the global market for nanocellulose 2017-2027 table of ... · the global market for nanocellulose...

The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2017-2027

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 29 1.1 Applications..................................................................................................................................... 31 1.1.1 Main opportunities in nanocellulose................................................................................... 36 1.2 Production worldwide..................................................................................................................... 39 1.2.1 Production plants and production status........................................................................... 40 1.3 Market drivers................................................................................................................................. 41 1.3.1 Demand for sustainable materials...................................................................................... 41 1.3.2 Enahnaced products for paper and board industries...................................................... 41 1.3.3 Unique properties lead to new products............................................................................ 42 1.3.4 Recent improvements in production and product integration........................................ 43 1.4 Market and technical challenges.................................................................................................. 43 1.4.1 Characterization.................................................................................................................... 43 1.4.2 Production.............................................................................................................................. 44 1.4.3 Functionalization.................................................................................................................... 44 1.4.4 Moisture absorption and aggregation................................................................................ 44 1.4.5 Scalability................................................................................................................................ 45 1.4.6 Lack of current products....................................................................................................... 45 1.5 Global Nanocellulose market size............................................................................................... 46 1.5.1 The market for nanocellulose in 2017................................................................................ 46 1.5.2 Nanocellulose global revenues and demand in tons, 2015–2027................................ 48 1.5.3 Nanocellulose market by region......................................................................................... 52 1.5.3.1 Nanocellulose market in Japan................................................................................. 53 1.5.3.2 Nanocellulose market in the rest of Asia................................................................. 53 1.5.3.3 Nanocellulose market in North America................................................................... 55 1.5.3.4 Nanocellulose market in Europe............................................................................... 57 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 58 2.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS........................................................................................ 60 2.1.1 Stage of commercialization.................................................................................................. 60 2.1.2 Economic impact by 2027.................................................................................................... 61 2.1.3 Current market size for equivalent applications............................................................... 61 2.1.4 Ease of commercialization................................................................................................... 61 2.1.5 Competitive landscape......................................................................................................... 61 2.1.6 Cost......................................................................................................................................... 62 2.1.7 Competition from other materials....................................................................................... 62 2.1.8 Regulatory/Government policy push.................................................................................. 62 2.1.9 Market pull.............................................................................................................................. 62 2.2 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM............................................................................ 62 3 NANOCELLULOSE........................................................................... 65 3.1 Properties of nanomaterials.......................................................................................................... 66



3.2 Categorization................................................................................................................................. 67 3.3 What is nanocellulose?.................................................................................................................. 68 3.4 Types of nanocellulose.................................................................................................................. 70 3.4.1 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC)............................................................................................. 73 3.4.1.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 73 3.4.1.2 Production methods of NFC producers.................................................................... 74 3.4.2 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC)....................................................................................... 76 3.4.2.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 77 3.4.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC).................................................................................................... 78 3.4.3.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 78 3.5 Synthesis of cellulose materials................................................................................................... 80 3.5.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)........................................................................................ 80 3.5.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 80 3.5.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 81 3.5.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)............................................................................................. 82 3.5.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (CNC)..................................................................................... 82 3.6 Properties of nanocellulose........................................................................................................... 84 3.7 Advantages of nanocellulose........................................................................................................ 85 3.8 Manufacture of nanocellulose...................................................................................................... 85 3.9 Production methods....................................................................................................................... 86 3.9.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods................................................................... 89 3.9.2 Nanocrystalline celluose production methods.................................................................. 89 4 NANOCELLULOSE MARKET STRUCTURE................................... 91 4.1 Routes to commercialization......................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Market structure from materials production to end product..................................................... 91 4.3 Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales................ 94 4.4 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.............................................. 96 5 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR NANOCELLULOSE................................... 98 6 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................... 100 6.1 Standards...................................................................................................................................... 100 6.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO)................................................................... 100 6.1.2 American National Standards........................................................................................... 100 6.1.3 CSA Group........................................................................................................................... 100 6.2 Toxicity........................................................................................................................................... 101 6.3 Regulation..................................................................................................................................... 103 7 REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING............ 105



7.1 Japan.............................................................................................................................................. 105 7.2 Sweden.......................................................................................................................................... 106 7.3 Canada........................................................................................................................................... 106 7.4 Finland........................................................................................................................................... 106 7.5 USA................................................................................................................................................ 107 8 NANOCELLULOSE APPLICATIONS............................................. 108 8.1 High volume, medium volume and low volume nanocellulose applications....................... 108 9 NANOCELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL).. 110 10 NANOCELLULOSE END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS 112 10.1 Production of nanocellulose................................................................................................... 112 10.1.1 Microfibrillated cellulose................................................................................................ 112 10.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production.................................................................................... 112 10.1.3 Cellulose nanocrystal production................................................................................. 113 10.1.4 Production volumes, by region..................................................................................... 114 10.1.5 Applications..................................................................................................................... 115 10.1.6 Prices................................................................................................................................ 118 10.2 Nanocellulose patents & publications.................................................................................. 120 11 COMPOSITES INLCUDING THERMOPLASTICS AND RUBBER ADDITIVES.......................................................................................... 127 11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 127 11.1.1 Growing use of polymer composites........................................................................... 127 11.1.2 Increased need for advanced, protective materials.................................................. 128 11.1.3 Improved multi-functional performance over traditional composites-green AND strong 128 11.1.4 Multi-functionality............................................................................................................ 129 11.1.5 Growth in the wind energy market............................................................................... 129 11.1.6 Environmental impact of carbon fibers....................................................................... 129 11.1.7 Shortcomings of natural fiber composites and glass fiber reinforced composites 130 11.2 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 131 11.2.1 Applications by cellulose type...................................................................................... 131 11.2.2 Applications timeline...................................................................................................... 132 11.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY TO 2027...................................................................................... 133 11.3.1 Biopackaging................................................................................................................... 137 11.3.1.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................ 137 11.3.1.2 Anti-microbial packaging biofilm market is growing............................................. 142 11.3.1.3 Applications................................................................................................................ 143 11.3.1.4 Global market size and opportunity........................................................................ 145 11.3.1.5 Market challenges..................................................................................................... 148 11.3.1.6 Product developer profiles....................................................................................... 149 11.3.2 Aerospace and aviation................................................................................................. 150



11.3.2.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................ 150 11.3.2.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 152 11.3.2.3 Global market size and opportunity........................................................................ 153 11.3.2.4 Market challenges..................................................................................................... 156 11.3.3 Automotive....................................................................................................................... 157 11.3.3.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................ 157 11.3.3.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 161 11.3.3.3 Global market size and opportunity........................................................................ 162 11.3.3.4 Market challenges..................................................................................................... 165 11.3.3.5 Product developer profiles....................................................................................... 166 11.3.4 Construction & building................................................................................................. 167 11.3.4.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................ 168 11.3.4.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 169 11.3.4.3 Global market size and opportunity........................................................................ 170 11.3.4.4 Market challenges..................................................................................................... 172 11.3.4.5 Product developer profiles....................................................................................... 172 12 PAPER & BOARD........................................................................... 177 12.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 177 12.1.1 Environmental................................................................................................................. 177 12.1.2 Need to develop innovative new products in the paper and board industry......... 177 12.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 177 12.2.1.1 Paper packaging........................................................................................................ 179 12.2.1.2 Paper coatings........................................................................................................... 179 12.2.1.3 Anti-microbials............................................................................................................ 179 12.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 180 12.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board................. 181 12.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 183 12.5 Product developer profiles....................................................................................... 184 13 TEXTILES........................................................................................ 186 13.1 Market drivers for nanocellulose........................................................................................... 186 13.1.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market........................................................... 186 13.1.1.2 Growth in the market for anti-microbial textiles.................................................... 187 13.1.1.3 Need to improve the properties of cloth or fabric materials................................ 187 13.1.1.4 Environmental and regulatory................................................................................. 188 13.1.1.5 Need for biodegradable sanitary products............................................................ 188 13.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 189 13.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 190 13.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles.................................. 190 13.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 193 13.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 194 14 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE........................................................... 194 14.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 195 14.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy................................................................ 195



14.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies................................................................................ 196 14.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants........................................................................... 196 14.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance...................................................................................................... 197 14.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market..................................................................... 197 14.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 197 14.2.1.1 Drug delivery.............................................................................................................. 198 14.2.1.2 Medical implants........................................................................................................ 198 14.2.1.3 Tissue engineering.................................................................................................... 199 14.2.1.4 Wound dressings....................................................................................................... 199 14.2.1.5 Laterial flow immunosay labels............................................................................... 199 14.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 200 14.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 203 15 COATINGS, FILMS & PAINTS........................................................ 205 15.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 205 15.1.1 Sustainable coating systems and materials............................................................... 205 15.1.2 Chemical to bio-based................................................................................................... 205 15.1.3 Increased demand for abrasion and scratch resistant coatings............................. 206 15.1.4 Increased demand for UV-resistant coatings............................................................ 206 15.1.5 Growth in superhydrophobic coatings market........................................................... 207 15.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 208 15.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance.................................................................................. 208 15.2.2 Wood coatings................................................................................................................ 209 15.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films................................................................................................. 209 15.2.4 Gas barriers..................................................................................................................... 209 15.3 Global market size................................................................................................................... 210 15.3.1 Market challenges.......................................................................................................... 214 15.3.1.1 High viscosity............................................................................................................. 214 15.3.1.2 Moisture sorption....................................................................................................... 215 15.3.1.3 Durability..................................................................................................................... 215 15.3.1.4 Dispersion................................................................................................................... 215 15.3.1.5 Transparency............................................................................................................. 216 15.3.1.6 Production, scalability and cost............................................................................... 216 15.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 217 16 AEROGELS..................................................................................... 218 16.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 218 16.1.1 Energy efficiency............................................................................................................ 218 16.1.2 Demand for environmentally-friendly, lightweight materials.................................... 218 16.2 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 218 16.3 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 220 16.3.1 Thermal insulation.......................................................................................................... 221 16.3.2 Medical............................................................................................................................. 221 16.3.3 Shape memory............................................................................................................... 221



16.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 221 17 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION....................................................... 222 17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 222 17.1.1 Need to reduce operating costs and improve operation efficiency........................ 223 17.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments............................................................. 224 17.1.3 Increased exploration in extreme environments....................................................... 224 17.1.4 Environmental and regulatory...................................................................................... 225 17.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 225 17.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling fluids........................................................................................ 226 17.2.2 Extraction......................................................................................................................... 227 17.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 227 17.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas................................................ 228 17.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 231 17.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 231 18 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION.................................................. 232 18.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 232 18.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology................................................................. 232 18.1.2 Water shortage and population growth....................................................................... 233 18.1.3 Need for improved and low cost membrane technology......................................... 234 18.1.4 Need for improved groundwater treatment technologies......................................... 235 18.1.5 Cost and efficiency......................................................................................................... 236 18.1.6 Growth in the air filter market....................................................................................... 236 18.1.7 Need for environmentally, safe filters.......................................................................... 236 18.1.8 Recyclability of polymer membranes.......................................................................... 236 18.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 237 18.2.1 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 238 18.2.2 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 239 18.2.3 Virus filtration.................................................................................................................. 240 18.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 241 18.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration..................................................... 242 18.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 244 18.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 244 19 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS............................................................... 246 19.1 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 246 19.1.1 Food................................................................................................................................. 247 19.1.2 Pharmaceuticals............................................................................................................. 248 19.1.3 Cosmetics........................................................................................................................ 248 19.2 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 248 20 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS.................................... 249



20.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 249 20.1.1 Environmental................................................................................................................. 249 20.1.2 Flexible, wearable and paper electronics markets growing.................................... 250 20.1.3 Need for improved barrier function.............................................................................. 251 20.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 251 20.2.1 Wearable electronics..................................................................................................... 252 20.2.1.1 Nanopaper.................................................................................................................. 255 20.2.1.2 Paper memory............................................................................................................ 257 20.2.2 Conductive inks.............................................................................................................. 257 20.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 258 20.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in printed and flexible electronics............. 260 20.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 262 20.4.1.1 Manufacturing............................................................................................................ 262 20.4.1.2 Integration................................................................................................................... 263 20.4.1.3 Competing materials................................................................................................. 263 20.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 264 21 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 265 21.1 Market drivers.......................................................................................................................... 265 21.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost................................................................................. 265 21.1.2 Limitations of current thermoplastics.......................................................................... 265 21.2 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 265 21.2.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................................ 266 21.3 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 267 21.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 268 22 NANOCELLULOSE COMPANY PROFILES................................... 269 22.1 Producers and types of nanocellulose produced (NCF, NCC, BCC).............................. 269 22.2 Target markets for producers................................................................................................ 270 22.3 NANOFIBRILLAR CELLULOSE (NFC) PRODUCERS..................................................... 272 to 351 (24 company profiles including products, production capacity, production process, commercial applications and target markets and collaborations) 22.4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) PRODUCERS...................................................... 352 to 365 (5 company profiles) 22.5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) PRODUCERS................................................................. 365 to 367 (5 company profiles) 22.6 OTHER PRODUCERS AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS.......................................... 368 to 381 (24 company profiles) 23 MAIN NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH CENTRES........................ 382 to 393 (23 profiles)



24 REFERENCES................................................................................ 395 TABLES Table 1: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications............................................................................................................................................. 32 Table 2: Markets and applications for nanocellulose............................................................................. 34 Table 3: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application....................................... 37 Table 4: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status...................................... 41 Table 5: Nanocellulose products in Japan............................................................................................... 48 Table 6: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into key markets.... 49 Table 7: Categorization of nanomaterials................................................................................................. 68 Table 8: Nanocellulose properties............................................................................................................. 73 Table 9: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)............................................................................. 74 Table 10: Production methods of NFC producers.................................................................................. 76 Table 11: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).................................................................... 78 Table 12: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC)................................................................................... 79 Table 13: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications............................................................................................................................................. 81 Table 14: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 81 Table 15: Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 82 Table 16: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Table 17: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Table 18: Properties and applications of nanocellulose......................................................................... 85 Table 19: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials............... 87 Table 20: Nanocellulose nanocrystal sources and scale....................................................................... 88 Table 21: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods........................................................................ 90 Table 22: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods.............................................................. 90 Table 23: Nanocellulose market structure................................................................................................ 92 Table 24: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.................. 97



Table 25: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose............................................................................................. 99 Table 26: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose.............................................................................. 102 Table 27: Potential high volume impact of nanocellulose and likelihood of market impact........... 109 Table 28: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned....... 113 Table 29: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned...... 115 Table 30: Markets and applications for nanocellulose......................................................................... 116 Table 31: Product/price/application matrix of nanocellulose producers............................................ 119 Table 32: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2013............................................ 122 Table 33: Nanocellulose patents as of May 2015................................................................................. 122 Table 34: Research publications on nanocellulose materials and composites, 1996-2013.......... 122 Table 35: Nanocellulose patents by organisation................................................................................. 124 Table 36: Nanocellulose patents by organisation, 2014...................................................................... 125 Table 37: Main patent assignees for NCC, as of May 2015............................................................... 126 Table 38: Main patent assignees for NFC, as of May 2015................................................................ 126 Table 39: Main patent assignees for BCC, as of May 2015................................................................ 126 Table 40: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials............................. 131 Table 41: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites.... 133 Table 42: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type......................... 133 Table 43: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market......................... 133 Table 44: Market assessment for nanocellulose in polymer composites......................................... 134 Table 45: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in polymer composites..................... 134 Table 46: Limitations of nanocellulose in the development of polymer nanocomposites.............. 135 Table 47: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in polymer composites................................................................................................................ 136 Table 48: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers................................ 143 Table 49: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum based materials and other polymers............................................................ 145 Table 50: Market assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging..................................................... 146 Table 51: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in packaging............................................................................................................................................. 146 Table 52: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging................................. 148 Table 53: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market........................ 150 Table 54: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................ 150 Table 55: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.... 153 Table 56: Nanomaterials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 155 Table 57: Market size for nanocellulose in aerospace and aviation.................................................. 156 Table 58: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the aerospace market................................................................................................................................................................. 158 Table 59: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers........................... 160 Table 60: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in the automotive sector............................................................................................................. 163 Table 61: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector....................................... 164 Table 62: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive industry............... 165



Table 63: Market size for nanocellulose in the automotive industry.................................................. 165 Table 64: Applications and commercilization challenges in the automotive market....................... 166 Table 65: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the automotive market............................. 167 Table 66: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 167 Table 67: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials............................................ 170 Table 68: Market size for nanocellulose in construction and civil engineering................................ 171 Table 69: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and exterior coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.. 171 Table 70: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market..................................................... 173 Table 71: Nanocellulose in polymer composites-Companies and products..................................... 174 Table 72: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets............................. 178 Table 73: Global packaging market, billions US$................................................................................. 181 Table 74: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board........................... 182 Table 75: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the paper and board market................... 185 Table 76: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................ 185 Table 77: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 190 Table 78: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles............................................ 191 Table 79: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into textiles......... 192 Table 80: Market assessment for nanocellulose in textiles................................................................. 193 Table 81: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the textiles and apparel market............. 194 Table 82: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................................... 195 Table 83: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets................. 198 Table 84: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.................. 201 Table 85: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 202 Table 86: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the wound care market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact....................................................... 203 Table 87: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications................... 204 Table 88: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets........................ 209 Table 89: Market assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films............................................. 212 Table 90: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films................................................................................................................... 213 Table 91: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films........................ 214 Table 92: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market................ 217 Table 93: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper coatings and non-packaging coating products, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................... 218 Table 94: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market............................................. 221 Table 95: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels.................................................................... 222 Table 96: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market......................................................... 226 Table 97: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 229 Table 98: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas.......................................................... 229



Table 99: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 230 Table 100: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market...... 232 Table 101: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration......................................... 232 Table 102: Types of filtration.................................................................................................................... 234 Table 103: CNF membranes.................................................................................................................... 235 Table 104: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market............................................. 238 Table 105: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration..................................................................................................................................... 242 Table 106: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration............................................................. 243 Table 107: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry.................. 243 Table 108: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the filtration market................................ 245 Table 109: Companies developing NFC products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................................................................................................................ 246 Table 110: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market.......................... 247 Table 111: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers................................................ 249 Table 112: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)......................... 252 Table 113: Nanocellulose applications timeline in flexible electronics.............................................. 253 Table 114: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.............................................. 256 Table 115: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$............................................... 259 Table 116: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics................................................................................................................... 261 Table 117: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector.. 262 Table 118: Market opportunity assessment for Nanocellulose in flexible electronics..................... 263 Table 119: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market................................................................................................................................................................. 264 Table 120: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 265 Table 121: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in 3D printing................................................................................................................................ 267 Table 122: Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing........................................................ 267 Table 123: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................... 268 Table 124: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market.................................................................................................................................................... 269 Table 125: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products,.......................................... 269 Table 126: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced.................................... 270 Table 127: Target market, by nanocellulose producer........................................................................ 271 FIGURES Figure 1: Scale of cellulose materials....................................................................................................... 31 Figure 2: CNF wet powder.......................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 3: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet..................................................................................... 43



Figure 4: CNF transparent sheet............................................................................................................... 46 Figure 5: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers................................................................ 47 Figure 6: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers.................................................................... 48 Figure 7: Nanocellulose market size, by type, 2015–2027 ($Thousand)............................................ 50 Figure 8: Nanocellulose market, by type, 2015–2027 (Tons)............................................................... 51 Figure 9: Nanocellulose market size by applications, 2017–2027, (Millions $)................................. 52 Figure 10: Nanocellulose market size by applications, 2017–2027, (Tons)....................................... 52 Figure 11: Nanocellulose market by region, 2017.................................................................................. 53 Figure 12: Nanocellulose market by region, 2027.................................................................................. 53 Figure 13: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit............................................................. 70 Figure 14: Scale of cellulose materials..................................................................................................... 71 Figure 15: Types of nanocellulose............................................................................................................. 72 Figure 16: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses..................................................... 73 Figure 17: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.................................................................................... 78 Figure 18: Main steps involved in the preparation of NCC.................................................................... 89 Figure 19: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer...................... 92 Figure 20: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales, 2016. 96 Figure 21: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose..................................................... 112 Figure 22: Production volumes of nanocellulose 2017, by region..................................................... 116 Figure 23: Nanocellulose patents by field of application, 2013......................................................... 124 Figure 24: Demand for nanocellulose in polymer composites market, 2015-2017 (Million$)........ 137 Figure 25: Demand for nanocellulose in polymer composites market, 2015-2017 (tons).............. 137 Figure 26: Example process for producing NFC packaging film........................................................ 142 Figure 27: Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2017 (Million$)............. 149 Figure 28: Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2017 (tons)................... 149 Figure 29: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (Million$)................................................................................................................................................................. 157 Figure 30: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 157 Figure 31: Nanomaterials-based automotive components.................................................................. 162 Figure 32: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (Million$)................. 166 Figure 33: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)....................... 166 Figure 34: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (Million$)................................................................................................................................................................. 172 Figure 35: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons). 172 Figure 36: Paper and board global demand.......................................................................................... 182 Figure 37: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (Million$)....... 184 Figure 38: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons)............. 184 Figure 39: Demand for nanocellulose in the textiles product market, 2015-2017 (Million$).......... 193 Figure 40: Demand for nanocellulose in the textiles product market, 2015-2017 (tons)................ 194



Figure 41: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (Million$)................................................................................................................................................................. 203 Figure 42: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons). 204 Figure 43: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 211 Figure 44: Demand for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market, 2015-2017 (Million$).... 214 Figure 45: Demand for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market, 2015-2017 (tons).......... 215 Figure 46: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (Million$)..................... 220 Figure 47: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons)........................... 221 Figure 48: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 227 Figure 49: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (Million$)................................................................................................................................................................. 230 Figure 50: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 231 Figure 51: Nanocellulose virus filter paper............................................................................................. 241 Figure 52: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (Million$)....................... 244 Figure 53: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)............................ 244 Figure 54: Cellulose nanofiber films....................................................................................................... 254 Figure 55: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper.............................................................................. 255 Figure 56: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF....................................... 256 Figure 57: Foldable nanopaper................................................................................................................ 257 Figure 58: Foldable nanopaper antenna................................................................................................ 258 Figure 59: Paper memory (ReRAM)....................................................................................................... 258 Figure 60: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$..................... 260 Figure 61: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate............................................................................................................... 260 Figure 62: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic estimate..................................................................................................................... 261 Figure 63: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet............................................................................................... 278 Figure 64: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric..................................... 279 Figure 65: CNF transparent film.............................................................................................................. 315 Figure 66: CNF wet powder..................................................................................................................... 316 Figure 67: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.................................................................... 343 Figure 68: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.................. 348 Figure 69: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:.................................. 357 Figure 70: NCCTM Process..................................................................................................................... 358 Figure 71: Plantrose process................................................................................................................... 364 [wp_eStore_fancy2 id=39]

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