the growth of oceanography
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The Growth of Oceanography. Why study oceanography ?. Scientific Curiosity – How do oceans operate and interact with entire earth system? Need for Marine Resources – We need both food and mineral resources from oceans to survive. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Growth of Oceanography
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Why study oceanography?• Scientific Curiosity – How do oceans operate
and interact with entire earth system?• Need for Marine Resources – We need both
food and mineral resources from oceans to survive.
• Impact on Human activities – Must maintain a balance between nature and human activities to protect the coastal zones, prevent over polluting, ensure safe transportation/recreation on the world’s oceans and better prepare for natural hazards.
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There are three major stages in the history of ocean research:
1. Ocean exploration was the period when people explored the ocean boundaries.
Historical Review of Oceanography
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Notable explorers include:
• Phoenicians - explored the eastern Atlantic Ocean reaching England and sailing around Africa.• The Greek Pytheas circumnavigated
England and reached Iceland • The Polynesians- sailed and
explored the western Pacific Ocean in log rafts.
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Notable explorers include:• Herodotus- prepared a world map in
450 BC illustrating three continents surrounded by a vast ocean.
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Notable explorers include:
• The Vikings- dominated marine exploration during the Middle Ages reaching North America.
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Notable explorers include:• Bartholomew Diaz- reached the
southern tip of Africa in an attempt to reach India in 1480s.
• Vasco de Gama- reached India in 1498 by sailing around Africa.
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Notable explorers include:• An expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan,
and continued after his death by Juan Sebastian Elcano, circumnavigated the globe from 1519 to 1522.
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2. Early scientific investigations began
when people began to describe the ocean.
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Notable explorers include:• James Cook
In his ships the Endeavour, Resolution, & Discovery, made three voyages in the late 1700’s; these voyages:-Visited Tahiti-Charted New Zealand-Mapped the Great Barrier Reef-Circumnavigated the Globe at high
southerly latitudes (71oS)-“Discovered” Hawaii
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Notable explorers include:• John Harrison: in 1728 invented the
chronometer, a clock that was spring driven, thus could work at sea and be used to determine longitude
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Notable explorers include:• Matthew Fountaine
Maury- published The Physical Geography of the Sea in 1855 and became known as the father of physical oceanography. He was also born in Virginia!
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The Voyage of the HMS Beagle Charles Darwin was a naturalist aboard a 4
1/2 year voyage that began in 1831 and later led to Darwin’s book “Origin of Species”
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3. Modern oceanographyBegan in the twentieth century with
interdisciplinary oceanic research anduse of complex scientific instruments.
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HMS Challenger• HMS Challenger 1872, first purely scientific sailing
expedition; • 4 year voyage discovered 4,717 new species• Took global ocean salinity, temperature, and water density
measurements• The “Challenger Report”, a 50 volume set
documenting the findings of the Challenger expedition provided the foundation for modern oceanographic study
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Early Scientific Exploration
• In the 1920s the German vessel SMS Meteor studied the salinity, temperature, oxygen content, and sea floor topography of the South Atlantic.
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Current Research• Major institutions were established. In the U.S.
these include: Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, and Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory.
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
founded in 1970, government branch that conducts oceanography research and weather monitoring.