman, Ester 19 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 133 Jun 3, 1906 Hartman, Benjaman Nadworna 23 No


33

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

2 32 Mar 17, 1918 Hartman, Sam Stanislau 38 Hillman, Ana 30 Vienna No/No 2 235 May 13, 1951 Harz, Joseph (Josef) Nadworna 33 Haber, Cirla 29 Not Listed No/No 2 196 Dec 10, 1938 Hassenbein, Chaskel Warsaw 37 Brownstein, Sarah 36 Not Listed No/No 1 138 Aug 5, 1906 Hausman, Josef (Joseph) Not Listed 30 No 1 19 Aug 17, 1901 Heffer, Wolf Tablonieu 29 Kreisling, Machli 27 Kolomea No/No 1 62 May 2, 1903 Heiferman, Isak Pechenezhin 28 Galfreter (?), Chaje 18 Pechenezhin No/No 1 228 Apr 6, 1913 Heitner, Henry Not Listed 35 Yager, Woyke (?) ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 77 Feb 20, 1904 Herman, Chune Schmerl Nizniow (?) 40 Schmelzer, Ruchel Lea ? Obertyn Yes/Yes 2 45 Dec 28, 1918 Herman, Harry Kolomea 30 Herkowitz, Chaje 30 Roumania No/No 2 1 Nov 16, 1913 Hillman, Moris Nadworna 23 Knoll, Fani 23 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 104 Dec 8, 1923 Hilsenrath, Isak Mayer Europe 26 Horowitz, Pauline 22 Not Listed No/No 1 2 May 1, 1900 Hilsenrath, Mechel Leb Kolomea 28 Grunberg, Rosa 28 Kolomea Yes/Yes 1 31 May 1, 1900 Hilsenrath, Sam Delatyn 23 No 2 210 Dec 27, 1941 Hirsch, David Nadworna 39 Schrieber, Netti 38 G_Rahumora (?),

Bukowina No/No

1 51 Sep 20, 1902 Hirsch, Dawid Nadworna 21 No 2 197 Feb 25, 1939 Hirsch, Harold (Simche Hersch) Newyork 28 Ellenberg, Ida 28 USA No/No 1 207 Apr 2, 1911 Hirsch, Johnas Nadworna 21 No 2 28 Jun 3, 1917 Holzstein, Beni Zaleshchiki 28 Teig, Clara 25 Nadworna No 2 141 Sep 8, 1928 Horowitz, Max Bohorodchany 36 Schachter, Ettie ? Solotwina No/No 1 147 Mar 3, 1907 Horvitz, Ary Russia 40 Zewirn, Anna ? Not Listed No/No 2 95 Mar 24, 1923 Hyams, Harry USA 30 Leitner, Gertrude ? Russia No/No 2 155 Mar 22, 1930 Jacobs, Julius New York 26 Blumenstein, Ruth 23 New York No/No 2 98 Apr 28, 1923 Jacobstein, Louis Europe 32 Zanger, Ida ? Not Listed No/No 1 188 Jan 16, 1910 Kamerling (?), Moses Tysminitsa 28 Wysrys (?), Mina (?) 23 Horodenka No/No 2 66 Mar 27, 1920 Kampler, Max Galicia 35 Weiser, Berta 32 Galicia No/No 2 199 Apr 22, 1939 Kantor, Joel Riga, Latvia 32 Locker, Eva 29 Nadworna No/No 1 135 Jul 1, 1906 Kaplan, Dr. Alex P. Not Listed 23 No 1 114 Nov 7, 1905 Kaswin, Hersh Mendel Nadworna 24 Blaukpf, Malli 25 Podhajce No/No 2 243 Mar 21, 1954 Katcher, Julius (Joseph) USA 32 Feigelman, Edythe 26 USA No/No 2 29 Aug 19, 1917 Katczer, Antchel Meyer Bukowina 27 Shwimmer, Ani 20 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 105 Dec 22, 1923 Keizner, Jacob Not Listed 31 Kertzner, Ida 29 New York No/No 2 157 May 10, 1930 Keller, Herman Serednie,

Czechoslovakia 41 Bergider, Ida 38 Dubry_Icze (?) No/No

2 87 Apr 8, 1922 Kerker, Majer Galicia 42 Hok, Leah 42 Galicia Yes/Yes 2 182 Jan 11, 1936 Kirschenbaum, Charles (Sheah) New York 28 No 2 200 Nov 11, 1939 Kirschenbaum, Hyman Brooklyn, Ny 24 Tannenbaum, Ethel 25 Brooklyn, Ny No/No 1 150 May 5, 1907 Kirschenbaum, Leibisch Volle Or Wolle, Galicia 28 Kwartler, Poline 28 Nadworna No/Yes 2 183 Jan 11, 1936 Kirschenbaum, William (Wolf) USA 25 No 2 234 May 13, 1951 Klarreich, Chaskel Nadworna 45 Ebenstein, Sala 38 Budapest No/No 1 168 Aug 16, 1908 Klein, Saloman Bolechow 38 Diament, Mieze Dolina No/No 1 201 Feb 5, 1911 Klein, Willi Czernowitz, Bukowina 35 Rittberg, Sara 30 Czernowitz, Bukowina No/No 1 112 Nov 5, 1905 Kneitel, Leb Lysiec 35 No 1 70 Jun 20, 1903 Knoll, Efroim Nadworna 28 *Klarberg, Debora 36 Ottynia Yes/Yes 1 125 Jan 7, 1906 Knoll, Hersch Nadworna 35 Yes 2 167 Mar 25, 1933 Knoll, Max Ottynia 36 Glickman, Lilie 28 USA Yes/Yes 2 75 Jan 8, 1921 Knoll, Sam Nadworna 25 Gorden, Sara 21 New York Yes/Yes 1 226 Nov 3, 1912 Knoll, Solomon Nadworna 32 Yes 1 69 Jun 20, 1903 Knoller, Louis Przemysl 23 Flohr, Tillie 20 Nadworna No/No 2 26 Feb 4, 1917 Korn, Charles Czortkow 30 Bochner, Lina 28 Nadworna Yes/Yes


34

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

2 106 Apr 12, 1924 Kornblum, Jacob New York 28 Hirsh, Beky 28 New York Yes/Yes 2 247 Apr 1, 1962 Kramer, Dr. Joseph

Isaac New York 37 No

2 178 May 25, 1935 Kramer, Harry New York 21 Helen No 2 202 Sep 14, 1940 Kramer, Milton (Meier) USA 21 Yes 2 101 May 26, 1923 Kramer, Moses Nadworna 40 Weingarten, Sara ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 193 1910 Kramer, Selig Nadworna 24 Romer, Frida 22 Korosmerz, Marmorsch,

Hungary Yes/Yes

2 250 Apr 5, 1963 Kramer, Solomon Nadworna 55 Lena 44 Not Listed No 1 41 May 17, 1902 Kraus, Sam Tablonieu 35 Nadel, Sara Dwere 34 Delatyn No/No 2 209 Nov 22, 1941 Kriegel, Isaak Nadworna 50 Goldberg, Mary 42 Lublin No/No 1 49 Sep 20, 1902 Krieger, Leisor Jaryczow (?) 38 Schnesbalz (?), Chaje 37 Not Listed No/No 2 4 Jun 7, 1914 Kugler, Berl Sniatyn 29 Reiter, Rebeka 24 Sniatyn No/No 1 80 Jan 16, 1904 Kuker, Moses Leb Delatyn 40 Brumberger, Feige 38 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 37 May 1, 1900 Kwartler, Abraham Nadworna 32 Horowitz, Rosa ? Hungary Yes/Yes 2 52 Jul 26, 1919 Kwartler, Chajam Nadworna 66 Kwartler, Etel 66 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 210 Jun 18, 1911 Kwartler, Chajem Not Listed 23 Yes 2 97 Apr 14, 1923 Kwartler, Hyman Nadworna? 35 Lieberman, Anne ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 21 Oct 7, 1900 Kwartler, Kopel Stanislau 36 Sperling, Brane 36 Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 61 Dec 25, 1919 Kwartler, Saloman Cucylow 30 Yes 1 233 Aug 17, 1913 Lang, Mendel Nadworna 30 Shehr, Fani 24 Podhajce No/No 1 74 Nov 6, 1903 Langer, Osias Leib Nadworna 50 Diamand, Yetti 38 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 27 Mar 18, 1917 Langsner, Abraham Nadworna 40 Strumberger, Ester 38 Sniatyn No/No 1 39 Jul 21, 1900 Langweiler, Jacob Nadworna 50 Hovinger, Selde 38 Kolomea No/No 2 150 Feb 22, 1930 Lanstein, Dr. Jacob Irvin Russia 26 Scheiner, Polly 21 Not Listed No/No 2 8 Oct 18, 1914 Lawitt (Lavitt), Josef Not Listed 28 No 2 12 Nov 7, 1915 Lebwohl, Benjamin Galicia 25 Rauowsky (?), Rosie 23 Russia Yes/Yes 1 174 Feb 21, 1909 Leiter, I. Hersch Nadworna 28 Sheiner, Jetti ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 59 Dec 13, 1919 Leitner, Abe Nadworna 25 No 1 78 Feb 20, 1904 Leitner, Abraham

(Adolf) Nadworna 32 No

1 24 Aug 4, 1900 Leitner, Benny Nadworna 24 Rubil, Poli 24 Monasterzyska Yes/Yes 2 71 Nov 23, 1920 Leitner, Isidore Tablonow, Galicia 34 Krupka, Sadie 32 Galicia No/No 1 59 Apr 21, 1903 Leitner, Joel Nadworna 26 Yenie 23 Tysminitsa Yes/Yes 2 15 Feb 6, 1916 Leitner, Julius Nadworna 28 Laitner, Rose 26 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 117 Nov 19, 1905 Limancruk, Chajem Russia 23 Weingart, Gossie 24 Skala No/No 1 136 Jul 1, 1906 Lisnow, David Not Listed 22 No 2 109 Aug 9, 1924 Locker, Abraham Ber Stanislau 58 Yes 1 92 Nov 5, 1904 Locker, Eisig Nadworna 22 Traub, Czarne 25 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 184 Oct 3, 1909 Locker, Eisig (Eisik) Nadworna 29 Traub, Tillie 26 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 44 Dec 14, 1918 Locker, Mozes Nadworna 34 Palker, Ginendel 25 Kolomea Yes/Yes 2 140 Jul 28, 1928 Long, Morris New York 32 Kramer, Rose 39 Not Listed No/No 1 144 Jan 20, 1907 Luks, Heri Bzcnyzcn, Galicia 26 No 1 55 Dec 6, 1902 Lunenfeld, Heyman Stanislau 23 Ester 24 Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 180 Jun 5, 1909 Lynkowski, Moe Russia 32 Weisberg, Perl 28 Roumania No/No 1 118 Nov 19, 1905 Maller, F. Kolomea 27 Ramler, Rosse 21 Nadworna No/No 1 154 Jun 16, 1907 Mandel, Willie Kolkiew 25 Siman, Enni 2 Zloczow No/No 2 189 Jun 26, 1937 Margulies, Dr. Murray Emanuel Korolowka 34 No 2 30 Sep 18, 1917 Markowitz, Max Roumania 22 Hartman, Fani 22 Galicia No/No 1 22 Nov 2, 1901 Masis, Schaspmi Lojowa 34 Wiesel, Sara 26 Nadworna No/No


35

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

2 49 May 24, 1919 Mausner, Mendel Lanczyn 39 Traub, Serl 38 Nadworna No/No 2 123 Jul 24, 1926 Mazer, Joseph Kiev 39 Bader, Lina 34 Not Listed No/No 2 168 May 27, 1933 Merkatz, Dr. Harry Sassow 31 Kandel, Anna ? New York No/No 1 57 No Date Messer, Janach Eisig Tysminitsa 42 Rothman, Malke 40 Not Listed No/No 2 232 Apr 15, 1951 Miller, Izzy Nadworna 39 Silberman, Helen 33 Not Listed Yes/No 1 107 Aug 20, 1905 Miller, Moses Russia 36 Kupferman, Enni 33 Russia No/No 1 56 Dec 6, 1902 Mitzner (?), Janasl Galicia 31 Hinde 31 Not Listed No/No 1 176 May 2, 1909 Mosner, Elias Probuzna 23 Reiter, Yatti 22 Nadworna No/No 2 73 Nov 27, 1920 Mosner, Louis (Lowi) Probezhna 36 Reiter, Jetti 34 Nadworna No/No 1 142 Dec 16, 1906 Nadel, Leiser Drohobycz 29 Kohn, Cillie 26 Russia No/No 1 15 May 1, 1900 Nadel, Seide Nadworna 30 Vogel, Mali 28 Iasi, Roumania Yes/Yes 1 153 May 20, 1907 Nisinoff, Louis Russia 30 Goldstein, Janie 24 New York No/No 1 220 Feb 18, 1912 Oblas, Sam Not Listed 27 No 1 58 Feb 1903 Perekalsky, Abraham Russia 41 Harig, Lea 50 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 214 Oct 15, 1911 Pines, Chaskel, M.D. Stanislau 26 No 1 113 Nov 5, 1905 Polak, Abraham Stanislau 24 Bomberg, Fani 26 Yezupol No/Yes 1 72 Nov 21, 1903 Porper, Dawid Leib Nadworna 38 Meiberger, Mini 28 Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 67 Apr 15, 1920 Porper, Jacob Nadworna 28 Gomelski, Rose 25 Russia No/No 1 89 May 1, 1900 Porper, Nathan Nadworna 29 Scheer, Sofie 28 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 203 Feb 19, 1911 Presser, Nathan Tarnow 38 Rosenberg, Sheindel ? Lemberg No/No 2 174 Nov 24, 1934 Rafael, Sidney New York 29 Rogers, Rose ? New York No/No 1 146 Feb 17, 1907 Rathsprecher, Berisch Nadworna 30 No 1 196 Oct 4, 1910 Rathsprecher, Berisch Not Listed 32 No 2 213 Feb 14, 1943 Ratsprecher (Rodgers), Joseph Nadworna 28 Grauman, Blime 26 Sokol No/No 2 33 Mar 17, 1918 Ratsprecher, Beni Nadworna 30 Lipshitz, Rose 30 Galicia No/No 2 217 Jan 8, 1944 Ratsprecher, Bernhard Nadworna 37 Berger, Blanche 33 New York Yes/Yes 2 219 Jun 10, 1944 Ratsprecher, Isaak

(Irving) Nadworna 32 Mishnikoff, Rebecca 27 Brooklyn, Ny No/No

2 20 Aug 20, 1916 Rebarber, Hary Nadworna 22 No 1 82 Apr 16, 1904 Rebarber, Josef Nadworna 24 No/No 2 88 May 13, 1922 Rebarber, Max S. New York 25 Fendsik (?), Esther (?) 21 New York No/No 1 10 May 1, 1900 Rebarberim, Falik Nadworna 32 Wolf, Gitel 28 Pechenezhin Yes/Yes 2 116 Jun 13, 1925 Recht, Sol Nadworna 24 Malter, Rose 20 Not Listed Yes/Yes 1 157 Aug 1907 Rechtshafer, Mayer Nadworna 35 Glaubart, Line 34 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 112 Apr 11, 1925 Rechtshaffen (Recht),

Joel Nadworna 27 Rosen, Fannie 24 Not Listed Yes/Yes

2 119 Aug 8, 1925 Rechtshaffen, Irving Nadworna 29 Mantell, Sylvia 22 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 237 No Date Reger, Isaak Nadworna 40 Yes 1 212 Sep 3, 1911 Reiter, Isidor Max Not Listed 21 Yes 1 11 May 1, 1900 Reiter, Mendel J. Solotwina 34 Buchman, Alte 37 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 123 Dec 3, 1905 Renawski, Abraham Russia 45 Gottheim, Ruchel 45 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 75 Nov 6, 1903 Ribarbern, Moris Nadworna 20 No 2 242 Feb 21, 1954 Rinsler, Aaron New York 34 Berger, Roslyn (Rose) 30 New York No/No 2 72 Nov 27, 1920 Rinzler, Sam Ottynia 38 Woroner, Eida 36 Nadworna No/No 2 139 Jul 14, 1928 Rinzler, Sam Ottynia 46 Woroner, Eida 44 Not Listed No/No 2 36 May 11, 1918 Rosenberg, Jacob England 27 Berstein, Lina 21 Austria No/No 2 211 Feb 28, 1942 Rosenberg, Samuel Nadworna 43 Bardowitz, Adele Fatosce, Austria No/No 1 201 May 21, 1911 Rosenberg, William Russia 32 Dolgow, Sara 26 Russia No/No 1 219 Feb 18, 1912 Rosenblatt, B. (Beril) Not Listed 24 Dreilinger, Mali 19 Nadworna No/No 2 46 Dec 28, 1918 Rosenblatt, Sam Krywcza 32 Arbeit, Sara 30 Ottynia No/No


36

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

1 127 Feb 18, 1906 Rosengarten, Moris Podhajce 29 Nador, Paulina ? Drohobycz No/No 2 31 Jan 6, 1918 Rosner, Moris Bukowina 29 Shreiber, Jany 22 Galicia No/No 2 229 Mar 27, 1949 Roth, Israel Nadworna 35 Wieselman, Helen

(Henie) 34 Nadworna No/No

2 11 Apr 17, 1915 Rubin, Dr. Leo Not Listed 27 No 2 99 May 12, 1923 Rubin, Michael USA 29 Brikel, Rosa ? Not Listed No/No 1 170 Jan 3, 1909 Rudich, Heri Czernowitz,

Bukowina 25 Yager, Sadie 23 Nadworna Yes/Yes

1 100 Jun 6, 1905 Saloman, Wolf Bulgaria 31 Kwartler, Rose 35 Nadworna No/No 1 172 Jul 17, 1909 Samer, Hersch Delatyn 30 Tertelbaum, Babe 28 Nadworna No/No 2 6 Oct 18, 1914 Sandhous, Hary Krakow 24 Goldstein, Yetti 22 Nadworna No/No 1 185 Oct 17, 1909 Schachter, Josef Dukla 38 Diamond, Poule 26 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 158 No Date Schaffer, Louis Stanislau 33 Kleiman, Feige Rifke 27 Kolomea Yes/Yes 1 128 Mar 4, 1906 Schajer, Jacob Skala 20 No 2 183 Sep 5, 1936 Schechter, Harry New York 28 Yaeger, Tillie 25 Not Listed Yes/No 1 195 Oct 4, 1910 Scheer, Jacob Not Listed 22 Stern, Fani 21 Przemysl Yes/Yes 1 172 Jan 3, 1909 Scheer, Menasche Not Listed 22 Ziel, Sara 20 Obertyn Yes/Yes 1 139 Nov 4, 1906 Scheer, Mendel Nadworna 32 Grossman, Gittel 31 Stanislau Yes/Yes 1 116 Nov 15, 1905 Scheer, Yechiel Monasterzyska 37 Bulkan, Yenie 35 Not Listed No/No 1 32 May 1, 1900 Scheiner, Abraham Nadworna 40 Bochner, Sara Riwe 40 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 149 Apr 21, 1907 Scheiner, Jacob Nadworna 21 Long, Mali 21 Nadworna No/No 1 143 Dec 16, 1906 Scheiner, Simon Nadworna 46 Brener, Eidel 40 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 126 Nov 13, 1926 Scherl, Dr. Sam A. Brezow, Austria 27 No 1 48 Sep 20, 1902 Scherr, Leib Nadworna 21 No 1 217 Dec 3, 1911 Schissler, Abe Nadworna 32 Sheiner, Perl 31 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 188 May 22, 1937 Schissler, Abraham Nadworna 32 Kramer, Pauline ? New York Yes/Yes 1 175 Mar 21, 1909 Schissler, Chajem Nadworna 24 Yes 2 246 Dec 4, 1961 Schissler, Stanley

(Simon) USA 23 No

2 143 Mar 23, 1929 Schlesinger, Emanuel (Mendel) New York 22 No 2 70 Sep 25, 1920 Schlesinger, Isidore Bolechow 39 Seiden, Anni 37 Galicia Yes/Yes 1 137 Jul 1, 1906 Schmelzer, Moses Obertyn 26 Dauber, Jaske 26 Kolomea No/No 2 181 Jan 11, 1936 Schoenfeld, Abraham New York 26 Erbert, Ruth 24 New York No/No 2 2 Dec 21, 1913 Schonfeld, Dr. Moris Not Listed 33 No 1 68 Jun 6, 1903 Schoor, Benjamen Mikulince 33 Banner, Taube 33 Nadworna No 1 173 Jul 17, 1909 Schryer (Schreier),

Chajem Nadworna 21 Yes

1 151 May 5, 1907 Schwartz, Juda Rohatyn 30 No 2 89 May 13, 1922 Schwartz, Saul Warsaw 30 Zauderer, Pauline ? Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 172 Jul 29, 1934 Schwartz, Saul Warsaw 42 Zauderer, Pauline 38 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 137 Jun 23, 1928 Schwartzman, Max Stara Siol 27 No 1 191 Apr 17, 1910 Schwarz, Izek Warsaw 21 Rinn (?), Klara 23 Nadworna No/No 1 87 Feb 18, 1905 Schwimmer, Israel Buczacz 45 Fingerman, Priwe 38 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 55 Oct 25, 1919 Schwimmer, Leb

(Louis) Galicia 29 Singer, Polin 23 Russia Yes/No

2 133 Mar 12, 1927 Schwimmer, Louis Nadworna 36 Singer, Pauline 28 Not Listed Yes/No 2 215 Sep 19, 1943 Schwimmer, Louis Nadworna 50 Yes 2 100 May 10, 1923 Seiden, Leon Europe 30 Paula ? Not Listed No/No 1 195 Oct 4, 1910 Seidenberg, Peisich Not Listed 40 No 2 184 Sep 19, 1936 Seiff, Harry USA 32 Sandhaus, Mollie 27 Not Listed No/No


37

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

1 178 May 16, 1909 Selzer, Isak Ottynia 25 Kerman, Bessi 21 Stanislau No/No 2 18 Apr 16, 1916 Semel, Jacob Dolina 24 Semel, Poli 24 Stanislau No/No 2 48 Feb 22, 1919 Semel, Jacob Ii Stanislau 30 Brill, Anni 25 New York No/No 2 236 Jan 27, 1952 Shafer, Simon Stanislau 32 Zwirn, Sidonie (Syme) ? Vienna Yes/No 2 54 Sep 13, 1919 Shaffer, Josef Galicia 29 Todros, Rose 23 Mielec Yes/Yes 2 7 Oct 18, 1914 Shaffer, M. Nadworna 26 No 2 64 Feb 14, 1920 Sharf, Israel Nadworna 35 Avner, Clara 35 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 206 Mar 19, 1911 Shehr, Sam Nadworna 22 Yes 2 131 Jan 22, 1927 Sheib, Max Tarnopol 40 Bandler, Lilie ? Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 53 Sep 13, 1919 Shutz, Dr. Nathan Galicia 27 No 1 76 Nov 6, 1903 Sillberman, Eisig Minsk Guberniya 30 Kosecky, Ruchel 30 Russia No/No 1 131 Jun 3, 1906 Singer, Ch. L. Nadworna 39 Schorer, Hinde 36 Not Listed No/No 1 140 Dec 2, 1906 Singer, Ch. L. Zawcrow (?), Galicia 30 Yager, Ester 30 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 145 Feb 17, 1907 Singer, Mendel Nadworna 26 Boll, Clara 25 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 227 Feb 2, 1913 Snidkis (?), Markus Galicia 38 Katz, Maryam 34 Galicia No/No 2 77 Feb 12, 1921 Solomon, Samuel Russia 38 No 1 121 Dec 3, 1905 Solomowitz, Morris Roumania 26 Guschner, Amelia 24 Radautz,

Bukowina No/No

1 130 May 20, 1906 Sperling, Jacob Stanislau 30 Vogel, Marjem 28 Stanislau No/No 2 25 Jan 21, 1917 Sprechman, Max Kolomea 28 Jenkow (?), Rose 24 Russia No/No 1 179 May 16, 1909 Steigman, F. (Philip) Solotwina 29 No 2 110 Dec 27, 1924 Steinmetz, Dr. H. New York 32 No 1 156 Jul 21, 1907 Stempler, Isaac (Izack) Galicia 36 Olliwer, Sedi ? Potok Zloty No/No 1 105 Aug 20, 1905 Stern, Burech Halicz 30 Demling, Milke 27 Not Listed No/No 1 46 Jul 19, 1902 Stern, Dawid Galicia 37 Stern, Rachel 26 Not Determinable No/No 2 80 Oct 8, 1921 Stern, George Austria 24 Rosh, Gussie 24 Austria No/Yes 2 138 Jun 23, 1928 Stieglitz, Max Kalusz 29 Weissberger, Bessie 24 Dobra No/No 2 136 Jun 9, 1928 Stieglitz, Saul (Sol) Kalusz 33 Imberman, Fanny 24 Roumania No/No 1 134 Jun 17, 1906 Streit, Burech Kolomea 30 Hilsenrath, Rose 28 Kolomea No/No 1 34 Jan 5, 1901 Streit, Jacob Nadworna 36 Braustein, Rose 40 Ottynia Yes/Yes 1 119 Nov 19, 1905 Streiter, Yosel (Yosef) Nadworna 23 Wenger, Rosse 20 Dombrova Yes/Yes 1 16 May 1, 1900 Strim, Seide Delatyn 30 Streitman, Chai Lea 30 Delatyn No/No 1 20 Aug 4, 1900 Strimber, Moses Wolf Nadworna 22 No 1 43 Nov 2, 1901 Tanenbaum, Juda Meier Zaleshchiki 26 Rosenblatt, Gusta 26 Czernewitz No/No 1 17 Feb 1, 1900 Tanenbaum, Mendel Zaleszczyki 29 Rebarber, Dwore 24 Nadworna No/Yes 2 161 Jan 10, 1931 Tannenbaum, Harry Not Listed 26 No 1 61 May 2, 1903 Tau, Efroim Pechenezhin 32 Sara 31 Pechenezhin No/No 2 21 Sep 17, 1916 Teig, Israel Nadworna 37 Kwartler, Sonie 36 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 225 Mar 27, 1949 Teig, Joel Nadworna 50 Scheiner, Rose 46 Solotwina Yes/Yes 2 60 Dec 13, 1919 Teitler, Bany Stanislau 34 Gridlinger, Eida 34 Stanislau No/No 2 226 Mar 27, 1949 Tillinger, David Nadworna 57 Reisel, Bertha ? Delatyn No/No 2 5 Jun 21, 1914 Tobin, Kalmon Not Listed 40 Halper, Debora 38 Galicia No/No 2 134 Apr 30, 1927 Tomback, Josef Leib USA 36 Drimmer, Rosie Lea 32 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 65 Jun 6, 1903 Traub, Abraham Nadworna 38 Scheiner, Frede 19 Russia Yes/No 2 222 Jun 22, 1946 Traub, David Rohatyn 30 Weiss, Olga 28 USA No/Yes 2 108 Jun 28, 1924 Traub, Gabriel Nadworna 35 Grin, Sarah 31 Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 180 Nov 23, 1935 Traub, Gabriel Nadworna 43 Arzt, Sadie 41 Stanislau? Yes/Yes 2 204 Dec 28, 1940 Traub, Irving Nadworna 43 Blauschaft, Pauline 36 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 102 Oct 27, 1923 Traub, Isac Nadworna 28 Blaushaft, Pauline 27 New York Yes/Yes


38

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

1 96 Jun 12, 1902 Traub, Isak Nadworna 22 Scheiner, Lina 21 Nadworna No/No 2 103 Oct 27, 1923 Traub, Josef Nadworna 23 Masters, Ruth 28 Boston, Ma ?/No 2 179 Nov 23, 1935 Traub, Joseph Nadworna 33 Braun, Shirley ? Not Listed Yes/No 2 113 Apr 11, 1925 Traub, Moris Nadworna 39 Lorder (?), Anna ? Rohatyn Yes/Yes 2 164 Mar 26, 1932 Traub, Philip Stanislau 34 Silverstein, Margie 29 New York Yes/Yes 2 9 Feb 21, 1915 Traub, Samuel Galicia 36 Schachter, Hencie ? Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 207 Oct 11, 1941 Turner, Morris (Mojsche Wolf) Nadworna 30 Anna No/No 2 43 Aug 10, 1918 Unger, Josef Austria 27 *Gottesman, Mallie 21 Galicia Yes/Yes 1 50 Sep 20, 1902 Vogel, Simche Nadworna 42 Chaje ? Not Listed No/No 2 128 Nov 13, 1926 Waltman, Samuel Bukowina 36 Sheiner, Anna 28 Nadworna No/No 1 18 Oct 20, 1900 Wasser, David Tysminitsa 34 Flochman, Yetti 30 Bukaczowce Yes/Yes 1 204 Mar 5, 1911 Wasserman, Josel Kolomea 46 Diemant, Ester 25 Nadworna No/No 1 124 Dec 3, 1905 Weidenfeld, Sig Stanislau 21 No 1 159 Aug 4, 1907 Weidler, Hyman Not Listed 25 No 2 231 Jun 26, 1949 Weinberg, Nathan Jaslo 49 Griffel, Frieda 43 Nadworna No/No 2 193 Apr 23, 1938 Weiner, Dave New York 27 Locker, Eva 26 New York Yes/Yes 1 202 Feb 19, 1911 Weiner, Elias Uscieczko 20 No 2 78 Apr 25, 1921 Weingarten, Jacob Nadworna 31 Bleiweiss, Rencie 30 Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 37 May 25, 1918 Weingarten, Josef Nadworna 31 Cierler, Lina 31 Nadworna No/No 2 65 Mar 13, 1920 Weintraub, Moses Zlochov 34 Brikel, Yita 30 Nadworna No/No 2 58 Dec 13, 1919 Weiss, Moris Nadworna 25 Kreizer, Gittel 27 Delatyn Yes/Yes 1 120 Nov 19, 1905 Weissbaum, Henri

(Henry) Chicago, Il 24 Wilenski, Bessi 22 Russia No/No

1 148 Apr 21, 1907 Weissberg, Mechnel (Max K.) Pietrikow, Russia 40 No 2 93 Oct 15, 1922 Weissman, Moses Galicia 46 *Lindaur, Anna 48 Nadworna Yes/Yes 1 98 Jun 4, 1905 Weitz, Adolf Zcschaw (?) 36 Glanz, Beile 36 Stanislau Yes/Yes 2 47 Feb 22, 1919 Weitz, Beni Galicia 25 Zucker, Sadie ? New York Yes/Yes 2 19 Jun 4, 1916 Weitz, Bernard Nadworna 29 Singer, Regina 28 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 233 May 13, 1951 Weitz, Chaim Nadworna 42 Frichtelberg (?), Brucha 38 Not Listed No/No 1 209 May 7, 1911 Weitz, Hari Not Listed 22 Yes 2 16 Feb 20, 1916 Weitz, Joe Austria 25 Kolber, Rose 22 New York Yes/Yes 2 68 May 8, 1920 Weitz, Max Nadworna 28 ? 2 84 Dec 24, 1921 Weitz, Max Austria 28 Seltzer, Lina 22 Austria Yes/Yes 2 51 Jul 12, 1919 Weitz, Mendel Nadworna 64 Winter, Chane 55 Tysminitsa Yes/Yes 1 224 Jun 16, 1912 Weitz, Moris Nadworna 20 No 1 98 Apr 6, 1905 Weitz, Osias Nadworna 42 Streiger, Scheindel Sara 40 Burshtyn Yes/No 2 10 Mar 7, 1915 Weitz, Sam Nadworna 29 Grossman, Kati 23 New York Yes/Yes 2 63 Feb 28, 1920 Weitz, Sam Nadworna 34 Grossman, Kati 28 New York Yes/Yes 2 ? Mar 26, 1921 Weitz, Samuel Nadworna 35 Krauthamer, Fani ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 192 Mar 26, 1938 Weitz, Stanley (Simon) New York 21 Brotman, Gittel Gertrude ? New York No/No 2 79 Sep 10, 1921 Weitz, William Austria 26 Gettenburg, Ida 22 USA Yes/Yes 1 64 Jun 6, 1903 Weitz, Zigmund Nadworna 32 Rosenberg, Fani 21 Hungary No/Yes 2 249 Oct 6, 1963 Widman, Maurice Nadworna 63 Helen ? Not Listed Yes/Yes 2 228 Mar 27, 1949 Wieselman, Herman Nadworna 38 Spieler, Feige (Fay) 23 USA No/No 2 227 Mar 27, 1949 Wieselman, Leon (Leib) Nadworna 42 Tillinger, Malvina

(Malcie) 29 Glezwitz No/No

2 176 Dec 8, 1934 Wisotsky, Chaim (Hyman)

Petrikov 30 Weissman, Bertha 23 New York No/No

1 12 May 1, 1900 Wolf, Dawid Pechenezhin 43 No 1 83 Jun 4, 1904 Wolf, Herman Czernowitz, Bukowina 30 Hahn, Ester 30 Belz No/No


39

Book #





Nadworna Plot?

2 171 May 26, 1934 Yaeger, Charles Isidore New York 25 Charney, Rose 24 New York No/No 2 92 Aug 26, 1922 Yaeger, Joseph Nadworna 24 Yes 2 120 Aug 22, 1925 Yaeger, Samuel Nadworna 24 Feuer, Mallie 20 Stanislau Yes/No 2 165 May 28, 1932 Yaeger, Saul New York 26 Sohn, Dorothy 21 New York No/No 1 223 Jun 2, 1912 Yager, Feiwil Nadworna 26 Schreiber, Malie 23 Swirz Yes/Yes 1 90 May 21, 1905 Yager, Herzel Nadworna 30 Bergler, Fani 30 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 163 Sep 19, 1931 Yasemsky, Morris Warsaw 38 Bochner, Rosa 30 Nadworna Yes/Yes 2 111 Feb 14, 1925 Yuran, Herman Solotwina 34 Lena 24 Not Listed Yes/No 2 114 Apr 25, 1925 Yuran, Saul B. Bohorodchany 29 Silber, Florence 22 Not Listed No/No 2 153 Mar 22, 1930 Zall, Samuel Brest Litowsk 38 Cohn, Sara 35 Not Listed No/No 2 115 Jun 13, 1925 Zanger, Aaron H. Nadworna 22 Weiner, Minie ? Austria Yes/Yes 1 155 Jun 16, 1907 Zanger, Josel Hersch Nadworna 40 Gottesman, Sluwe ? Kolomea Yes/Yes 2 96 Apr 14, 1923 Zanger, Louis Nadworna? 27 Sobel, Blanche 27 Not Listed No/No 2 130 Jan 22, 1927 Zanger, Moris Nadworna 27 Israelson, Belle ? New York No/No 1 122 Dec 3, 1905 Zanger, Selig Mendel Tysminitsa 38 Grill, Paula ? Not Listed No/No 1 36 Aug 17, 1901 Zankel, Israel Bohorodchany 25 Hufer, Blime 23 Tysminitsa Yes/Yes 1 103 Jul 2, 1905 Zauderer, Ch. Y. Nadworna 30 *Starer, Nettie 23 Not Listed No/Yes 1 67 No Date Zellner, Josel Potok Zloty 25 Fridman, Chane 24 Hungary Yes/No 1 66 No Date Zellner, Meillech Potok Zloty 45 *Feder, Bine 45 Potok Zloty Yes/Yes 2 39 Jun 8, 1918 Zierler, Harry Ottynia 35 Dreilinger, Lina 32 Nadworna No/No 2 187 Apr 24, 1937 Zweifler, George Nadworna 37 Silverstein, Sara 28 New York Yes/No 2 107 Jun 14, 1924 Zweifler, Jacob Nadworna 34 Sokol, Bertha 37 Russia Yes/Yes 2 185 Apr 10, 1937 Zweifler, Joseph (Joe) Nadworna 33 Silverberg, Ray 24 Not Listed Yes/No 1 91 May 1, 1900 Zweifler, Max Nadworna 34 Braunstein, Sedi (?) 28 Russia No/No 2 186 Apr 10, 1937 Zweifler, Seymour Nadworna 27 Stern, Yetta 25 Not Listed No/Yes 2 127 Nov 13, 1926 Zwirn, Jacob Meier Austria 35 Sheiner, Rebecca 30 New York No/No 2 38 Jun 8, 1918 Zwirn, P. Nadworna 41 Kreisler, Rose 28 Stanislau No/No 2 223 Jun 22, 1946 Zwirn, Samuel Nadworna 50 Schneier, Helen 48 Not Listed Yes/Yes


40

GG Steering Committee Coordinator: Shelley Kellerman Pollero 549 Cypress Lane Severna Park, MD 21146 (410) 647-9492 [email protected]

Membership Chair: Leon Gold P.O. Box 31093 Santa Barbara, CA 93130-1093 [email protected]

Editor, The Galitzianer: Edward Goldstein 24 Euston Street Brookline, MA 02446 (617) 232-9166 [email protected]

Editor, Family Finder: Peter Zavon [email protected] Treasurer: Nelson Pollack [email protected]

Research Chair: Melody Katz [email protected]

Webmaster: Mark Heckman [email protected]

Yizkor Book/JewishGen Liaison: Joyce Field jfield@nlci@com

JRI-Poland Liaison: Peter Jassem [email protected]

At Large: Roni Seibel Liebowitz [email protected]

At Large: Barbara Krasner-Khait [email protected]

The Galitzianer is published quarterly. Editorial deadlines are September 15, December 15, March 15 and June 15. Send submissions, preferably in Word format, to Edward Goldstein, Editor.

The newsletters of other genealogy societies may reproduce individual items from The Galitzianer provided that credit is given to The Galitzianer and to the authors of the reproduced material. All other reproduction is prohibited without prior written permission of The Galitzianer.

Change of address, phone, email: Send to Peter Zavon or Shelley Kellerman Pollero.

Family Finder Updates: Send to Peter Zavon.

Membership: $20 for addresses in the United States; $27 for all others. To join, contact Leon Gold. You may also print a membership form from our website.

Discussion Group: You may join at the website (www.jewishgen.org/listserv/sigs.htm). Or send a message to [email protected] with the text: Subscribe galicia Yourfirstname Yourlastname.

Gesher Galicia Website www.jewishgen.org/galicia

Please Give Us Your Opinions about This Issue. We want to know what you like (and dislike) about The Galitzianer, so that we can improve it.

Please take a minute to write down which three things in this issue you particularly liked and which you disliked. And why.

Then send the message to the editor, either via postal mail or (preferably) email. Please do it now!

© 2001 by Gesher Galicia. The Galitzianer is intended to provide a venue for the free exchange of ideas, research tips and articles of interest to Gesher Galicia members researching Jewish family history in the communities that in 1872 were part of Galicia, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Galitzianer welcomes articles, lists, book reviews and other relevant contributions from its readers, whether they are members or not.

the galitzianer may 2001alan rauch leslie reich gayle schlissel riley charlie roberts chaya roth,...

Documents