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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

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Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

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Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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•3/23/2015

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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•4

Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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•14

Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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•3/23/2015

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Unit 7: 1939-1945 Chapters 33-34

USHC- 7.1

Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos

• Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934:

•Provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage (1946)

•The United States agreed to relinquish its army bases

•But her naval bases were reserved for future discussion—and retention

•Americans were not so much giving freedom to the Philippines as they were freeing themselves from them.

Recognition for the Russians

Roosevelt made one internationalist gesture when:

• He formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

• He extended the hand of diplomatic recognition over:

•Noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives

•Roman Catholics that were offended by the Kremlin’s antireligious policies

• He was motivated by:

• trade with the Soviet Union

• friendly relations to counter the possible threat of Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America:

• Proclaimed in his inaugural address ―policy of the Good Neighbor‖

•Suggest that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and was content with being a regional power

•He would renounce armed invention—particularly the corollary of Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine of intervention

•The last marines left Haiti in 1934

•After Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, they were released of the Platt Amendment—

»Under which America had been free to intervene

»U.S. did retain its naval base at Guantanamo

•

Becoming a Good Neighbor(cont.)

Success of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy:

• Paid rich dividends in goodwill among the people of the south

• No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as Roosevelt in Latin America

Johnson Debt Default Act

In 1934, a spiteful Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act:

• Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

• If attacked, these delinquents could ―stew in their own juices.‖

Totalitarian Rulers in Europe

During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in:

Spread of totalitarianism:

• The individual is nothing; the state is everything

• The communist USSR led the way:

USSR (Joseph Stalin) Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

Italy(Benito Mussolini)

Germany (Adolf Hitler)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin’s Economic Plans

USSR takeover of farmland:

• resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Soviet Union (Continued)

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

1936 to eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society.

• Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy by:

• advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa

• by terrorizing those who opposed him.

Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini,

• suspended elections

• outlawed other political parties

• established a dictatorship.

Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–1934

The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s Rise to Power (Continued)

Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (―My Struggle‖).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, (the lower house of the German parliament).

Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or ―the leader.‖

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939

• Was a painful object lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation

• General Francisco Franco:

•A fascist who was aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini

•He attempted to overthrow the established Loyalist regime—who was assisted by the Soviet Union

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade:

• 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers

• Washington continued official relations with the Loyalist government

• The existing neutrality legislation was changed to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

• Roosevelt did nothing while Franco was abundantly being supplied by his fellow dictators.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

• The democracies were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death

• In so doing, they encouraged the dictators to lead toward World War II

•America declined to build its armed forces to where it could deter the aggressors

• It allow the navy to decline in relative strength

•When President Roosevelt repeatedly called for preparedness, he was branded a warmonger.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain(cont.)

In 1938 Congress passed a billion-dollar naval construction act

• The story was repeated: too little, too late.

Germany Sparks New War

In 1936 the Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Hitler was gaining land slowly

• Appeasement of the dictators

• Rhineland (1936)

• Austria (1938)

• Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Hitler wanted Poland in 1939 but Great Britain and France resisted this time.

Nonaggression Pact

Signed between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years

Publicly Germany and Russia promised not to attack each other

Secretly they agreed to divide Poland between the two of them.

Also agree the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries

The War Starts

Hitler used a surprise attack on Sept 1, 1939 and hit Poland quickly.

Air Force, tanks, and 1.5 million troops assaulted Poland.

The World was shocked

France and Great Britain Declare war on Sept 3 1939.

Poland Falls

3 weeks after the attack Poland falls to Germany.

Germany’s military tactic was known as blitzkreig

Soviets Make their move

Occupy Poland, attack the Baltic's and Finland.

Hitler Continues

April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway to establish strongholds for bases

As a diversion Hitler then takes over:

• Holland

• Belgium

• Luxemburg

At the same time he sent a large force into France.

• The German troops moved through France, trapping the French Army at Dunkirk

•The Battle of Dunkirk

•The British rescued the French Army

•Germany would take over France

Roosevelt’s moves

He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could check Japan

Congress appropriated $37 billion:

• This figure was more than the total cost of World War I

• And about five times larger than any New Deal annual budget.

Hitler Continues

Italy sees Germany’s success and joins with them in this war.

Hitler attacks England in Oct 10, 1940

• Battle of Britain

•Send in 1,000 planes to bomb England

•Over 1,500 fires started

•English resist

•30,000 English killed 120,000 injured

•Hitler calls off the attack June 1941

Hitler Continues

Italy and Germany were attacking Northern Africa

Hitler invades Russia

• Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler marched through Russia winning easily against the Russian Army.

•The winter would stop the Germany Army and save Moscow.

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943)

July 17, 1942. The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad.

The Germans began a two-month firebombing campaign.

In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.

On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

The Pacific Theater

Japan

Japan lacked raw material and markets for industry.

In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria, a mineral-rich area of China

By 1935 Japan had quit the League of Nations

Sept 1940 joined arms with Germany, Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

April 1941 Japan signed a Pact to remain neutral with the Soviet Union

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo

• Appointed war minister in 1940

• Appointed prime minister in 1941

• Tried to negotiate peace but failed.

American Reaction

US did not want to fight a war in Europe or Asia.

America was still struggling with effects from the Great Depression and believed they still needed to practice isolationism.

US started ―cash and carry‖ policy

American Reaction

Neutrality Act of 1939

• US could sell arms to England and France for cash only. They also let merchants transport these goods

American Reaction

Sept 1940 -- US traded 50 destroyers for the right to build bases on Great Britain's territory in the western hemisphere

Congress started first peacetime draft

• All males 21 to 36 required to register for military service

Nov1940: Roosevelt wins his third election

March 1941: Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

US using oil embargoes to slow down Japan’s advance

US conducted talks aimed at achieving a peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan

Nov 26, 1941 – U.S. Navy loses track of Japanese carriers

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 -- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941

Report of Japanese sub found outside Pearl Harbor

Japans traffic over the radio increases

7:25 am Japan breaks off peace talks

Sunday Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

• Wave 1 7:55 am 183 planes

• Wave 2 9:00 am 176 planes

• Wave 3 called off

Pearl Harbor Results

American Loses

• 96 ships in harbor

• 18 sunk or seriously damaged

• 394 aircrafts destroyed or damaged

• 2403 US military killed

• 1178 wounded

Japan Loses

• 29 planes

• 55 airmen

• 5 mini subs

• 9 members of the sub crews

Pearl Harbor

3 Key misses by Japan

• No aircraft carriers were in port during the attack.

• The oil fields are not hit.

• Sub base is not attacked.

WAR DECLARED

US and Britain declare war on Japan on Dec 8, 1941

Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec 11, 1941

USHC- 7.2

Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans.

War at Home

The Work Force

War production ended the massive unemployment of the 1930s. Average weekly wages rose significantly.

Union membership increased also, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor, labor and management agreed to refrain from strikes and lockouts.

As the cost of living rose and wages stayed the same, unions found the no-strike agreement hard to honor. The number of strikes rose sharply in 1943.

Finally, in June 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, which limited future strike activity.

Financing the War

The United States government vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort.

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945 and the GNP more than doubled.

Higher taxes paid for about 41 percent of the war. The government borrowed the rest.

High levels of deficit spending helped pull the United States out of the Depression. It also boosted the national dept from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.

American Economy

With many goods unavailable, Americans looked for other ways to spend their money. Civilians bought and read more books and magazines. They also went to baseball games and the movies.

American Economy

Wartime jobs gave many people their first extra cash since the Depression. Still, shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy.

The supply of food also fell short of demand. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to control inflation by limiting prices and rents. The OPA also oversaw rationing, or the fair distribution of scarce items, during the war.

American Economy

The government understood the need to maintain morale. It encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. The Office of War Information worked with the media to create posters and ads that stirred patriotism.

One popular idea was the victory garden, a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers. By 1943, victory gardens produced about one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

African Americans

In 1941, industries searched for millions of new workers to meet the demands of the Lend-Lease program. Still, one out of five potential African American workers remained jobless.

Finally, on June 25, 1941, the President signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans ―without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.‖

As a result, during the 1940s, more than 2 million African Americans migrated from the South to cities in the North.

African American

African American and white soldiers risked their lives equally in the war. Yet African Americans were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home.

In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in Chicago. CORE believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.

Mexican Americans

A shortage of farm laborers led the United States to seek help from Mexico. In 1942, an agreement between the two nations provided for transportation, food, shelter, and medical attention for thousands of Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.

The program brought a rise in the Latino population of southern California. Many lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called barrios.

Native Americans

The war also changed the lives of Native Americans. In addition to the 25,000 Native Americans who joined the armed forces, many others migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants.

Life in the military or in the cities was a new experience for many Native Americans who had lived only on reservations.

For some, the cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots.

Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during the war. Hostility toward Japanese Americans grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, the War Relocation Authority removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coast. They were to be interned, or confined, in camps in remote areas far from the coast. Many Japanese Americans lost their homes, possessions, and businesses during the period of internment.

Japanese Americans

Some people were uncomfortable with the similarities between the internment camps and the German concentration camps. The Supreme Court, however, upheld their constitutionality. As time passed, many Americans came to view internment as a great injustice. In 1988, Congress awarded $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee, and issued an official apology.

Women

Women of all ages as well as ethnic and economic backgrounds went to work in the wartime economy. Many joined the work force out a sense of patriotism; others realized that the war increased their employment opportunities.

After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home. As the economy returned to peacetime status, twice as many women as men lost factory jobs.

Many women found that employment outside the home made a big difference in their lives, giving them self-confidence as well as economic independence.

USHC- 7.3

Explain how controversies among the Big Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

American Response to Pearl Harbor

Doolittle Raiders

• Trained in Columbia SC

• 16 B-25 launch off USS Hornet

• Bomb Tokyo Japan

• Japan did not think they could lose but this changed their mind

• 15 of the planes will crash 1 lands in USSR.

•

Doolittle Raiders

• The men (Total of 80)

•2 die swimming ashore

•8 captured by Japan

–4 Executed

–1 starved to death

–Other will be rescued by Americans at end of war

•39 rescued by Chinese

•5 escape from Russia

•26 saved by Chinese civilians

–The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men

American Involvement

The US will raise defense spending from $2 billion to more than $10 billion in the course of a year.

More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war. They called themselves GI’s.

American Involvement

Americans from all ethnic and racial backgrounds fought during World War II.

• A group of Navajos known as the ―code talkers‖.

About 350,000 American women volunteered for military service by the war’s end.

Road to Victory in Europe

In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret to discuss American involvement in the war.

They created a declaration of principles to guide them in the years ahead called the Atlantic Charter.

• After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations.

The Battle of the Atlantic

At sea, Britain and the United States struggled to control the Atlantic trade routes. German U-boats, or submarines, sailed out from ports in France and attacked and destroyed Allied merchant ships.

The North Africa Campaign

From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

The Invasion of Italy

In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton invaded the island of Sicily with British forces.

• Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.

• Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

• Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945.

Allied Air War

The RAF abandoned attempts to pinpoint targets and began carpet bombing (scatter large numbers of bombs over a large area).

• As a result, German cities suffered heavy damage.

By 1944, British and American commanders were conducting coordinated raids

• American planes bombing by day

• RAF planes bombing at night.

At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in this campaign

Allied Air War

Tuskegee Airmen

• African American fighter squadron assigned to protect American Bombers.

Invasion of Normandy

General George Marshall, FDR’s Chief of Staff, wanted to invade Western Europe: Operation Overlord,

General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500 American and British paratroopers landed on the behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and 700 gliders were used.

D-Day June 6th, 1944

A little after daybreak US and British armies arrived at the beaches of Normandy with:

4,000 transports

800 warships

unknown number of smaller boats.

British and Canada landed on:

• Gold

• Juno

• Sword

US land on:

• Omaha

• Utah

D-Day June 6th, 1944

2,400 Americans killed

By July nearly 2 million troops were on the ground

On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

The End to the War

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.

Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.

Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

The Yalta Conference:

In February, 1945, months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed:

1. to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including France.

2. They planned a similar division of Berlin.

3. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans.

4. He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises.

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.

• Bataan Death March

The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942

The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.

Battle of Midway

On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.

The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers.

The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.

This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7,1942

The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare.

Japan had 36,000 men (31,000 were killed)

US lost 7,100

Battle of Iwo Jima

In February 19, 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.

American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties.

Japan had 21,000 Killed

It took more than 110,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 22,780 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.

The Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April 1 to June 22, 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet.

For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.

Japan had 110,000 killed

Manhattan Project

In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans.

Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.

On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.

Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Potsdam Declaration

On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued Potsdam Declaration.

• The outlining terms of surrender for Japan.

• It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan

Atomic Bomb

Aug 6, 1945 US drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Population 255,000)

• 63,000 killed

Atomic Bomb

Aug 9, 1945 US drops bomb on Nagasaki

• 30,000 killed

Japan Surrenders

Surrender on Aug 14, 1945 (V-J Day)

Chart

Chart

USHC- 7.4Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel.

The Rosenberg Trial

Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

Holocaust Begins

Hitler used the hatred felt by many for the persecution of the Jews

Many blamed the Jews for losing WWI and the economic condition of Germany

1933 Government passed 1st law prohibiting Jews from holding office.

Holocaust Begins

1935 Nuremberg Laws

• Lost citizenship in Germany

• Lost jobs

• Lost Property

• Had to wear bright yellow stars on their clothes

Flood of Refugees

Hitler’s first solution to the Jewish problem was to export them out of his countries.

• 25,000 to France

• 80,000 to Great Britain

• 40,000 Latin America

• 100,000 to US (Albert Einstein)

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht, also known as Crystal Night and the Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages,as ordinary citizens and stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows

• Jews were beaten to death

•30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps

•1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire

Isolating the Jews

Hitler moved to the second part of his plan and moved Jews that lived in his countries to a central location in Poland.

They became known as ghettos

• Segregated Jewish Areas

• Intended to starve the Jews to death

St. Louis

The ship left Hamburg, Germany with 937 passengers, almost all of them Jewish refugees, went to Cuba, Miami, Canada; had to return back to Europe, where many were killed by the Nazis.

Map: Mass Deportation

A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of these Ghettos, with 380,000 people

In Warsaw, 30% of the population were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 9.2 people per room

The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German

Warsaw Ghetto (Continued)

With crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and little sanitation hundreds of thousands of Jews died of disease and starvation.

Operation Reinhard

In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard, the systematic deportation to extermination camps during the Holocaust

The Final Solution

Genocide

• Systematic killing of an entire people

Goal

• To protect racial purity

Groups views as inferior

• Anyone who was not Aryan

Final Solution

Mass killings started with Invasion of Poland 1939

A Killing squad went out into towns looking for Jews

Jews and others were rounded up and taken to isolated spots

• Men

• Women

• Children

• Babies

They were then shot and placed in a mass grave.

Final Solution

Jews in communities not reached by killing squads were sent to concentration camps

• Jews paid to go to these camps (did not know)

• They worked until they were to weak to continue

• Usually lost 50 pounds in 1st month

• They were then shot or sent to the gas chamber.

• After death they were placed in a furnace or mass grave

Dachau

One of the first was Dachau, which opened in March 1933. These early camps were meant to hold, torture, or kill only political prisoners, such as Communists and Social Democrats. Eventually, the Nazis imprisoned Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, critical journalists, and other undesirables.

Auschwitz

Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Located in southern Poland

The exact number of victims at Auschwitz is impossible to fix with certainty. Since the Nazis destroyed a number of records, immediate efforts to count the dead depended on the testimony of witnesses and the defendants on trial at Nuremberg. Nazi Rudolf Höß said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed

Final Solution

Reached Final stage in early 1942

Auschwitz was one of these large extermination camps

In all over six million Jews were killed

• 6000 people a day could be killed

Final Solution

Nuremberg Trials

a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

• prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals

Creation of Israel

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel.

This land was for the Jewish people to move to.

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