the ‘higher-ness’ of ‘further-ness’ in hfe: organising at the hfe interface
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The ‘Higher-ness’ of ‘Further-ness’ in HFE: Organising at the HFE Interface. Higher Education in Further Education in England (HFE) is claimed to be: Under theorised Under researched Under Valued. The limitation of dichotomies, dualisms and continuums for understanding HFE. Static - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The ‘Higher-ness’ of ‘Further-ness’ in HFE: Organising at the HFE Interface
Higher Education in Further Education in England (HFE) is claimed to be:
Under theorised
Under researched
Under Valued
The limitation of dichotomies, dualisms and continuums for understanding HFE
Static Emphasising differences Lacking in context Prone to Reification Simplistic Lacking holism and relationality
An Alternative analytical model Based upon neo-institutionalist theory:
institutions matter Incorporating context and situational
factors and arguing that institutions matter
Arguing for relationality and positionality within an HFE organisational field
Incorporating Holism and Path Dependency
Defining Institutions “the rules of the game in a society, or more
formally, ..the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction.” North (1990, p 3)
“(i)nstitutions consist of cognitive, normative, and regulative structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behavior. Institutions are transported by various carriers—cultures, structures, and routines—and they operate at multiple levels of jurisdiction” (Scott, 1995 p 33)
Legitimacy and Institutions Organisations seek legitimacy in their
operating environment as a means of accessing resources
Coercive isomorphism Normative isomorphism Mimetic isomorphism
Isomorphism HFE Coercive isomorphism
QAAHE HEFCE
Isomorphism in HFE Normative isomorphism
Peer review Communities of practice Research networks Disciplinary cultures
Isomorphism in HFE Mimetic isomorphism
Reputation Status Brand Often a function of uncertainty
Organisational fields
“those organizations that, in aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life: key suppliers, resources and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and other organizations that produce similar services or products” (DiMaggio and Powell 1983, p148)
Organisational field ‘fields are defined in terms of shared
cognitive or normative framework or a common regulative system. The notion of field connotes the existence of a community of organizations that partakes of a common meaning system and whose participants interact more frequently and more fatefully with one and another than with actors outside of the field’. Scott (1995:56)
Emergence of an Organisational Field
Increased interaction between groups and organisations in field
Common meaning system evolves Increase of information load that
organisations in field are subject to Coalitions and alliances form over
common interests
THE HFE Organisational Field
Pre 1988: – HFE mainly public sector HFE (dominated by polys and colleges)1988 – 1992: Incorporation and abolition of the binary divide1992 – 1997: era of low policy1997 – date: era of high policy post Dearing
Structuration of HFE Organisational Field
By ethos of HFE By vocational emphasis and closeness to
world of work By different organisational forms By different traditions and cultures Through dual structures of funding and
quality assurance By scale and scope By power asymmetries at the interface
Mapping the Institutional Context Use of a heuristic as context to map socio-
structural spaces in HFE organisational field Helps to identify the process of embedding
in context Captures organisational dispositions
(habitus) and organisational positioning Institutionalising the HFE organisational field A contested terrain The legitimation or legitimacy of HFE
THE HFE Organisational Field
A positional construct (Positioning and positionality in a field)
Embedded at the Meso level: intersection of macro and micro
An analytical construct The outcome of a process of
institutionalisation and constant change at the boundaries
Organisational Dispositions Preference formation as an aspect of
institutional context: institutionalising organisational dispositions
Institutionalised classifications and categories in HFE (conventions and administrative conveniences: a historical legacy)
Positioning and repositioning HFE in an organisational field as a dynamic and iterative process of constant organising at the boundaries of HFE
Douglas’ grid group heuristic (sometimes called cultural theory)
A comparative device Links preferences and dispositions of agents
to patterns of organising Assumes an iterative, dialectical interplay
between the two dimensions (grid and group) but not a deterministic one
Asks where do preferences come from?
The Grid-Group Heuristic GRID
the degree to which HFE organisations are subject to externally imposed rules and regulations and associated role prescriptions
Roles, rules, categories and classifications of regulation that impinge on HFE providers as organisations.
The Grid-Group Heuristic GROUP
Patterns of group interaction, identity and boundary maintenance embedded in an organisational field
Organisational forms and patterns of structured inter organisational collaboration across HFE interface
Grid-GroupFatalism(isolated atomism)
ApathyRitualismIsolationPeripheralRisk as random
Hierarchy(bureaucracy)
Rule followingStandardisationStatus orders (Positionality)CentralisationRisk averse
Individualism(negotiation/bargaining)
MarketsEntrepreneurshipDiscovery processesBridging Structural HolesRisk as opportunity
Egalitarianism(sects/community of practices)
MutualityNetworksClansEnclaves Risk pooled
The Grid Group Quadrants Hierarchy strong grid strong group
(Bureaucracy) Individualism weak grid weak group
(Market) Egalitarianism (Enclaves) strong group
weak grid Fatalism Strong grid weak group
(isolated atomism)
Boundary work boundary crossings and boundary objects
Structured collaboration across the HFE interface
Mediated through Boundary Objects Boundary Objects located at inter
section of the grid group quadrants
Boundary Objects “objects which both inhabit several intersecting social
worlds and satisfy the informational requirements of each of them. Boundary objects are objects which as plastic enough to adapt to local needs and the constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across sites. They are weakly structured in common use, and become strongly structured in individual use. These objects may be abstract or concrete. They have different meanings in different social worlds but their structure is common enough to more than one world to make them recognizable, a means of translation. The creation and management of boundary objects is a key process in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting social worlds.” (Start and Griesmer, 1989, p 393)
Boundary Objects (Carlile,2002)
Difference Dependency Novelty
Boundary Properties Syntactic Semantic pragmatic
Hybridisation Through boundary objects Through common funding and quality
assurance agencies for HE and HFE Through structured collaboration Through boundary work Through common policy focus:
Widening participation Access Organisational diversity
Context of Structured Collaboration Facilitate understanding through grid
group-heuristic Maps socio structural space, institutional
trajectories and relational spaces within an organisational field
locates boundary objects in inter organisational ‘communities of practice’ across the HFE interface
Contextualises boundaries and the HFE interface
Incorporates dynamic processual view of modal forms of organising in HFE
Boundary Objects and transactions at the HFE Interface
Hierarchy - Individualism (targets / Performance indicators / Quasi-markets etc.,)
Egalitarian - Hierarchy (Peer review / Status order: reputation)
Individualism - Hierarchy (League Tables; market forces)
Policy Lessons Perverse incentives Transaction Costs Intended and unintended consequences
of policy change Boundary Objects and Boundary Objects
in use (embedded) Contesting Legitimacy in HFE
Policy Lessons Which Boundary Objects are most likely
to be effective? How to manage tensions at the HFE
interface? Dual or binary systems and structures? Strengths and Weaknesses of different
modes of organising Arguing from different premises (grid
and group)