the great east japan earthquake · the great east japan earthquake 1. dtdate and time : 14:46,...
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PICES‐2012 Keynote LectureOctober 15th 2012 HiroshimaOctober 15 , 2012, Hiroshima
R ili d i bili Resilience and sustainability of the human‐ocean coupled systemp y– beyond the Great East Japan Earthquake
TokioWadaFisheries Research Agency
JapanJ p
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Today’s Topics
1. Sato-yama and Sato-umi in Japan1. Sato yama and Sato umi in Japan・As a concept of Human-Natural coupled systemfor maintaining biodiversity andfor maintaining biodiversity and for sustainable use of ecosystem services
2. Effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake i t d th i ion marine ecosystems and their recoveries
・Damage to fisheries and marine ecosystems,R di ti t i ti・Radioactive contamination,
・Tsunami debris, etc.
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From CCCC to FUTURE
How respond the North Pacific ecosystems to climate changes?g
CCCCS di W ll ll k P ifi l
Climate Change and Carrying Capacity(1995‐2009)
Sardine, Walleye pollock, Pacific salmonOffshore/Basin scale study
How to achieve the sustainable use of
CBD, CoML,IPCC‐AR4
How to achieve the sustainable use of the services from the North Pacific ecosystems ?Forecasting and Understanding Trends
FUTUREd d
Forecasting and Understanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responses of
North Pacific Marine Ecosystems (2009‐)
Exotic species, HABs, Biodiversity, Human dimensionCoastal/Regional scale study
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Human Well-being and Ecosystem ServicesE S i H W ll b i
g
Provisioning S i Security f io
n
Ecosystem Services Human Well‐being
・Succession
orting
vice
s ServicesRegulating ServicesEcosystems
Security
Basic Materials
dom of
& Acti・Succession
・Resilience
Supp Ser Services
Cultural Services
EcosystemsHealth
Social Relations Free
dCho
ice
Services C
Direct Indirect Direct Drivers
Indirect Drivers
Ecological Perturbation & DisturbanceEcological Perturbation & DisturbanceHuman activities : ・Must be limited to the range of the resilience of ecosystems.・Means of the regulation of ecological succession
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・Means of the regulation of ecological succession (= maintaining a mosaic of diverse habitats) through the moderate ecological perturbation and disturbance.
Sato‐yama‐ A Traditional Human‐Natural Coupled System in JapanCoupled System in Japan
Sato‐yama: A secondary forest (yama) nearby a village (Sato) in an original sense in an original sense.
Photo: Fukuoka Prefecture
Sato‐yama has been managed as a commons of the village for
Photo: Tateshina Town
y g gthe collection of firewood, fertilizer, and foods, such as nuts and mushrooms. 5
Sato‐yama‐Its Structure & FunctionsS A l l i l di i h bi Sato‐yama: A plural ecosystem including various habitats
・Human activities
SecondarySecondaryforestforest
ReservoirReservoirAgriculture/Forestryprevent the ecological succession.ff
GrasslandGrasslandsuccession.
・ Preservation of eachhabitat
Paddy fieldPaddy field
WW
habitat
・Maintain Biodiversity andE t S i f WaterwayWaterway
Illustration: Shiga Prefecture
Ecosystem Services of Sato‐yama
AgricultureAgriculture ForestryForestry F tF tAgricultureAgriculture ForestryForestry ForestryForestry
×× ×
Secondary Forest Climax ForestGrassland &Paddy field Shrubs
Illustration: http://www.cgr.mlit.go.jp/ootagawa/sand/west/plants/forest/3b/index.htm 6
Sato‐umi – A Concept of Human‐Ocean Coupled SystemCoupled System
Sato‐umi: A coastal area where biological productivity and bi di i h i d h h h i ibiodiversity has increased through human interaction
(Ministry of the Environment)“Umi” = sea
Photo: Kyoto Prefecture/ National Federation of Fisheries Co‐operative Associations 7
Sato‐umi‐Its StructureA I f th St t f S t i
Rocky shore &
An Image of the Structure of Sato‐umi
Seaweed bed Littoral Forest
((Shellfish/Seaweed Shellfish/Seaweed CollectionCollection)) “Sato“Sato‐‐umiumi””))
(Common fishing ground(Common fishing ground
Farmland(Aquaculture)(Aquaculture)
f g gf g gfor fish & shellfish)for fish & shellfish)
Tidal Flat
Fishing port
S d & M d Fl t((Shellfish collection)Shellfish collection)“Sato“Sato‐‐yamayama””Sand & Mud Flat& Seagrass bedVillage
Sandy beach
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Institutional Base of Sato‐umi
Fishing Rights:
Coastal Fisheries Management by Fishing Rights
Fishing Ground forMinister Licensed Fisheries
Fishing Rights: ・Exclusive rights granted by the Government to engage in
Fishing Ground forGovernor Licensed Fisheries
specific fisheries in public waters.
・Fishing ground of this
Fishing Ground for
・Fishing ground of this fisheries is a commons for fishers who live in the villageg f
Fishing Rights Fisheriesfishers who live in the villagenear the fishing ground.
Fishing village
Control of the excessive entry to fisheriesR t i t t l it ti Fishing village
(Fisheries Co‐operative Association)
Restraint to overexploitation in coastal areas
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Characteristics of Japanese‐style Coastal Fisheries ManagementCoastal Fisheries Management
・ Voluntary efforts of fishers based on their agreementA & Ti Cl /C t h & Eff t C t l/Area & Time Closure/Catch & Effort Control/Size & Sex Limitation
d l h k h d・ Integrated implementation with Stock Enhancement and Improvement of Fishing Ground
Plowing Plowing Sea Sea bedbedRelease of seedsRelease of seeds Developing Seaweed Developing Seaweed bedbed
Fisheries AgencyFukushima Pref.
R f f S iR f f S iFisheries Agency
l hl hReef for SpawningReef for Spawning& Nursery& Nursery
Clean up Beach &Clean up Beach &Fishing GroundFishing Ground
10Kagoshima Pref. Nippon Zaidan
Sato‐umi‐Its Functions
A Mosaic of Different Type of Habitats
Interaction with Coastal Land Area
・ Rich in Biodiversity Cen
t of
nt
Degradation/AdvancementDegradation/Advancement
Rich in Biodiversity
・High Capacity for Regulating Environment
Rest
Coastal Dro
veme
ronm
en
g p y f g gBiogeochemical cycling/water purification/etc.
・High Biological Productivity
riction D
evelopn & Im
pal Env
ir
Fisheries managementStock enhancement
of pm
entot
ection
Coa
sta
Co‐existence of Various Type of Fisheries
Stability and Sustainability of
Pro
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Stability and Sustainability of Fisheries and Local Community
The Great East Japan Earthquake D t d ti 6 M h 1. Date and time : 14:46, March 11, 2011
2. Hypocenter : 38o6.2’ N, 142o51.6’E3. Depth : 24km, 4. Magnitude : M9.03. Depth : 24km, 4. Magnitude : M9.0
HypocentralHypocentral
Data: The Coastal Engineering Committee of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
regionregion12
Changes in Topography with the Earthquake
Contour interval : 0.5 m Mouth of Mouth of KitakamiKitakami RiverRiverMarch, 1985March, 1985
S b idS b idSubsidenceSubsidence
April 17,2011April 17,2011
UpliftUplift
Vertical deformation calculated Vertical deformation calculated from slip distribution model
Data:Geospatial Information Authority of Japan Photo: Miyagi Prefecture 13
Damage to FisheriesD f h G E J E h k Damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake to the fisheries in Japan (as of July 5, 2012)
Category Number of Amount ofDamage Damage*
Fi hi l 28 612 1 822Fishing vessels 28,612 1,822Fishery harbor facilities 319 8,230Aquaculture facilities - 738Aquaculture products - 597Common use facilities 1,725 1,249
Subtotal* 12 637Subtotal* 12,637* 100 million ¥
・Almost damages were occurred in 7 prefectures from Almost damages were occurred in 7 prefectures from Hokkaido to Chiba. (12,544 x 100 million ¥) ・Seafood processing facilities in 7 prefectures were also damaged. (1,639 x 100 million ¥)
Data: Ministry of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 14
Effects to Sea grass bed and Tidal flatChanges in sea grass bed
age (%
)
(Same‐no‐ura/Ishinomaki City)Data: Dr. Daisuke Muraoka/FRA
Jun. 2006Aug. 2011
Jan. 2012
Cov
era
Number of Species of Benthic Organisms
Jul. 2012
Upper: before the earthquakeLower: after the earthquake
Changes in number of Species of Changes in number of Species of Benthic organisms in taidal flats
15common newly appearedData: Dr. Takao Suzuki, Univ. Tohoku/
Ministry of the Environment
Effects to Seaweed Bed
C t C lli AlC t C lli Al
LithophylumLithophylumyessoensisyessoensis
5 ‐ 7 mCrustose Coralline AlgaeCrustose Coralline Algae
(CCA)(CCA)
4 – 5 mAlgal Algal TurfsTurfs(AT)(AT)
GelidiumGelidiumeleganselegans
2 – 4 mK lK l B dB d
(AT)(AT)
Kelp Kelp BedBed(KB)(KB)
100mEisenia bicyclisEisenia bicyclis
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100m
Data & Photo: Dr. Hideki Takami/FRA
Tomari‐hama/Ishinomaki City
Changes in the densities of abalone and sea urchin between before and after the tsunamibetween before and after the tsunami
7 30
Sea urchinAbalone
5
6
ds m
-2) Jul 2010Nov 2010Feb 2011 20(in
ds m
-2) Jul 2010
Nov 2010Jun 2011
3
4
e de
nsity
(in Feb 2011
Jun 2011
20
in d
ensit
y (
1
2
Aba
lon 10
Sea
urch
iND 0.10 2
0KB AT CCA
0KB AT CCA
ND 0.10.2
KB AT CCA KB AT CCAType of Seaweed Bed
17KB : Kelp Bed/AT : Algal Turfs/CCA : Crustose Coralline Algae
Type of Seaweed Bed
Effects to Offshore & Migratory Species
30003000
ADistribution of walleye pollock
Before AfterA
D
0100020003000
AD
0100020003000
B
C
Trawl surveyl H
0H
0
Apr. 2006‐2010(Av) Apr. 2011
E
DApril 2011
1 9 9 6~2 0 1 2年の年齢別資源重量
100,000
120,000ン) 1歳 2歳 3歳 4歳 5歳以上F
E Stock in weight of Pacific cod by age
40 000
60,000
80,000
重量(トン
H
0
20,000
40,00096 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
資源
H
・There was no significant
199619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
12
年
Data: Y. Narimatsu et.al./FRA (unpublished)
gdeference between before and after the earthquake.
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Radioactive Contamination
I i i P i d f R l d i PB
Estimated Amount of Radioactive Materials into the Ocean(as of May 2012, Data: TEPCO)
Institution Period of Released amount in PBqAssessment I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137
TEPCO Mar. 26 - Sept. 30 11 3.5 3.6JAEA Mar. 21 - Apr. 30 11.4 - 3.6IRSN Mar 21 Mid Jul 27IRSN Mar. 21 - Mid-Jul. - - 27
Half-life: I-131=8 days, Cs-134=2 years, Cs-137= 30 years PBq=1015Bq
Method:TEPCO/JAEA: Calculate the amount of radioactive materials using a diffusion model
so as to reproduce the concentration in seawater near the discharge canals of the power plant.
IRSN: Draw a contour map of the Cs‐137 concentration in the North Pacific Ocean off Fukushima Prefecture, and then calculate the total amount of Cs‐137.
TEPCO: Tokyo Electric Power Company /JAEA: Japan Atomic Energy AgencyIRSN: Institute de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire 19
Concentration of Radioactive Materials in the Seawater near the Fukushima Dai‐ichi NPP
St.T‐1: North of discharge channel of 5‐6 of TEPCO Fukushima Dai‐ichi NPP
in the Seawater near the Fukushima Dai ichi NPP1000000
TEPCO Fukushima Dai‐ichi NPP
oactive 100000
10000
Rad
io Bq/
L
10000
1000
ion of
erials
100
entrati
Mate
10
Con
ce 1
0 1
Date20Data: MEXT
0.1
Cs‐137 concentration of sea water around Japan for 1964‐2010 and off Fukushima for 2011‐2012 for 1964 2010 and off Fukushima for 2011 2012
L 100,000
7 Bq/
L 10,000Historical Data around JapanCoastal Water off Fukushima, 0‐6kmOffshore Water off Fukushima, 6‐30km
1,000
f Cs‐137 Offshore Water off Fukushima, 6 30km
Offshore Water off Fukushima, 30‐300km 100
10
tion
of
10
1
entrat 0.1
0.01
Con
s
0.001
0.0001
21
0.0001
Data: MEXT/Meteorological Res. Inst.(Dr. Aoyama)
2011
Concentration of Radioactive Cesiums(Cs‐134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms‐1 (Cs 134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms 1
Surf clam/Abalone Brown AlgaeBq/kg‐wet
・ Biological half‐life= 50 – 140 days
Pelagic fishes & larvae,Shellfishes
Whitebait(sand eel)
Shellfishes, Sea urchins,Brown algae, etc. Japanese sardine
・Decrease Cs conc.in Sea water
・ Decreased to low or undetectable
22Data: The Fisheries Agency
levels
Concentration of Radioactive Cesiums(Cs‐134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms‐2 (Cs 134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms 2
Slime flounder (Microstomus achne)
・ Some benthic fishes and other organisms in some areas remain relatively hi h l l high levels
・ food habits:
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
・ food habits:carnivorous
cod, flounder,ominivorous
greenling, bl k bblack sea bream
・Osmoregulatory ability:euryhaline
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euryhalineperch, black sea bream
Tsunami Debris – Type and Abundance
・About 5 million tons 0f debris from Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures washed out by the tsunami.
% ( ll ) d d b d l・ Its 70 % (3.5 million tons) deposited on seabed alongthe coast of Japan, and the remaining 30 % (1.5 million tons)became floating debris
T Fl ti D b i D b i S b d S (Unit: thousand tons)
became floating debris.
Type Floating Debris Debris on Seabed Sum
Houses 1,336 2,783 4,119 Cars ‐ 313 313Cars 313 313Driftwoods 199 ‐ 199Ships 1 101 102Aquaculture facilities 16 16Aquaculture facilities ‐ 16 16Fixed fishing nets ‐ 18 18Cargo containers ‐ 35 35
Total 1,536 3,266 4,802Data: Ministry of the Environment 24
Influences of Floating Debris1.Ecological Influences:
・Effects to Highly Migratory Species id t l i ti /= accidental ingestion/tangle to organisms/ghost fishing
・Pollution of Coastal EnvironmentPollution of Coastal Environment・Transport & Diffusion of Exotic Species
22 Influences to Ship NavigationInfluences to Ship Navigation and Fishing Operation:and Fishing Operation:2.2.Influences to Ship NavigationInfluences to Ship Navigation and Fishing Operation:and Fishing Operation:・・Collision with ships/Tangle to Ships’ propellers and Collision with ships/Tangle to Ships’ propellers and fishing gearsfishing gearsg gg g
3.3.OtherOther Influences:Influences:・・Damage to coastal landscape by debrisDamage to coastal landscape by debrisDamage to coastal landscape by debrisDamage to coastal landscape by debris
Photo: The Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS)
Photo: U.S. Navy/AFLO/ZUMA Press
Nuisance Species (ANS)Task Force
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Subsurface type Lumber type Float type
Debris Drift PredictionSubsurface typeSpecific gravity=1.0
Lumber typeS.g.=0.5
Float typeS.g.=0.33
Feb.2012
Jun.2012
OctOct.2012
Feb.20132013
Data: Ministry of the Environment 26
Remaining Subjects and Necessity of International Cooperation‐1International Cooperation‐1
1. Ecological Impacts:1. Ecological Impacts:・Offshore region/Migratory species ‐ Small or Negligible.・Coastal ecosystems – Large. Take a long time to recover.
Long‐term monitoring and attention to ecological succession are required.
2. Radioactive contamination:・Radioactivity in seawater has been decreased But ・Radioactivity in seawater has been decreased. But, still relatively high in sediments and benthic organisms in some waters.• Continuation of monitoring and studies on the dynamics of radioactive materials in the ecosystem are required.
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Remaining Subjects and Necessity of International Cooperation‐2
3 Floating Debris:
International Cooperation‐2
3. Floating Debris:・Lots of debris will drift widely in the North Pacific Ocean for several years, and arrived to the coast of the North y ,Pacific rim.• Monitoring and studies on impacts on coastal/oceanic
i i i f i d f ecosystems, mitigation ways of impacts, and treatment of debris are required.
・These subjects are common to the North Pacific Ocean.・International cooperation is essential for enhance International cooperation is essential for enhance the research activities and continuation of the monitoring. ・PICES is expected to take a leading role in the planning and
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p g p gimplementation of the international cooperation.
Acknowledgement‐1
I would like to express our sincere thanks for the warm sympathy and strong aid from the PICES member countries y p y g
and from all over the world in response to the terrible disasters of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
PICES and ICES kindly donated CD$55,100 to aid the marine science in the disaster area aid the marine science in the disaster area.
This donation was distributed to 11 research projects through the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography
d l h l i l di i h and strongly support the ecological studies in the area.The results of the projects will be summarized and presented in
this Annual Meeting (S11) with our sincere thanks. The title is
“General report of the projects aided by PICES/ICES/JSFO fund for fisheries and oceanographic research on the recovery from g p y
the Great East Japan Earthquake” 29
Acknowledgement‐2
This presentation is based on the studies conducted by i i i i i d i ifi i i many institutes, universities, and scientific societies,
including the Fisheries Research Agency (FRA). I would like to express my sincere thanks and respects I would like to express my sincere thanks and respects
for their earnest activities.
I would like to express my deepest thanks toDrs. Kaoru Nakata, Hiroaki Saito, Shin‐ichi Ito,
MitsutakuMakino, Toyomitsu Horii, Daisuke Muraoka, Hideki Takami, Takami Morita, Hideki Kaeriyama,
TomowoWatanabe and Hiroya SugisakiTomowoWatanabe, and Hiroya Sugisakifor their kind support during the preparation of
this presentation. this presentation.
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Tank you very much for your kind attention
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Tank you very much for your kind attention.