General Index

I talic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed inthis index only when their ideas or works are discussed; fulllistings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph-

ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed bytitle and author; occasionally they are listed under the city andinstitution in which they are held.

CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409"Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas"

(painting), 408, 410, 515cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60Abu, Mount, Rajasthan

on Jain triptych, 460religious map of, 482-83

Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallahMu\:lammad

Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11mal-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book ofpearls and sapphires on the science ofastronomy and timekeeping), 39, 54

Abo al-Fazl ibn Mubarak}./in-i Akbari, 379, 428

Abo al-Fida) Ismacii ibn CAli, 8, 101, 111,143, 168 n.47

calculation of measurements, 177-78and length of degree, 181and longitude of Alexandria, 102Taqwim al-buldan (Survey of countries),

157, 170 n.58Abo ~anifah, 240Abo al-I:Iasan

"Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas," 408Abo al-I:Iasan CAli, 34Abo al-I:Iasan al-Marrakushi, 102Abo Is1)aq al-Sabl, 42Abo Isbaq al-Zajjaj, 53Abo Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn Mu1)ammad

al-Khazin, 109Abo Macshar Jacfar ibn Mubammad

al-BalkhI, 103, 103 n.66Abo YaCqob Isbaq ibn Abmad al-SijistanI. See

al-SijistanIAbo YOsuf YaCqob ibn Isbaq al-KindI. See

al-KindIAbo Zayd Abmad ibn Sahl al-BalkhI. See

al-BalkhiAbyssinia

on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37

on seven-kishvar earth, 80

on South Asian world maps, 393Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the

Patriarch), 26Accuracy

of Arabic measurements of length ofdegree, 181

of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's

longitude, 188of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37of globes in paintings, 409 n.36of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233of map of north-central India, 421, 422of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal

Empire, 428-29of Mecmu <a-i menazil, 239 n.48of Nepali maps, 432of Ottoman illustrated histories, 228of Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 404, 404-5of South Asian cosmographic globe, 396of South Asian topographic maps, 407,

407-8,416,417,423,425of South Asian world maps, 391, 392,

393-94,399,400Acta Cartographica, 298Adab (general culture), 511Adakale, Ottoman siege plan of fortress on,

213, 214Adam's Peak, 122, 393Aden, 118, pl.40Adhai-dvipa. See Earth,

two-and-a-half-continent;Manu~yaloka

Adriatic Sea, 210, 278cAQud al-Dawlah, 54Aegean Sea, 164, 283-84, 284, 287Afghanistan, 390, 405Africa. See also North Africa; Maghreb

on Cantino map, 261on geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409, 409 n.37on J:lajj Abu al-I:Iasan chart, 265on J:lamd Allah Mustawfi's world map,

150on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrIsi's maps, 160, pl.12

547

and Kacba, 191in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271in Ptolemy's Geography, 169al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23

Agapius (Mabbub)Kitab al-~nwan, 17

Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83Agnicayana, 308-9, 309Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77Agrawala, V. S., 321Ahmad (king of Abdali dynasty), 379Ahmadabad, 414-15, 417

Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology,map collections of, 302

Abmad al-AyyObi, 32Abrhad ibn al-Bukhturi al-DhariC, 179Abmad al-munajjim al-Sinjari (Abmad the

astronomer of Sinjar), 19Abmad al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI, 287. See also

al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi familyAhmad, S. Maqbul, 8, 10, 114Ahmadnagar, 436Ahmad Shah Durrani, 466, 469Abmed 1,235 n.27, 246Abmed FerIdon

N uzheti/l-abbar der sefer-i Sigetvar(Chronicle of the Szigetvar campaign),228-29,247,248,254

Ailly, Pierre d', 138, 146, 148A)in-i Akbari, 325 n.143, 429, 435Air. See also Elements

in Ibn al-cArabi's cosmography, 86in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75, 76, 77

Airavata, 341, 372Aitareya Brtthma1Ja, 334'Ajtt )ib al-buldan (Wonders of the countries),

390'Aja )ib ai-Hind (Wonders of India), 90Ajaigarh, 422Ajanta Mountains, 343 0.52, 423AjIt Singh, 421-22

548

Ajmerin Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429oblique secular representation of, 480-81in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403sketch map of, 448on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 414, 416Akademii Nauk SSR, Otdeleniya Instituta

Vostokovedeniya, Leningrad,al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33

Akbar I, 65, 324, 325 n.143, 361 n.99, 377,378

drawing of tomb of, 469, 471Akhbar aI-Sin wa-al-Hind (Traditions about

China and India), 90(Ala) aI-DIn Kayqubad, 233Alaknanda River, 396CXlam aI-din (World of religion), 83, 85CXlam al-ibda ((World of creation), 83, 85CXlam al-inbi 'ath al-thani (World of the

second emanation), 83, 85CXlam al-jism (World of matter), 83, 85Alanya, 233, 234Ala Singh, 436 n.117Albategni. See al-BattanIAlbatenius. See al-BattanIAlbuquerque, Afonso de, 256, 257Alchemy

in cosmographical diagrams, 71Jabirian, 81

Aleppo (Halep)in Mecmu ~-i menazil, 240, 243qibla of, 192

Alexander the Great, 182 n.39, 257, 270,271, 394,395, 396,pL29

Alexandria, Egyptin Kiulb-i balJriye, 232longitude of, 101-2

Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso X of Castile), 29Libras del saber de astronomia, 28, 42,

45,60,202Algeria, 232, 279CAlI, shrine of at Najaf, 243CAlI <::elebi, 276Alidade, 24, 198(All ibn Abrnad ibn Mubammad al-SharafI

al-SifaqsI, 285-87. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family

qibla diagram by, pl.13sacred geography, 194-95world map by, 262, pl.24

(Ali ibn Hasan al-CAjamI, 161(Ali ibn Hasan al-HufI al-QasimI, pl.l1(Ali ibn clsa al-As!urlabI, 19, 26, 44, 57, 179CAli ibn Khalaf, 28, 29, 31(Ali KashmIrI ibn Luqman, 48CAli Macar Re)Is, atlas of, 279-82, 283(All Mardan Khan, 438CAli Mo~ammad Khan, 417(All Shah, 239(All (cAla) al-Wada(I, 31Allahabad (Prayaga), 372, 377, 378 n.145,

396, 403, 461 n.172Almagia, Roberto, 271Almucantars, 21, 35 n.73, 41

Alokakasa, 341Alphabets, difficulties in translation, 99 n.38,

99-100Alps, 120Altair (star), 52Altars, Vedic, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310, 376,

379, 381, 512Altitude

determining, 183-84, 184measuring with astrolabes, 24

Alvan (Arran), 114Amarkantak, 422Amarnath, religious map of, 482-83Amar Singh, 436 n.117Amber (Amer)

on the Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 355, 396city plan of, 447, 448on an eclectic world map, 395oblique paintings on walls of palace at,

450planimetric secular map of, 476-77route map for irrigation project near,

440-41AmIr Khosrau, 377Amir Sayyid Husayn Khingsawai, Taragarh,

pilgrimage map to tomb of, 461-62n.173

Amirutzes, George, 210Amritsar

Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, atlas ofKashmir in, 413

religious map of, 482-83Anaphoric clock dials, 32Anasagar Lake, 417Anatolian Peninsula, 120Ancona, 231Ancona, Cyriaco d', 238Andalusia, 94. See also Iberian PeninsulaAndaman-Nicobar Islands, 262Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad,

map collections of, 302, 438Andre, Noel, 69Andromeda, 51, 52':Ankabut, 18. See also Astrolabes; RetesAnotatta, Lake (Manasarowar), 389Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham H., 324-25,

427Antinoiis, 63, 66, 69Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d', 429Anwa), 53Apastambiyasulvasutra, 329 n.175Apian, Peter

Astronomicum Caesareum, 62Horoscopion generale, 61-62, 62

Apous Indica (bird of paradise), 63Aqalim (climates), 7-8, 93-94, 95-96, 102,

114, 15~ 390, 391, 392, 393,394,409 n.36

Aq~a mosque, 244Aquarius. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BIrunI's cylindrical projection, 35and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,

51

General Index

on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Arabia. See also Saudi Arabiain kishvar system, 94maps of, 117-18, 118, 119

from BalkhI school, 114, 122by Ibn Hawqal, 118, 119by Ibn al-WardI, 143by al-Muqaddasi, 122, 123, 124by al-Qazwini, 144South Asian, 390, 400

pilgrimage routes, 117on seven-kishvar earth, 80in view of world landmass as bird, 91in Zij al-Sabi~ 98

Arabian Sea, 399, 409 n.37Arabic, early Islamic maritime charts in, 288Arabic miles, 175, 177-78Arabic numerals, 360':Arabi Hint IJartisi, 257Arabs. See also Islamic society

geodesy, 175-88influence on Cantino map, 262metrology, 177-78portolan charts, 263-65star compasses compared with Indian

compass cards, 495Aral Sea, 122, 144Aranea (spider), 18Aratus of Soli, 59

Aratea, 15-18, 17Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415Arbasthan. See Arabia; Saudi ArabiaArcher, Mildred, 429Architecture

Brahman, 329 n.170and city plan for Baghdad, 90cosmography in, 379-82drawings, 466-72Jaipur, 322, 323in Kitab-i balJriye, 231paintings, 303 n.46palm-leaf manuscript on, 320plans, 321, 389

Indian, 317-20Ottoman, 215-16, 217, 218, 219

Arcs (as climate boundaries), 138, 145Ardra, 338Aries. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

General Index

CArifI (Fetl)ullah cArifI <::elebi)Futu~at-i cemile (Book of five conquests),

246, 247, 254Suleymanname (History of Sultan

Suleyman), 229, 236, 254Arin. See UjjainAristotle, 74, 81Arkeoloji Muzesi Kitaphgt, Istanbul, Ibn

tIawqal's manuscripts in, 132-33Armas, Duarte de

Livro das fortalezas do reino, 246 n.64Armenia, 114, 190, 191Armillary spheres, 49-50, 51Arnaldus, Stephanus

De sphaera solida, 45Arran (Alvan), 114Arslanhane (menagerie), Istanbul, 237Arunachalam, B., 301, 494, 495, 496, 497,

498,499Arul).avara Ocean, 375Aryakhal).Qa, 369Aryans

sacrificial rites, 308town planning, 319-20Vedic altars, 308-9

cA~at al-Tust (staff of al-Tust), 31Asher, Frederick M., 311 n.70Asia. See also South Asia

on Bodleian world map, 145on geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409, 409 n.37on al-Idrlst's maps, 157on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI chart, 288on South Asian world maps, 392in view of world landmass as bird, 91

Asia Minor, on seven-kishvar earth, 80Asoka, 317, 328,376-77Asop, 415Assam, 326, 326 n.156, 396Agamatrkas, 455Astan-i Quds Ra~avt, Meshed, al-I~!akhrI's

manuscripts in, 132-33Asterisms, 39, 50-60, 60-63, 66, p1.27. See

also N ak~atras

Astrolabesanthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures

on, 65compared with celestial globes, 44cylindrical (Rama Yantra), 362, 365Islamic,S, 6Maldivian, 501Mercury using, 64planispheric

basic plate design, 24as celestial maps, 18-34constellations on plates of, 66construction, 18-24defined, 18determining qibla with, 202-3, 203by I)iya) aI-DIn Mubammad, 20, 22early history, 24-28European influence on, 65-66Hindu interest in, 315, 315 n.94, 324,

360, 379, 515by Khaflf, 19

lunar mansions on, 54and mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34melon-shaped (mubattakh), 35 n.73by Mubammad MahdI, 65-66, 66, 68,

68 n.194orthographic projection in, 38 n.79parts of, 20qibla map on, 197, 201, 203stars on, 22stereographic projections and, 30, 31,

38, 41, 70universal, 32uses of, 27variants of, 28-31Vega star on, 52zodiac on, 54zoomorphic, 52-53

production of, 515purpose of, 514quadrant, 202-3Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12South Asian, 332, 335

in Sri Ram Charan Museum ofIndology, Jaipur, 303 n.46

works on, 299spherical

determining qibla with, 202Islamic, 41, 41-42

Astrolabic mapping, 31-34Astrolabic quadrant, 31-32, 32Astrology. See also Constellations;

Horoscopes; ZodiacIslamic

astrolabes and, 24al-BlrunI on, 38, 39clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41in cosmographical diagrams, 71and lunar mansions, 53-54Ptolemy's influence on, 4

South Asiandivination charts, 348-51Indian, 314-15, 316, 334, 337, 338-39,

347,359and Indo-Islamic cosmology, 378Jahanglr and, 378Jain, 374-75, 375mapping, 339in nautical charts, 498

AstronomyIslamic

Arab pre-Islamic, 50-53and BalkhI school maps, 115clock dials, 32in cosmographical diagrams, 71equatoria, 38-39instruments, 28, 187 n.58lunar mansions, 53-54meridians of reference, 175, 175 n.7observatories, 27, 27-28Ptolemy's influence on, 4and Qur)an, 12

South Asiancelestial mapping, 358-67Indian, 314-16, 334-35observatories, 303, 315, 360-67, 379

549

path of planets, 344, 346, 347, 366scientific instruments in, 360, 360 n.96,

365-66tables, 365, 367, 392telescopes, 365-66temples as artifacts of, 360

As{urlab kuri. See Astrolabe, sphericalAtaturk, Kemal, 271, 271 n.17Atharva Veda, 333Atlantic Ocean

on al-IdrlsI's map of northwest Africa,pl.12

on PlrI Re)Is's world map, 268, 269-72Sadiq I~fahanI's prime meridian in, 404in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285

AtlasesIslamic maritime, 5Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89

associated with CAli Macar Re)Is,279-82

Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282,283

map order in, 281Walters Deniz atlas" 282-83

by al-SharafI al-SifaqsI family, 285-87Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282, 283Attica, 279Attock, 408Aurangabad, 429, 436Aurangzlb, 50, 379, 408, 419, 466Auriga, 52, 55, 58Austria, 395Avad (Oudh), 428, 428-29Avala fortress, 211Avanti. See UjjainAwal Island (Bahrain), 122Awasthi, A. B. L., 299, 313Axes

axis mundi, 335, 343, 370, 377, 381, 516in H unername, 250of Kacba, 190 n.7on qibla maps, 196

al-CAynI (Abu Mul)ammad Mal)mud ibnAbmad al-CAynI), 68

Ayodhya, 372, 382, 396, 461 n.172Ayvaltdere Waterway Map, 226-27CAyyub

Zfj Batfamiyus, 96Azarquiel. See al-ZarqelloAzerbaijan, 112, 114Azimuthal equidistant projections, 36,

37-38, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271Azimuths, 21, 202, 203Azophi. See aI-SufIAzores, 272Azov, Sea of, 106, pl.5

Babil,93Babylonia, 334Bacon, Roger

Opus Maius, 151Badarlkedar, 399Badrinath, 382, 452, 461 n.172BadshahI mosque, Lahore, architectural

drawing of, 470 n.199

550

Baffin, William, 409Baghdad

al-Blriinl's attempts to determine longitudeof, 177

city plan for, 90latitude of, 177, 187in Mecmu 'a-i meniizil, 239-40, 241, 243and prime meridians, 103on qibla indicator, 197triangulation between Ghazna and, 186

Baghelkhand, 420, 422Baghor, map of fort in, 490-91Bagrow, Leo, 146, 504

History of Cartography, 296Bahadur Sah, 431, 436Bahdrasva, 337Bahrain, 118, 122Ba~riye, 265Babr Jurjan (Caspian Sea), 389al-Babr al-Mu~lim (World Ocean), 106al-BakrI (Abu CUbayd (Abdallah ibn (Abd

al-(Azi-z al-BakrI), 143Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, pl.21Balhumal, 49, 70al-BalkhI (Abu Zayd Abmad ibn Sahl

al-Balkhi), 91, 93, 96, 102, 106,108-9, 129, 134, 511

difficulty in examining work of, 110maps of, 112, 115Suwar al-aqiilim (Pictures of the climates),

109, 130works, 111

Baikhi school, 108-36, 138, 517criticism of maps of, 512influence on l:Iafi~-i Abril, 170influence on al-IdrisI, 157, 167and Islamic culture, 514manuscript~ 124-28, 130-35maps, 112-28 (see also Ibn l:Iawqal;

al-I~takhri; al-Muqaddasi)Arabic-speaking provinces, 117-20climate boundaries on, 126-27, 128compared with mappaemundi, 129, 129

n.83described, 114enduring use of, 512orientation, 518possible stemma for, 113selection of material, 114-15treatment of Persian provinces, 115-17world, 120-22

printed editions and translations of worksby authors, 136

reference map of Islamic world at time of,109

stemma of texts, 111works of, 108-11

Bamm, 115Banat Nacsh. See Ursa MinorBanswara, 416Bapudeva

Miinamandira, 361Bar (Ali, 147 n.53Baramula, 396Barbarah, 162

Barbari, Jacopo de', 231, 238, 278Bardashir, 115, 123·Bar Hebraeus

Meniireth qudhshe (The candlestick of thesanctuary), 147 n.53, 148

Barik River, pl.32Baroda, 417, 448

Museum and Picture Gallery, topographicmap of Rajasthan and Gujarat in,416-17

Barros, Joao de, 256, 257, 259, 262Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti, 276, 277-79, 279Barzakh, 121Ba§bakanhk Ar§ivi, Istanbul, 207Basham, Arthur Llewellyn, 314-15, 316-17Basra

on al-I~takhri's map of Arabia, 118and prime meridians, 103qibla of, 193on South Asian world maps, 390

Bas-reliefs, 367, 373Bastian, Adolf, 298, 333, 346-47al-BatIbah, 90Batlamiyus. See Ptolemy, Claudiusal-Battani (Abu (Abdallah Mubammad ibn

Jabir al-BattanI al-Sabi(), 44, 93 n.16,100 n.39, 100 n.41, 101, 141

coordinate tables, 97-100compared with those of Ptolemy,

98-100number of entries, 101 n.49

and length of Mediterranean, 102and longitude of Alexandria, 102and measurement of longitude using lunar

eclipses, 103 n.67method for calculating qibla, 204, 205prime meridian used by, 1032ij al-$iibi ~ 98

Battle maps, 465-66Baudhiiyanasulvasutra, 329 n.175Baybora, Ibrahim Kemal, 211Bayer, Johannes, 61Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich,

pilgrimage map in, 462 n.174Bayezid II, 211, 226, 230, 236, 265-66Beach, Milo, 409, 466Beames, John, 328Beas River, 437Bedouins

asterisms, 51-52conception of stars, 60European renderings of asterisms, 66lunar mansions, 53-54

Begley, Wayne E., 377, 378Beijing (Khanbaligh), 198Belgrade, Ottoman siege plan of, 210,

211-12, pl. 14Bellini, Gentile, 210Bengal

in Shahid-i $adiq, 405on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 390surviving maps from, 505-6

Bengal, Bay of, 165, 166, 258-59, 261, 262Bentinck, William, 450

General Index

BerlinMuseum fur Islamische Kunst

maps in, 145-46, 394Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz

al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35

Berlinghieri, Francesco, 210"Bernardo Arabico ouero Saracino," 45Bernoulli, Jean, 325Bertius, Petrus, 172, 517Bertran, Jaime, 289 n.lBhiigavata Purii1Ja, 348, 379Bhairavas, 455Bhakkar, 403Bhaktapur, maps of, 455, 482-83Bha1Jq,aras, 367Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,

Pune, ink drawing at, 355Bharat~ 336,337,340, 36~ 372,pL2~ See

also India; South AsiaBharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala,

Punemaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425

Bharatavar~a, 336, 336 n.24, 341, 353,354-55,358,397,399

Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasicosmographic globe in, 352, 354, 355-57,

389, 396-97,39~ pL40scroll maps in, 436-38

Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan, 311 n.70Bharuch, 41 7Bhatant, 397Bhatt, Narmadashankar, 417Bhavabhiiti, 321-22Bhavacakra (wheel of life), 313, 343 n.52Bhavasagar, proposed dam at, 439Bhimashankar, 423Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh, 304Bhiwai, map of fort in, 490-91Bhiwai fort, map of siege of, pl.38Bhojpur, plans for Shiva temple at, 466Bhu Ali Qalander, mausoleum of, 438Bhubaneswar, temple at, 466, 467Bhudargad, map of fort in, 490-91Bhugolam (Globe/Geography), 346, 359Bhugolas. See Cosmographical globes, South

AsianBhuvanakosa~312,339, 512Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome,

planispheric map in, 38 n.78Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna,

al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden

Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 132-33al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35

Bibliotheque Nationale, ParisIbn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173map of central India in, 420-22

Bidar, 429Bihar, 429

General Index

Bijapurcity plan of, 447, 448planimetric secular map of, 476-77

Bilad aI-Sudan, 119Bir, 423Birds

altars in shape of, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310Islamic view of world landmass as, 90-91

Bird's-eye views. See also Oblique viewsdecline of Ottoman use of, 250of Istanbul, 234, 237, 238, 239, 249-50,

251in Kitab-i ba~riye, 234, 235 n.27in Mecmu~-i menazil, 237, 238, 239in Ottoman illustrated histories, 228, 249on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade, 211on pilgrimage scrolls, 244on South Asian scroll map, 436in Tarib-i fet~-i ~a~/avun, 245, pl.19of Venice, 238

al-Biruni (Abu al-Rayl)an Mul)ammad ibnAl)mad al-Biruni), 26, 55, 77, 80, 103n.66, 137, 138, 145,161-62,235,323-24, 336, 360 n.96

angular and longitudinal differencesbetween pairs of places, 188

on celestial mapping, 34-38and climatic (zone) maps, 147-48and coordinate tables, 141-42criticizes rectangular projection, 105and distribution of land and sea, 142geodetic researches of, 176influence on ijafi?:-i Abru, 170Kitab al-athar al-baqiyah min al-qurun

al-khaliyah (The chronology ofancient nations), 34, 35, 36, 36 n.74,54

Kitab al-durar fi sat~ al-ukar (Book ofpearls concerning the projection ofthe spheres), 34

Kitab fi tasti~ al-~uwar wa-tabti~

al-kuwar (The book of the projectionof the constellations and theflattening of the sphere), 34

Kitab isti<ab al-wujuh al-mumkinah fi~an ~t al-asturlab (Comprehensivestudy of all possible ways of makingan astrolabe), 33, 35, 35 n.71, 36 n.74

Kitab al-qanun ai-Mas ~di fi al-hay"'ahwa-al-nujum (The Mascudic canon),141, 175, 177, 179, 182-84, 184 n.53,186, 187-88, 196, 324

Kitab al-tafhim li-awa )il #na ~t al-tanjim(Book of instruction on the principlesof the art of astrology), 38, 39, 58,58-59, 142, 390

Kitab ta~did nihayat al-amakin li-tas/ti/tmasafat al-masakin (Thedetermination of the coordinates ofpositions for the correction ofdistances between cities), 94, 178, 178n.24, 179-80, 182, 183 n.43, 184, 184n.53, 186, 323

and length of degree, 178longitude and latitude values, 104, 176, 187

measurement of earth's radius, 182-84measurement of height of mountains, 184and orthographic projection, 35 n.72prime meridian used by, 404quadrant used by, 185on spherical astrolabes, 42Ta'ri-kh ai-Hind (Description of India),

323theories not used practically, 154-55and trigonometry, 176-77world map by, 390

al-Bisrami (CAbd al-Ra~man al-Bis!ami)Mifta~ al-jafr al-jami C wa mi~ba~ al-nitr

al-Iami C(A key to the comprehensivejafr and a lamp of brilliant light), 221n.34

Bitlis gorge, 240, 242Black (sawda») cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23,

179Black Sea, map of regions north of, 226Blaeu, Joan

Atlas Maior, 218Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 63Blake, Stephen P., 326 n.155Blanpied, William A., 360 n.96, 361, 361

n.99, 363-64, 365-66, 379Blochet, Edgar, 499Bodleian Library, Oxford

eighteenth-century Indian manuscript in,378

Ibn J:lawqal's manuscripts in, 113,134-35

al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,

174world map~, 145, 150, pLIO

Bogaz, 237 n.38Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria,

al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31Bombay, 393, 399

Prince of Wales Museum of WesternIndia

maps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81

State Archives of Maharashtra, Marathatopographic map in, 423-24

Boner, Alice, 466, 468Bootes, 63, 69Bordone, Benedetto, 277, 282Bosporus, 119, 238Boudier, Claude, 365Brahma, 334, 341, 344, 346, 359, 360, 380Brahmaloka, 374, 375, 376BrahmaQQa (egg of Brahma), 333, 336, 344,

346Brahmans

architecture, 329 n.170education, 330mapmaking, 309-10, 328-29

Brahmasphutasiddhanta, 175 n.6Braj

indigenous maps of, 472-73as lotu~417-18,419, 452, 504,506topographic maps from, 417-20

Braj Yatra Pichhvai, pl.31

551

Braun, Georg, 251Civitates orbis terrarum, 240-41, 246

Brazil, 270Brice, William C., 264, 266, 278Bricks, Harappan, 307Bridges

on maps in Tarikh-i qa/~h-i Kashmir, 414on South Asian pilgrimage maps, 441on topographic map from Kashmir, 413

Brindaban, 419Britain. See Great BritainBritish Library, London. See also India Office

Library and Recordshybrid map in, 427al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 132-33topographic map of Kashmir in, 411

British Museum, Londoncosmographic globes in, 352, 357-58, 358

n.89, 396volume of architectural drawings in, 470

n.199Broach, 405Brohier, R. L., 426-27, 501Brooklyn Museum, Jain pilgrimage route

map in, 441-42Brown, Lloyd A., 298Brown, William Norman, 301, 302,441,442Buda, plan of fortress of, 213, 215Buddha, 312Buddhists, 332

cartography, 317-18conceptions of universes, 341, 342-43cosmography, 333-34, 342-43

in architecture of, 380continents in, 335-36ethicization of cosmos, 334four-continent earth, 313, 336, 352, 353geography in, 340trees in, 335

cosmology, 333importance of maps to, 328-29monastery plans, 318, 466theology, 330

BudhasvaminBrhatkathaslokasamgraha, 321

Bukhara,90Bulaq, 232, 233Bulgar, 390, 391Bundelkhand, 420, 422al-Buni (MubyI aI-Din Abu al-cAbbas Abmad

ibn CAli al-Buni al-QurashI)Shams al-ma <arif al-kubra wa-Iata )if

al- ~warif, 53-54Buondelmonte, Cristoforo, 277Burhanpur, 403, 423Burhan-ul-mulk, 436 n.117Burnes, Alexander, 499, 501, 502Burrow, Reuben, 326Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de, 250Bust

oblique painting of, 449, 450oblique secular representation of, 480-81

Bylica, Martin, 61Byzantium, 94. See also Constantinople;

Istanbul

552

Cadastral mapsNepalese, 430, 432of precolonial Indian states, 317

CaYerfyes, 270, 270 n.13Caillat, Collette, 298, 345, 372, 373Cairo

Dar al-Kutubal-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173in Kitab-i balJrfye, 232, 233qibla of, 192

Cakras, 338, 351Cakravala (world disk), 340, 343 n.53Ca1cutta, 355, 395, 396,400

National Archives of India, maps in, 302Calendars

astronomical observatories and, 366on J:Iajj Abu al-J:Iasan chart, 267mechanical, 33, 33-34on al-MursI chart, 264scales, 24in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285

Calendrical tables, 44Calipers, 28Calligraphy, and Islamic mapmaking, 6Cambay, 403, 405Camere ottiche, 249Campa, 442Campaign journals, Ottoman, 245Canary Islands (Insulae Fortunatae), 391. See

also Prime meridiansCancer. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-Birunl's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37on qibla map, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Candras (moons), 373Candrasuri

Trailokyadfpika, 370Canepa, Albino da, 265, 266Canonical (shafC£) cubit, 177Canopus, 190 n.7Cantino, Alberto, 260Cantino map, 260, 260-62, 269, 270Cape of Good Hope, 265Capricorn. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation, 63

on al-BirUnI's cylindrical projection, 35on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199

day of (winter solstice), 374zodiac sign, 360

on astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Caravans, 115

Cardinal directionsand Kacba, 193, 194on map of NandISvaradvIpa, 373on qibla indicator, 198on South Asian maps, 427, 446, 498, 508

Cardinal pointson South Asian cosmographic globe, 352on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 415Carlleyle, Archibald, 304Carre, Barthelemy, 324Carta Marina of Martin Waldseemuller, 260Cartography. See also Chartmaking; Maps

comparative, 510-12development of, 510European, al-IdrisI's lack of influence on,

172Islamic, 5-7

beginnings of, 90-107European denigration of, 9European influence on, 3foreign geographical influence on, 93Greek influence on, 4historiography, 8-10by al-IdrIsI, 156-74later developments, 137-55materials used in, 6stemma of later maps, 138terminology, 7-8theory and practice, 7

Ottomanatlas of regional maps, 225European influence on, 217-18, 221-22guild for, 284introduction, 206-8as private enterprise, 216-26problems in study of, 207-8regional maps, 222-26scope and organization, 206in service of state, 209-16terminology, 206-7waterway maps, 226-27

and society, 512-16South Asian, 509

Brahman, 309-10, 328-29Buddhist, 317-18cosmographic globes, 352-58European influence on, 507Hindu, 318-19influence of other parts of Asia on,

506-7lack of Western interest in, 504in Nepal, 430and pilgrimages, 330published historical writings on,

296-302for religious purposes, 303-4repositories for, 302-4scope, 295signs, 335surviving, 295swastikas in, 317-18

Caspian Seaon Abmad al-Tusi'S map, 125on BalkhI school maps, 114, 122

General Index

on al-Muqaddasl's maps, 122on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 391, pl.29

Cassiopeia, 52Castagnari, Alessandro, 286Cathay, 409 n.37Catur-dvfpa vasumatf. See Earth,

four-continentCaucasus, 90-91Caurasi, temple in, 466Caverio, Nicolo de, 260Celestial bodies, personification of, 63-65Celestial diagrams, Islamic, 75-76Celestial globes

Islamic, 42-48accuracy of, 46-47basic design of, 43, 44compared with astrolabes, 44constellations on, 70drawn from al-Suft's Suwar al-kawakib,

56influence on planispheric maps, 60Islamic influence seen on, 61lunar mansions on, 54manufacture of, 48-49types of, 46-47

South Asian, 299, 315, 332, 335, 360, 379Celestial mapping

development of, 514European, influence on Islamic, 65-70Islamic, 12-70

al-BIrunI on, 34-38early Syrian origins, 12-18influences on, 12, 65-70and planispheric astrolabes, 18-34three-dimensional, 41-50

South Asian, 358-67, 379Jain, 373-75

Celestial spheres, 75, 76Cellarius, Andreas, 68CemaCat-i Nal.<l.<a~an-i RUmiyan (Guild of

Rumi painters), 280Central America, 272, pl.21Cepheus, 16, 52, 61, 62Chaghatai, Muhammed Abdulla, 470Chahar Gulshan (Four Gardens), 435,

435-36Chakra Yantra, 363Chamaeleon (chameleon), 63Chambers, Robert, 389Chambur, religious map of, 482-83Champaner, 417Chand, Lakhshmi, 470Chandni Chowk, architectural drawing of,

468-69,470Chandogya Upani~ad, 333-34Charles V (Habsburg emperor), 62, 245 n.60Chartmaking.. See also Cartography

Islamic, 263-92by PIrI Re)Is, 265-79

Charts. See also Maps; Portolan charts; andnames of individual charts andchartmakers

in Islamic navigationin Indian Ocean, 256-62

General Index

in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92qibla (see Qibla, charts)South Asian divination, 348-51

Charwar, map of fort in, 492-93Chaucer, Geoffrey, 26Chaucer, Lewis, 26Chaul, 405"ChaurasI Krosh Parikrama" (Pilgrimage of

eighty-four kos), 419Cheen, Sea of (China Sea), 390Cherchel, 232China

on BalkhI school world map, 122compass cards compared with Indian

compass cards, 495on geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409 n.37on Ibn l:fawqal's world maps, 144on al-IdrlsI's maps, 157and Kacba, 190, 191in kishvar system, 94maps of, 114nautical cartography, 503navigational charts, 259-60on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144on 'seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 391, 392,

393, 396, 398, 400in view of world landmass as bird,

90-91Chitr Gulshan, 435, 435-36Chittick, Neville, 503Chittorgarh, 415Chrysologue de Gy, Father, 69Circles

on astrolabes, 35 n.73compass, 270concentric

in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83

of constant invisibility, 42-43of constant visibility, 18, 42-43ecliptic latitude-measuring, 14-15 n.6, 16,

18, 29, 36, 37, 38 n.78, 43, 44, 46,4~49, 60-61,65, 68, 69

of equal azimuth, 41equatorial polar, 65horizon, 48on Islamic celestial globes, 43, 46, 47, 48longitude-measuring, 29, 36meridian, 46on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122polar, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68, 69on qibla maps, 197on vault of the heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah,

14-15, 18vertical altitude, 41

Cities and towns. See also Settlementson BalkhI school maps, 115Harappan, 306-7Indo-Aryan, planning, 319-20Jaipur, architectural plan of, 321, 322, 323on al-MuqaddasI's map, 122oblique secular representations of, 449-52,

480-81

Ottoman urban topographical illustration,231-35

planimetric secular maps of, 476-77planning, 321secular plans of, 446-49South Asian, planning, 505views of, in Ottoman histories, 228-55

City Palace Museum, Jaipur. See MaharajaSawai Man Singh II Museum

Climata, 78, 79, 80, 102Climate, and map preservation, 327, 506Climates, 111, 143, 159, 159 n.25, 259. See

also Aqalimon BalkhI school maps, 126-27, 128on Bodleian world map, 145boundaries of, 138on l:fafi~-i Abrii's world map, 170on Hamd Allah MustawfI's world map,

150in al-IdrisI's work, 157, 158, 160, 168, 169

northwest Africa, pl.12Rawej ai-tara;, 165, 166, 167world maps, 144, 161, 162

in Islamic geographical tables, 96on Islamic maps, 95-96on al-Khwarazmi's map of Nile River,

pl.4in kishvar system, 94as part of graticule, 148-49in Ptolemy's Almagest, 175on qibla indicator, 198in Suhrab's map construction, 104, 105

Climatic (zone) maps, 146-48by al-IdrIsI, 146-47byal-QazwInI, 147by Yaqut, 146

Clocksanaphoric, 32as astrological models, 40, 40-41

Cohn, Bernard S., 383Coins

South Asian, 311 n.71, 378-79with zodiacal motifs, 63

Collection of land revenue, 316-1 7Cologne, 251Colom, Jacob Aertsz., 62-63, 67Color

on Islamic maps, 6-7, 518al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36al-BlriinI's globular projection, 37al-IdrIsI's map of northwest Africa, pl.12al-IdrIsI's sectional maps, 163al-KashgharI's world map, 155al-KatibI's chart, 264al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100,

100 n.45, 101al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122al-MursI's chart, 264-65, 266Ottoman bath plans, 217

on South Asian maps, 436, 508cosmographic globes, 352, 356cosmographic painting, 360Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Jagannath temple map, pl.36Jain cosmographies, 367-68, 370, 374

553

Jain pilgrimage map, 440Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424, 425nautical charts, 498Nepali scroll map, 433north-central India map, 422T arikh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 414terrestrial globe, 399topographic maps, 402, 410, 411, 414world maps, 392

Columba Noe (Noah's dove), 63, 66, 69Columbus, Christopher, 268, 270-71, 272, 275Colures

equinoctial, 13, 16, 21, 61, 65, 68, 69solstitial, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30, 36,

37,41,43,65-66Coma Berenices, 63, 66, 69Comorin, Cape, 260Comparative cartographies, 510-12Compass, magnetic, 198Compass cards, from Indian roz nama, 495,

498,499,500Compass roses

on Hajj Abu al-l:fasan chart, 267on Indian maps, 508on al-KatibI chart, 265on Maratha map of Vijayadurg, 464on Nepali topographic maps, 433on PIrI Re'Is's world map, 272on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI world map, 287in Walters Deniz atlast, 283

Compasso da navigare, 279Concentric circles

in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83

Conch, cities conceived as, 452-53, 514Constantinople, 199, 396. See also

Byzantium; IstanbulConstellations, 512. See also Zodiac

on astrolabe plate by Mubammad Mahdiof Yazd, 66

on al-BIriinI's flattened astrolabe, 36illustrating Aratea, 16individual, mapping, 50-60on Islamic celestial globes, 42, 43, 46, 47,

70Islamic iconography, 54-60on Latin parchment manuscript, 61on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric

map, 69, 70, pl.2on planispheric maps, 62pre-Islamic, 50-52Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12in vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, 13,

16, 16 n.12Construction

of globesbrass, 352Islamic, 48-49millboard/hollow wood, 399papier-mache, 355seamless metal, 48-49welded, 357

of mapsBalkhi school, 115Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138

554

Construction (cont.)of Ottoman illustrated histories, 229of planispheric astrolabes, 18-24of roads, maps related to, 441

Continents. See also Earth; and names ofcontinents

in Hindu cosmography, 347-48, 348in Indian cosmography, 335-36, 336 n.24,

337in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374Puranic view of, 337on South Asian cosmographic globe, pl.26

Conventions. See also Signs, cartographic;Symbolism

artistic, 300, 356, 367-68on Balkhi school maps, 115in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on al-Idrisi's maps, 163Islamic, 7in isolarii, 277in Kitab-i balJriye, 277on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade,

211-12on South Asian scroll maps, 436on South Asian topographic maps, 402

of city plans, 448in Kitab-i balJriye, 231on topographic maps, 508

Coordinatesin ~ja lib al-aqalim al-sab ~h, 168Arabic lists of, 176ecliptic, 28, 54in Islamic celestial cartography, 14-15 n.6on Islamic celestial globes, 48Piri Re)Is and, 271qibla maps based on, 196-200tables of

adjusting latitude in, 176adjusting longitude in, 176by al-BattanI, 97-100, 101 n.49al-BIrunI and, 141-42by al-FarghanI, 96by al-Khwarazmi, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49,

104converting to map form, 137 n.1by Ibn Yfinus, 101 n.49Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100production of in Maghreb, 141by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49,

259by Suhrab, 101 n.49

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 366Correia, Gaspar, 256Correlations, in Gnostic cosmographical

diagrams, 81-82 n.24Correspondences, in Islamic cosmology, 76,

77,78Corsica, 120Corvinus, Matthias, 246Cos, 350Cosmic man, 372, 380Cosmogony, 305Cosmographical diagrams, Islamic. See also

Qibla, diagramsalchemy in, 71

astrology in, 71astronomy in, 71concentric circles in, 74geography in, 71geomancy in, 71by Haydar AmulI, 87 n.33, 87-88by Jabir ibn I:fayyan, 80-82, 82mysticism in, 71philosophy in, 71theology in, 71

Cosmographical globes, South Asian,352-58,389

abstract of Northern Hemisphere, 358at Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi, pl.40colors on, 352container in form of, pl.26Hindu, pl.30partial transliteration of, 397projection for, 356Southern Hemisphere, 357

Cosmographies, South Asian, 504-5ancient, 312-14compared with European cosmographies,

507pa!a-chitras, 323

Cosmography, Islamic, 332cosmographical diagrams, 71-89

general characteristics, 73-74gnostic, 80-83mystic, 83-88philosophical and scientific, 75-80scope, 71

religious, 88-89Cosmography, South Asian, 306, 333-34,

344,346,347in architecture, 379-82Bhugolam (Globe/Geography) (MInak~i

temple), 346Buddhist, 333-34, 335, 342-43continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24distant realms in, 336divination charts, 348-51dVipa, 340earth and universe

early conceptions of, 333-34size of, 334

earth in, 335-36and ethicization, 334exegesis, 298geography in, 339-40and gods, 334Hindu, 333-34, 343-67

Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 344, 346celestial mapping, 358-67continents in, 347-48, 348nonastronomical painting and ink

drawings, 343-51placement of deities in, 347, pl.25reasons for scarcity of, 343Vaishnavite, 343-44, 345world as egg/fetus, 343, 344, 345

Indo-Islamic, 376-79Jain, 76, 328, 333-34, 367-75

Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340materials used in, 367

General Index

statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87in temple atrium, 371-72

Khagolam (celestial dome) (Minak~i

temple), 346from Ma C,ifetname, pl.3and mental maps, 382-83oceans in, 335, 337, 340Puranic, 335 n.22, 398, 399seven-continent earth, 337shapes in, 335trees in, 335views of absence of tradition, 298world as tortoise, 337-38, 338

Cosmology, Islamic, 71-73Jabirian, 81, 82Ptolemy's influence on, 75

Cosmology, South AsianBuddhist, 333Hindu

Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 333Shaivite, 344

Indian, 333underlying conceptions, 332-43

Cosmos, South Asian microcosmic analoguesof, 379-82

Cowell, Edward, 313Craftsmen, of Ottoman illustrated histories,

229,229 n.4Crawford, Charles, 430Crete, 119, 164, 287Crone, Gerald R., 298Cubits, 8, 183 n.43

black (sawda»), 177, 178, 178 n.23,179

calculation of, 177canonical (shafe£), 177rashashi, 160

Cupola of the Earth, 93, 103Cygnus, 61, 63Cyprus, 119, 120, 287Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia,

manuscript of al-IdrIsI's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 174

Dabhol, 405Dafatir (deed records), 88Da)irah (circle), 74, 159Dak~il}atya (Dak~il}apatha), 340Dak~il}avrtti Yantra, 362Dal Lake, 409Dallapiccola, A. L., 444-45Dalorto, Angelino de, 264Damascus, qibla of, 192Damyat, 119Daniel, E. Valentine, 382-83, 509Danube River

on al-KatibI's chart, 264on al-MursI's chart, 266on Ottoman siege map of Belgrade,

211in Taril}-i fetlJ-i ~a~lavun, pl.19in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23

Daqiqahs (degrees), 8Darajahs (minutes), 8

General Index

Dar al-Kutub, Cairoal-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173Dara Shikoh, 466Dargazin, 239 n.47Darian, Steven G., 311 n.72Das, Rajendra Prasad, 468Daulatabad, oblique secular representation

of, 480-81Davad (inspector of waterways), 226Day, length of

and climate divisions, 175in Islamic geographical tables, 96in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285

Daylam,90BalkhI school map of, 114

Day of Judgment, "topography" of fromMa C,i{etname, 88, 89

Deccan, 435, 446Degrees, measurements of length of, 178-81Deissmann, Gustav Adolf, 270Dejection (of planet), 64-65Delhi. See also Shahjahanabad

astronomical observatory at, 361, 365on Mughal topographic maps, 405oblique painting of, 450oblique secular representation of, 480-81planimetric secular map of, 476-77secular city and town plans from, 446in Shdhid-i $adiq, 403sketch map of, 449on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396

Delos, 277-78Denmark, 393"Departures," 258, 258 n.16Deshpande, C. D., 301, 422-23, 425, 425

n.81, 465 n.175Devakuru, 369Devgarh, 424Dharampal, 361 n.99DhatakIkhaQQa, 368, 372, 374Dhat al-kursf (instrument with the frame), 201Dhirac

• See CubitsDhruva, 353, 359, 497, 498. See also Pole StarDhvaja, 376Diagrams

of battle of the Prot, 213of eclipses, 39Islamic celestial, 75-76Islamic cosmographical, 71-89

alchemy in, 71astrology in, 71astronomy in, 71concentric circles in, 74geography in, 71geomancy, 71by l:Iaydar AmulI, 87 n.33, 87-88by Jabir ibn l:Iayyan, 80-82, 82mysticism in, 71philosophy in, 71theology in, 71

qibla, 512by cAli ibn Abmad ibn Mubammad

al-Sharafl al-SifaqsI, pl.13

Dictionaries, 143Digambara temple, Ajmer, Rajasthan,

371-72Digamsa Yantra, 362Digby, Simon, 301-2, 352, 355Digits, 177Dfk~a (initiation), 441al-DimashqI (Shams ai-DIn Abu cAbdallah

Mubammad ibn IbrahImal-DimashqI), 143

biographical information, 152 n.66N ukhbat al-dahr {f<ajd'ib ai-barr

wa-al-balJr (Gems [selections] of theage from the marvels of the land andthe sea), 152, 152 n.66, 154

al-DimyatI (Zayn ai-DIn al-DimyatI), 190,191 n.11

qibla chans, 192, 193Dina, 359Dln-i-IlahI, 377Directions

cardinaland Kacba, 193, 194on map of NandIsvaradvIpa, 373on nautical maps, 498on qibla indicator, 198on secular city plans, 446on South Asian maps, 446, 498, 508on topographic maps of nonheastern

India, 427and correspondences in Islamic

cosmology, 76, 77, 78in Mecma<a-i menaziI, 237on Mughal topographic maps, 407secondary, 498solstitial, 193on topographic map of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 417Dirhams, 159Disa, 417Diskalkar, D. B., 317Disks

cakravala (world disk), 343 n.53Jambudvlpa as, 373oceans as, 372

Distanceson BalkhI school maps, 115, 121-22between pairs of places, 188conversion between linear and angular,

176in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on al-IdrIsI's sectional maps, 163on Maratha topographic maps, 425measurement of, 175-88on Mughal topographic maps, 405-6, 407on route map of Nahr-i Bahisht canal,

438on topographic map of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 417used by al-IdrlsI, 160

Distonion. See AccuracyDiu, 403, 417Dive a Mehel. See Maldive IslandsDivination chans, 348-51Diwali, 470, 472, pl.39

555

Diwan-i-Khass, 377Qiya' ai-DIn Mubammad ibn Qa'im

Mubammad As!urlabI HumayunILahun, 20, 22,23,48,50,51

Diyarbaklr (Amid), 240Djerba, 279, 280Dnieper River, 210Dniester River, 210Dobashfs, 431Dome of a Talisman, 393Dome of the Rock, 244Dorado (goldfish), 63Doria, Andrea, 281Dorn, Hans, 61Draco, 52, 62Dragon 'Jawzahr), 64-65Drainage

comparison of patterns, 410on Maratha topographic maps, 424on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 415Drawings

ink, in Hindu cosmography, 343-51South Asian architectural, 466-72

Dubrovnik, 231Dulcen, Angelino, 263Dungarpur, 416,417,418Durazzo (Durres), 266Durbar, 450Durer, Albrecht, 61, 62, 246 n.64Dvaraka, 382DVipas, 340. See also Continents;

Jambudvlpa; NandISvaradvlpa;Pu~karadvIpa; Sagarasarpvrta-dvlpa;Sakadvlpa

Dwarkaconceived as conch, 452-53, 453religious map of, 482-83, 484-85on South Asian world maps, 399on survey map, 461 n.172

Eanh. See also Elementsal-BlrunI's measurement of radius, 182-84,

184 n.53and celestial spheres, 75, 76circumference of, 178-79Cupola of the, 93, 103distribution of land and water on, 142four-continent, 313, 336, 352, 353geodesy, 175-88in Ibn al-cArabI's cosmography, 86al-IdrlsI on, 158-59 n.25in Indian cosmography, 335-36Ka(ba-centered, 80in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86in Qur'an, 72seven-climate system, 77, 78, 79, 80, 102seven-continent, 337, 353sphere of, 39spherical nature of, 175 n.ltonoise-shaped, 347-48, 348two-and-a-half-continent, 340, 368, 370,

371, 507Ebennesophy. See ai-SufIEck, Diana L., 336, 382

556

Ectipsesascending and descending nodes, 334cycle of, 346, 347deities associated with, 358, 360and determination of longitude, 102, 103

n.67, 176diagrams of, 39plane of, 21prediction of, 315Rahu, causer of, 360solar, 365

Ecliptic latitude-measuring circles, 14, 14-15n.6, 15, 16, 18, 29, 36, 38 n.78, 43,44, 46, 48, 49, 60-61, 65, 68, 69

Eclipticson cAli Macar Re)Is's world map, 282on armillary spheres, 49on al-Bln1nI's flattened astrolabe, 36in al-BInlnI's Ta~did, 184 n.53and calculation of latitudes, 175 n.3on celestial globes, 43coordinates, 28, 30, 54on flattened projection, 36grids, 29Horoscopion generale and, 62on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47, 48and lunar mansions, 53and lunar nodes, 64plane of, 35 n.72, 38 n.79on planispheric astrolabes, 65poles, 43on spherical astrolabes, 41, 202

Education, Brahman, 330Eger, proclamation of conquest of, pl.17Eggeling, Julius, 308 n.65Egypt

on BalkhI school maps, 114, 115, 118,119,120,121

on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37

on al-IdrlsI's sectional maps, 165influence on Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 241and Ka<ba, 190in kishvar system, 94in Kitab-i ba~riye, 232, 232-33, 275, 279map of, 112qibla of, 193on seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 390, 391

El Cruzero Hispanis (Spanish cross), 63EIdem, Halil Ethem, 270el-Dima~kI (Ebu Bekr ibn Behram

el-Dima~ki), 218Elements. See also Air; Earth; Fire; Water

and correspondences in Islamiccosmology, 76, 77, 78

in Ibn al-<ArabI's cosmography, 86in Jabirian alchemy, 81, 82in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86in al-SijistanI's cosmography, 82spheres of, 76

Eli, Mount, 256Elizabeth I of England, 67, 409 n.36, 507Elizabeth II of England, 378Elliptical curves, 35 n.73

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 436Encircling Ocean. See Oceans, Encircling

OceanEncyclopaedia of Islam, 10Engineering works, route maps related to,

438-42England. See Great BritainEquator, celestial

on armillary spheres, 49on celestial globes, 43on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric

map, 68on planispheric astrolabes, 18, 21, 65on planispheric map from

SarvasiddhantatattvacueJama1Ji, 69,70

and qibla determination, 201on spherical astrolabes, 41, 202on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr <Amrah, 15

Equator, terrestrialon BalkhI school maps, 126on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397on Cantino map, 262on climatic (zone) maps, 148al-IdrisI on, 158-59 n.25on al-KhwarazmI's maps, 105, pl.4in orthographic projection, 35 n.72on South Asian globes, 358, 396in Suhrab's map construction, 104, 105on terrestrial globe, 399

Equatoria, 38-39Equatorial polar circle, 65Equatorial stereographic projections, 28Equidistant cylindrical projection, 34Equinoctial colures, 13, 16, 21, 61, 65, 68, 69Equinoxes

autumnal, 69in globular projection, 36and lunar mansions, 53on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric

map, 68procession of, 43, 314-15vernal, 69

Erci~, ruins of, 239, 240Ertugrul, 235 n.32, 236Erzurum, 237 n.38, 243Escarpments, 422, 429Eski Istanbulluk, Lesbos, 231 n.14Esztergom

bird's-eye view of siege of fortress, 245,pl.19

in Tarib-i fet~-i ~a~lavun, 247Ethiopia

in kishvar system, 94on qibla map, 199qibla of, 191, 193

Eton College, al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts at,130-31

Euboea, 276, pl.22Euphrates River, 118, 222, 223Europe

accounts of Indian maps, 324-27on BalkhI school map of Mediterranean,

119

General Index

cosmographies, compared with SouthAsian cosmographies, 507

denigration of Islamic cartography, 9on geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409al-IdrisI's lack of influence on cartography

in, 172on al-IdrIsI's maps, 157influence on geographic globe in Mughal

painting, 409influence of Islamic asterism mapping on,

60-63influence on Islamic cartography, 3, 65-70,

263influence on Ottoman cartography, 209,

210,213,215,217-18,221-22influence on Ottoman illustrated histories,

228,245,250,251influence on South Asian cartography, 295,

463-65,503,507maps of, 114on al-QazwIni's world maps, 144Renaissance, 4on al-SharafI al-Sifaqsi chart, 289on South Asian world maps, 392, 398spread of astrolabe in, 26-27terrestrial maps, compared with South

Asian maps, 507-8in view of world landmass as bird, 91

Evliya <::elebi, 284Seyahatname (Book of travels), 224

Exaltation (of planet), 64-65Eyiip, 238, 239, 249

Faizabad, oblique secular representation of,480-81

Faiz Bazar, architectural drawing of, 468-69Falconer, Hugh, 411Falsafah (philosophy), 73Faraj,232Farang (Land of the Franks), 393. See also

Feringhi; France; Franksal-FarghanI (Abu al-<Abbas Abmad ibn

Mubammad al-Farghani), 34-36, 35n.70, 36 n.74, 63, 95, 97, 101

and length of degree, 178longitude and latitude tables, 96and nilometer renovation, 177and seven-climate system, 102

al-Farisf (Mubammad ibn AbI Bakr al-Farisi),191 n.11

Tu~fat al-raghib wa-turfat al-ralib fitaysir al-nayyirayn wa-~arakiJt

al-kawakib (The sun, the moon, andthe movements of the fixed starsmade easy as a gift to the desirousand a luxury for the seeker), 192-93,194

Farrukhabad, 422Fan, 112, 114, 115-16Farsakhs, 8, 160, 175, 177, 178, 178 n.23,

186, 187 0.59, 198Fatb cAIr Shah, 242 n.51Fathpur SIkrI, 377Fatimids, 111, 111 n.23

General Index

al-Fazarl (Mubammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazart),26, 95, 103, 157

Kitiib al-Zi;, 93 n.13Fer, Antoine de, 67Ferdinand of Austria, pl.19Feringhi (Land of the Franks), 390, 391. See

also Farang; France; Franksal-FiQQah (island), 138, 140, 144Fields (depicted on maps), 447Figuerda, Emmanuel de, 365Fire. See also Elements

in Ibn al-(Arabi's cosmography, 86in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75, 77

Finlz Shah III, 315, 376-77Flags

on ~ajj Abu al-I:Iasan chart, 265, 267on al-Katibi chart, 264

Florida, 272, pl.21Forma Urbis Romae, 512Forschungsbibliothek, Gotha

Abmad (Mubammad) al-TUSi'S manuscriptsin, 134-35

al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 108, 124-25,130

Fort Khyber, 393Forts, maps of, 462-66, 490-93Fortunate Islands (Canary Islands), 391France. See also Farang; Feringhi; Franks

on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37

in Kitiib-i balJriye, 278on South Asian world maps, 395, 400

Francis I of France, 245Frank mils, 160Franks, 94. See also Farang; Feringhi; FranceFreducci, Ottomano, 280Frontal perspective, 450, 452, 453, 470Furusiyah manuscripts, 235 n.30Fyzabad, 422

Gabhastikhal)Qa, 355Gagraun fort, map of, 465, 492-93Gait, Edward Albert, 326 n.156Galata

in H unernlime, 249in Kitlib-i balJriye, 235 n.27in Mecmu 'a-i meniizil, 238on reference map of Istanbul architectural

monuments, 239Gallois, Lucien, 277-78Gama, Vasco da, 30, 256, 257, 259, 265,

295, 324, 394-95Gandak (Saligrama) River, 432Gandha~akhaI)Qa, 355Gal)esas, 455, 457Gaitgadhara, 323Ganga (Ganges) River, 461

on South Asian maps, 311 n.71cosmographic globes, 354, 356, 358,

396eleventh-century stone slab, 311-12fifth-century bas-relief, 311, 312geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409

Indo-Islamic cosmography, 377Jain conception of Jambudvipa, 341,

369, 372Mughal topographic maps, 405Padma Pura1Ja, 313painting of Varanasi, 452pilgrimage maps, 439, 441religious map of Varanasi, 454Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 405world maps, 393, 399

Gangasagara, 396Gardens

on late premodern maps from Kashmir,409

on map of Kashmir by Abdur Rahim, 412on secular plans of cities and towns, 447Shah Jahan and, 377-78on South Asian scroll maps, 436on topographic map from Kashmir, 411

Gargasarrthita, 338Gastaldi, Giacomo, 279, 280, 282Gaya, 396, 461 n.172Gaz, 440, 448Geerarts, Marc, the Younger, 409 n.36Gemini. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BiriinI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,

51on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 192, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Gemma Frisius, 29Gentil, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 299, 325 n.143,

378, 378 n.146, 422, 446, 469, 507Empire Mogol divise en 21 soubas au

gouvernements tires de differensecrivains du pafs en Faisabad enMDCCLXX, 427-28

and hybrid maps, 427-29Recueil de toutes sarles de dessins, 427

Gentil atlas, 427-29Geodesy, 175-88Geographers, Balkhi school of, 108-37

manuscripts, 124-28, 130-35maps of, 112-28

Arabic-speaking provinces, 117-20described, 114selection of material, 114-15treatment of Persian provinces on,

115-17world maps, 120-22

works of, 108-11Geography

in cosmographical diagrams, 71early Islamic literature, 90-93geographical tables, 96-97in Indian cosmographies, 339-40on Islamic maps, 7

557

Islamic sacred, 190-96, 197of Italian peninsula, 210

Geomancy, 71Geometry, 359, 373Germany, 393, 395Ghazan Khan, 239Ghazna

al-Biruni's attempts to determine longitudeof, 177

longitude of, 177, 184-88, 187triangulation between Baghdad and, 186

Ghogha, 417Gibbs, Sharon, 299, 315 n.94Gibraltar, Strait of, 119Girnar, Mount

on Jain pilgrimage route map, 442on Jain triptych, 460religious map of, 484-85on su~ey map, 461 n.172

Giustinian, Marc' Antonio, 221 n.36Giza, pyramids of, 232, 233Globe construction

brass, 352Islamic, 48-49millboard/hollow wood, 399papier-mache, 355seamless metal, 48-49welded, 357

Globe gores, 62-63Globes. See Celestial globes; Cosmographical

globes; Terrestrial globesGlobular projection, 36-37, 37-38, 141-42Gnomons, 41, 44, 181Gnosticism, 73, 80-83Goa, 405Godapora Maharaja, 426Godavari River, 261, 262, 382, 399, 423Gods. See also Brahma; Krishna; Vishnu

Indian, 334in Islamic cosmography, 74in Jain cosmologies, 373planetary, 358-59in Qur)an, 71

Goeje, Michael Jan de, 8, 108, 110, 111,112-13, 130, 190

Gog and Magog. See also Yajuj and Majujon seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 390, 391,

393, 396,507,pI.29Gogerly, Daniel John, 343 n.53Gokarn, 425Golden womb (hira1Jyagarbha), 333-34, 343Gole, Susan

on Chahar Gulshan, 435Early Maps of India, 299on Gentil atlas, 378 n.146and geometric diagrams from Rajasthan,

348, 349-50, 351and hybrid maps, 427I ndian Maps and Plans: From Earliest

Times to the Advent of EuropeanSurveys, 296, 299, 317 n.108, 389,390,400,416,417,507-8

Indian world map found by, 304, 393, 394India within the Ganges, 299, 424

Habash al-Hasib (Abmad ibn (AbdallahHabash al-Hasib al Marwazi), 36, 41,41 n.85, 103, 202

Kitab al-ajram wa-al-ab ad (Book ofbodies and distances), 178-79

Kitab fi maC,ifat al-kurah (Book of theknowledge of the globe), 44

and length of degree, 178method for calculating qibla, 204, 205

Habib, IrfanAn Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political

and Economic Maps with DetailedNotes, Bibliography and Index, 325n.143

"Cartography in Mughal India," 301, 400,403

on Hafi~-i Abrli, 390on Sadiq I~fahani, 391-92, 403on South Asian route maps, 436 n.118

558

Gole, Susan (cont.) and copying of portolan charts, 258on irrigation route maps, 439-50 n.16on Jain scroll paintings, 460 ecliptic, 29on map by Abdur Rahim, 411 globular projections used as, 37on map of north-central India, 422 on qibla indicator, 198on maps in Tarikh-i qal<ah-i Kashmir, on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200, 202

413-14 rect-azimuthal, 198Maps of Mughal India: Drawn by on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi's world map, 262

Colonel Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gentil, on al-Zayyani's world map, 171Agent for the French Government to used by al-Khwarazmi, 100the Court of Shuja-ud-daula at in South Asian mappingFaizabad, in 1770, 299, 428 on architectural drawings, 468

and Maratha topographic map, 424 n.73 on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397and South Asian architectural plans, 468, on city plans, 448

469, 470 on Indian maps, 508and South Asian city and town plans, 446, on map of north-central India, 422

448, 450 on Marino Sanudo's map of Palestine,and South Asian cosmographic globes, 352 517and South Asian fort maps, 466 in Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 404-5on South Asian pilgrimage maps, 441 on topographic maps, 388, 416, 424,on South Asian route map, 438 433on South Asian scroll maps, 436 Grosset-Grange, Henri, 259 n.20and South Asian temple ground plans, Grueber, Johan, 430

318-19 Grus (crane), 63on topographic maps from Kashmir, 411, Gudea, 177

413 n.46 Guimet, Musee, Paris, painting in, 449Golius, Jacob, 63, 67 n.191 Guinea, Gulf of, 270Golkonda, oblique secular representation of, Gujarat

480-81 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Gombrich, R. F., 332-33, 334 hybrid map of, 427Goodrich, Thomas D., 282, 283 Jain pilgrimage map from, 440, 441-42,Gorakhpur, 396 460Gordon, D. H., 304 maps of, 422-26Gosain Lake, 432 nautical maps from, 502Gossellin, Pascal Fran\ois Joseph, 340 secular city and town plans from, 446Goswamy, B. N., 444-45 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek topographic maps from, 414-17, 418

Abmad (Mubammad) al-TiiSi's manuscripts Gunther, Robert T., 299in, 134-35 Gupta, Samudra, 311 n.70

al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 108, 124-25, 130 Gurjar, Laxman Vasudeo, 361 0.99, 362Gouwas (Sinhalese miles), 426 Gurkha, oblique secular representation of,Govardhan, 419 480-81Govardhan, Mount, 379, 419, pl.31 Gurung, Harka, 430, 431, 432Govardhan Puja (sacrifice), 379 Gurung, Kesav, 431Govindgarh fort, map of, 490-91 Gwalior, sketch map of, 448-49Grahas (planetary deities), 358-59, 360, 373Graticules, 148-51, 259. See also GridsGreat Britain

colonies of, on South Asian world maps,396

disdain for South Asian maps, 303, 303n.47, 504, 506

on South Asian world maps, 390, 393, 400use of astrolabes in, 27

Greeceon Balkhi school map of Maghreb, 120influence on Islamic cartography, 4, 94-95influence on Islamic high culture, 73

Greenland, 272Grids. See also Graticules; Latitude;

Longitudein Islamic mapping, 259

on Arab navigational charts, 258for converting latitude and longitude

tables to map form, 137"n.1

General Index

Habsburgs, 228, 246Haci Abmed, 221 n.36HaCi Mebmed, 266, 267 n.10, 270Ha\ova/Mezokeresztes, plan of battle of,

213 n.20I:f.adds, 190Hadith

and cosmology, 71, 72, 73geography in, 90

Hadrian, 63Hafi~-i Abrii ((Abdallah ibn Lutf Allah

al-Bihdadini), 259, 390 n.8influences on, 170maps by, 127-28Ta)rikh-i I:f.afi+-i Abru, 170use of graticule, 149 n.63, 149-50world maps by, 151, 170, 390

Hagia Eirene, Istanbul, 237, 250Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 237Hahfizjee, hybrid map by, 427HairaQ.yavata, 341Hajj Abii ai-Hasan, 265, 267, 272al-Hajjaj ibn Yiisuf, 90Hajji Malang Hill, Kalyao, pilgrimage map

of, 461-62 n.173ai-Hakim, 141 n.20Halkah water-supply system, Ottoman map

of, 226Hamburg, Staats- und Universitiitsbibliothek,

al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 124,130-31

Hamd Allah Mustawfi (Hamd Allah ibn AbiBakr al-Mustawfi Qazvini), 138, 145,390

compared with Sadiq I~fahani, 391-92map of the Middle East, 152N uzhat al-qulub, 149 0.63, 149-50, 150,

152, 259use of graticule, 149-50, 150

al-Hamdani (ai-Hasan ibn Abmadal-HamdanI)

and prime meridians, 103$ifat jazirat al- c.Arab (History of the

Arabian Peninsula), 117ai-HamidI (IbrahIm ibn al-Husayn aI-Hamidi)

Kanz al-walad (Treasure of the son), 83Hamilton, Francis (Buchanan), 430Hapgood, Charles H., 271Haram ai-SharIf, 244Harappan culture

cartographic achievements, 306-8standardization of, 306-7survey instruments, 307

Hardwar, 441, 461 n.172Hari Parbat fort, Srinagar, 409, 492-93Harita, 206Harivar~, 341, 358al-Harrani (Abmad ibn Hamdan al-I:farrani),

138, 143 n.35j ami ( al-funun (The gatherer of the

sciences), 143, 144world map by, 144

Hartner, Willy, 16 n.12Harlin aI-RashId, 4Harvey, P. D. A., 296

General Index

ljasan (artist), 229, pI.17ljasan (inspector of waterways), 216, 219lja~~a mi)narlart, 215Hastings, Warren, 429ljaydar Amuli (Sayyid Baha) ai-DIn J:Iaydar

ibn cAli al-CUbaydI al-ljusaynI AmulI),74

cosmographical diagrams by, 87 n.33,87-88

Kitab afaql (Book of horizons), 87Kitab anfusl (Book of souls), 87

ljaydar Re)Is, 276tIayreddin Barbarossa, 245, 285, pi.20Ha~ratbal mosque, 409Heavens, in Jain cosmology, 373, pl.28Hells, in Jain cosmology, 372, pi.28Helmand River, 405Helt, Hugo, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Hemakuta Mountains, 396, 399Hemispheres

Northernabstract of on South Asian

cosmographic globe, 358constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star

map, 67Southern

constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star

map, 67on South Asian cosmographic globe, 357

Hercules, 16, 58, 61Hering, Loy, 246 n.64Hermann of Carinthia, 24-25Heron of Alexandria, 175 n.5, 176Hevelius, Johannes, 69ljijaz, 94, 118Himachala Mountains (Himachal, Himagiri,

Himalayas)in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 405on South Asian cosmographic globes, 354,

356, 396, 397, pl.30in South Asian mental mapping, 382on South Asian world maps, 393, 399

Himachal Pradesh, 436, 437Himavat Mountains, 341Hindus, 332

cartography, 303, 318-19conceptions of universes, 341cosmography, 333-34, 343-67

Brahmat].cJa (egg of Brahma), 344, 346celestial mapping, 358-67continen~in,335-3~ 347-48,348cosmographic globe, pI.30cosmos as egg/fetus, 343, 344, 345ethicization of cosmos, 334four-continent earth, 313, 336, 352, 353geography in, 340nonastronomical painting and ink

drawings, 343-51placement of deities in, 347, pl.25reasons for scarcity of, 343seven-continent earth, 337in temple architecture, 379-80Vaishnavite, 343-44, 345

cosmologyBrahmat].ga (egg of Brahma), 333Shaivite, 344

importance of maps to, 328-29importance of rivers to, 311-12influence on Islamic cartography, 93and mapmaking, 506, 509monasteries, 452Muslim interaction, 323-24temples, plan for, 319theology, 330

al-J:Iini, Mu1)ammad Jaber cAbd ai-CAl, 130Hipparchus, 25, 103 n.67, 361Hippodrome (Atmeydanl), Istanbul, 237Hiratlyagarbha (golden womb), 333-34,343Histories, Ottoman illustrated

accuracy of, 228compilation, 229-30development of, 228-29European influence on, 228materials used for, 229selected manuscripts related to, 252-55topographical illustration, 230-35, 245-52

European influence on, 245, 250, 251Hungary's importance in, 246-49in later histories, 245-52in Mecmu 'a-i menazii, 235-45

Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 431Hodgson, Marshall G., 512Hoefnagel, Georg, 251Hogenberg, Frans, 251

Civitates orbis terrarum, 240-41, 246Holland

colonies of on South Asian world maps,396

on South Asian world maps, 390, 393Homem, Lopo, 262Hondius, Henricus, 409 n.37Honigmann, Ernst, 96, 100, 175 n.2Hoogly Bunder, 393Horizon circle, 48Horizon rings, 42, 43, 44, 47Horizons, and measurement of earth's

radius, 182, 182-83Horizontal rings, and qibla determination,

201Horoscopes. See also Astrology

of Iskandar Sultan, 63-64, 65, pl.1of Nau Nihal Singh, 68

Hour lines, 41Hours, lines of unequal, 21Houses, plans for, 470Houtman, Frederick de, 63, 66, 69Hsu, Mei-ling, 503Hubu! (dejection), 64-65ljudud al- 'alam, 139-40Hulagii Khan, 57Humayiin, 65, 379Humors, bodily, 86Hungary

on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37

importance in Ottoman topographicalillustration, 246-49

Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry for, 246

559

Ottoman map of, 217in Taril}-i fetlJ-i ~a~/avun, 245-46

al-J:Iusayn, 55shrine of at Karbala in Mecmu 'a-i

menazil, 243, 243 n.53, 244J:Iusayn, Shah, 38 n.79, 68 n.193, 124Hybrid maps (South Asian in European

style),427-29Hyderabad, 425, 476-77Hydrus (small serpent), 63

Iberian Peninsula. See also Andalusia;Portugal; Spain

in Atlas-i hiimayun, 283on Ibn J:Iawqal's world map, 145on al-Idrisi's world map, 145in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 287on South Asian world maps, 390

Ibn cAbd al-J:Iakam (Abu al-Qasim cAbdal-Ra1)man ibn cAbdallah ibn cAbdal-J:Iakam), 90-91

Ibn al-cArabi (MuQyi ai-Din MUQammad ibnCAli ibn al-CArabi), 73, 74, 83-87

cosmography of, 86al-Futul]at al-Makklyah (Meccan

revelations or conquests), 85Insha) ai-dawa'ir (Production of spheres),

83,85Ibn al-Banna), 29Ibn Bashriin, 157Ibn Fagl Allah al-cUmari (Al).mad ibn Yal).ya

ibn FacJI Allah al-CUmari), 517Masalik al-ab~ar fl mamiilik al-am~ar

(Ways of perception concerning themost populous [civilized] provinces),150-51

world maps by, 150-51, 153Ibn al-Faqih (Abmad ibn Mubammad ibn

al-FaqIh al-Hamadhani), 114, 178Ibn Fatimah, 170Ibn al-Ghulam al-Qunawi (al-l:laliq ibn

al-Ghulam al-Qunawi), 58Ibn J:Iawqal (Abu al-Qasim Mubammad ibn

J:Iawqal al-Na~ibI), 8, 128, 138and al-Balkhi, 110biographical knowledge, 110and ljudud al- 'alam, 139-40and al-Idrisi, 157, 169 n.51and al-I~takhri, 109, 110, 137Kitab $urat ai-art! (Picture of the earth),

108, 110, 136maps by, 112, 113-14, 115, 117

Arabia, 118, 119compared with maps in

Forschungsbibliothek, Gotha, 125Egypt on, 121influences on, 129Kirman, 116later recensions, 137-39Maghreb, 120Mediterranean Sea, 120world maps, 122, 123, 140, 144-45

and maps in Staats- undUniversitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124

and al-MuqaddasI, 111, 122

560

Ibn tJawqal (cant.)printed editions and translations of, 136select list of manuscripts, 132-33use of graticule, 149works, 111

Ibn Khaldiin, 286 n.66influences on, 170Kitab al- ~bar, 170, 171world map, 170, 171

Ibn Khallikan (Abmad ibn Mubammad ibnKhallikan), 25

Ibn Khurradadhbih (Abu al-Qasim (UbaydAllah ibn (Abdallah ibnKhurradadhbih), 99, 114, 116, 117, 118

biographical information on, 91 n.9influence on BalkhI school maps, 128-29Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of

routes and provinces), 91-92, 169n.51, 190-91

scheme of sacred geography, 190as source for al-IdrIsI, 169 n.51

Ibn Majid (Abmad ibn Majid), 8, 256, 257,260-61

Asra al-bahr, 394Ibn al-NadIm (Mubammad ibn Isbaq ibn

al-NadIm), 25, 26Fihrist, 96, 168 n.47

Ibn Qutaybah (Abu Mubammad (Abdallahibn Muslim ibn Qutaybah), 53

Ibn Rablq, 191 n.11Ibn Rustah (Abu (All Abmad ibn (Umar ibn

Rustah),93Ibn Saffar (Abu al-Qasim Abmad ibn

(Abdallah ibn Saffar), 26Ibn Sa(Id ((All ibn Musa ibn Sa(Id

al-MaghribI), 143, 145influences on, 170Kitab bas! ai-art} fi !aliha wa-al- ~rt}

(Exposition of the earth in length andbreadth), 102 n.60, 150-51, 170

method of dividing climates, 157Ibn al-Sarraj, 31, 32Ibn al-Shatir ((Ala) aI-DIn Abu al-tJasan (All

ibn IbrahIm ibn al-Sharir), 32Ibn Suraqah (Mubammad ibn Suraqah

al-CAmirI)instructions for finding qibla, 195and sacred geography, 191 n.11, 191-92

Ibn al-WardI (Siraj aI-DIn Abu J:Iaf~ (Umaribn al-WardI), 138, 143 n.35, 155

Kharrdat al- ~;a lib wa-faridat al-ghara lib(The unbored pearl of wonders andthe precious gem of marvels), 127,143, 194, 195, 196, 221 n.34

and qibla charts, 192world maps, 113, 143, pl.8

Ottoman version of, 220Ibn Yunus (Aba al-J:Iasan (Ali ibn (Abd

al-Rabman ibn Yanus), 96and length of degree, 178, 180-81and longitude of Alexandria, 102number of entries in coordinate tables,

101 n.49al-Zi; al-kabfr al-fJakimi (Hakimite

tables), 141, 141 n.20, 179

ibrahIm J:Ia~~l (Erzurumlu ibrahIm J:Ia~~l),

85,87Ma'rifetname, 76

levels of being in, 87religious cosmos from, pl.3topographic rendering of Day of

Judgment from, 88, 89IbrahIm al-MursI, 264-65, 266IbrahIm MOteferri~a, 218

map of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26IbrahIm Pa~a, 232, 236, 237, 272, 275IbrahIm ibn Sald aI-SahlI al-Wazzan, 45Iceland, 393al-IdrlsI (Aba (Abdallah Mubammad ibn

Mubammad aI-SharIf al-IdrIsI), 8, 102,102 n.60, 111, 114, 129, 138, 140,142, 143, 154, 513, 517

biographical information, 156Book of Roger, 156, 170cartography, 156-74influence on later authors, 170-72influence on al-SifaqsI family, 285, 287instructions for making world map,

158-59longitude and latitude on maps of, 259

n.23manuscripts of works of, 173-74as mapmaker, 156-58map of compared with Cantino map, 262northwest Africa from map of, pl.12N uzhat al-mushtaq fi )khtiraq al-afaq (The

book of pleasant journeys intofaraway lands), 7, 8, 156, 157,158-63,164,165,166,169,170 n.58,172, 173-74

index of sectional maps in, 162sources for, 167-70

orientation of maps, 518Rawej al-fara; wa-nuzhat al-muha;

(Gardens of pleasure and recreationof the souls), 146-47, 157-58, 163,165-67, 168, 170 n.58, 174, 518

sectional maps by, 162, 162-63, 164, 165,166, 171-72, 172

Uns al-muha; wa-rawt} al-fara; (Intimacyof souls and gardens of pleasure),157-58

world maps by, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.l'1al-(Ijll,26al-(IjlIyah, 26Ilavrta, 343, 358Iliryus (Leros), 277Illustration, Ottoman. See Histories,

Ottoman illustratedIlyas of Morea the Reconnoiterer, 210-11Imago Mundi, 298Imarat Kar~hana, 442Imber, Colin H., 266India. See also Bharata; Man~urah; South

Asiaancient and medieval architectural plans,

317-20astrolabes in, 26astrology, 338-39astronomy, 314-16

General Index

cartographycosmographic globes, 352-58repositories for, 302-4surviving, 295

celestial symbolism in, 65conceptions of universes, 341-42cosmography, 333-34

ancient, 312-14continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24distant realms in, 336divination charts, 348-51early conceptions of earth and universe,

333-34Francis Wilford's drawing of, 300geography in, 339-40Mesolithic depiction of, 306microcosmic analogues, 379-82size of earth and universe, 334world as tortoise, 337-38, 338

cosmology, 332-43European influence, 295geography, ancient knowledge of, 309-12gods, 334Harappan achievements in, 306-8influence on Islamic high culture, 72-73in kishvar system, 80, 94lack of surviving artifacts, 295literacy in, 328-29on maps, 114

BalkhI school world map, 122geographic globe in Mughal painting,

409Hindu cosmographic globe, pl.30al-IdrIsI's sectional map, 165al-QazwInI's world maps, 144Sadiq I~fahani's topographic maps, 400South Asian cosmographic globe, 396South Asian world maps, 391, 392, 394,

395topographic, 420-22, 427

maps fromBritish disparagement of, 303, 303 n.47cave paintings, 304-5, 305, 306, 313European accounts of, 324-27prehistoric and tribal, 304-5and reincarnation, 382

Mauryan Empire, surveying of, 316-17nature of corpus, 304-31and prime meridians, 103rivers, 311-12temples as astronomical artifacts, 360types of materials produce~, 304-27Vedic altars, 308-9, 379in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91

Indian Ocean (Persian Sea)on BalkhI school maps, 114, 120, 122,

125, 126, 127on Cantino map, 260, 260-62J:Iafi~-i Abril's map of, 150on Ibn J:Iawqal's world maps, 144on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrIsI's maps, 160, 164Islamic navigation charts for, 256-62on al-KhwarazmI's world map, 157in Kitab ~arat ai-art}, 106, 169

General Index

in N uzhat al-mushtaq, 169in Walters Deniz atlast, 283

India Office Library and Records (BritishLibrary), London. See also BritishLibrary

indigenous maps in Hodgson Collectionat, 474-75

al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173map collections of, 302Nepali maps in, 431scroll maps in, 436topographic map from Kashmir in, 411

Indo-Christians, 332Indra, 379IndrakhaI)Qa, 355Indravarman, 370Indus (native holding spear), 63Indus culture. See Harappan cultureIndus River

on Balkhi school world map, 122on Mughal maps, 405, 408, pl.32in Shahid-i Sadiq, 405on South Asian world maps, 393, 399

Institut fOr Geschichte der Arabisch­Islamischen Wissenschaften, Frankfurt, 9

Instruments. See also names of instrumentsastronomical, 28, 360

accuracy of, 362, 364-65at Jaipur observatory, 362-64, 365, 366

scientific, in South Asian astronomy, 360,360 n.96

Insulae Fortunatae (Canary Islands), 391Iqlfm (climate). See AqalfmIran

and Balkhi school maps, 114-15grid on map of, 259Hamd Allah Mustawfi's map of, 150influence on Islamic high culture, 72-73influence on Mecma <a-i menazil, 241on qibla indicator, 197on seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 391, 392

Iraq (Lower Mesopotamia)Balkhi school map of, 114and Kacba, 190

qibla of, 191Iraqi Academy of Science, Baghdad, 158Irrigation, route maps for, 438-41Irwin, John, 377Isaac ibn Sid (Isbaq ibn Sid), 42I~bacs (digits), 258, 258 n.18, 262, 497, 500Isfahan, 198Isbaq ibn al-J:iusayn

Akam al-marjan, 169 n.51Iskandarnamah, 394, 395, 396Iskandar Sultan, horoscope of, 63-64, 65,

pl.1Islamic society. See also Arabs; Ottoman

Empireasterism mapping, 60-63cartography, 303

early, 90-107European denigration of, 9

European influence on, 3foreign geographical influence on, 93-95Greek influence on, 4historiography, 8-10later developments, 137-55terminology, 7-8theory and practice, 7

celestial mapping, 12-70early Syrian origins, 12-18influences on, 12

constellation iconography, 54-60cosmography, 332

religious, 88-89cosmology, 71-73

Ptolemy's influence on, 75and destruction of Hindu sites, 328early geographical literature, 90-93European influence on chartmaking, 263and gardens, 377-78geodesy, 175-88Hindu interaction, 323-24and Indo-Islamic cosmography, 376-79influence of European celestial mapping

on, 65-70influence on high culture, 72-73influence on Indian astronomy, 315-16mapmaking, 5-7,506

grids in, 259materials used, 6

navigation chartsin Indian Ocean, 256-62in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92

reference map of world of, 109 .relationship between maps of and

manuscripts, 4-5and science, 72-73, 189stemma of later maps, 138time chart, 92view of world landmass in shape of bird,

90-91Isma1lis, 73, 81-83Isolarii, 231, 276, 277, 279, 280, 287al-I~!akhri (Abu Isbaq Ibrahim ibn

Mubammad al-Farisi al-I~takhri), 8,128

and al-Balkhi, 109, 110biographical information, 109-10compared with Ibn Bawqal, 110, 137and ljudad al- alam, 139-40Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of

routes and provinces), 108, 109, 117,136

Liber climatum, 136maps by, 112-13, 114, 115

Arabia, 117-18, 118in British Library manuscript, 125-26,

127Egypt, 121Kirman, 116Mediterranean Sea, 118-19, 120North Africa and Spain, 121, pl.6in Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek,

Hamburg, 124world, 121, 121-22, 12~ 12~ 144, pI. 7

and al-Muqaddasi, 111, 122

561

printed editions and translations of, 136select list of manuscripts by, 130-33works, 111

Istanbul. See also Byzantium; ConstantinopleArkeoloji Muzesi KitapItgI, Ibn Hawqal's

manuscripts in, 132-33bird's-eye views of, 234, 237, 238, 239,

249-50,251chartmaking in, 263in Hunername, 249-50in Kitab-i balJrfye, 234, 234 n.25, 234-35

n.27Koprulu KutOphanesi, manuscript of

al-IdrisI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq in, 174in Mecma <a-i menazil, 237reference map of architectural

monuments, 239on South Asian world maps, 390SOleymaniye Kiitiiphanesi

Arabic translations of Ptolemy'sGeography in, 210, 210 n.9

Ibn Hawqal's manuscripts in, 134-35al-I~!akhri's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,

173manuscripts of Raw4 al-faraj in, 174al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35al-Tusi's manuscripts in, 134-35

Topkapi SaraylIbn Hawqal's manuscripts in, 108, 113,

134-35al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 130-33manuscript copies of Ptolemy's

Geography in, 210 n.8non-Ottoman maps in, 209Ottoman map of Kiev in, 210-11Timurid scientific manuscript in, 108,

126-27, 128uncataloged holdings, 207world map in, 390 n.8

Istanbul Oniversitesi Kiituphanesi,uncataloged holdings, 207

Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed EstremoOriente, 158

Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli,158

Italyin CAlI Macar Re)is's portolan atlas, 281on Balkhi school map of Maghreb, 120on Ibn J:iawqal's world map, 145on al-IdrisI's world map, 145influence on Ottoman cartography, 206in Kitab-i balJrfye, 231-32, 278in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 287in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23

Itineraries, 228-55Ivan the Terrible, 67

Jabal al-Qilal, 119, 122]abarat, pl.3Jabir ibn J:Iayyan

cosmographical diagrams, 80-82, 82Kitab al-mfzan al-~aghfr (Book of the

small balance), 81Kitab al-ta~rff (Book of conjugation), 81

562

Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon, 29Jacob of Edessa, 180Jafarabad, 417Jagannath

on map of north-central India, 422map of temple, pl.36on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 400

Jagannatha, 365al-Jaghmini, 204, 205Jahan, Shah, 325 n.143, 326 n.155, 377-78,

379, 393, 405, 409 n.36, 449Jahangir, 63, 65, 378, 378 n.145, 408, 409,

469-70, 507"Jahangir Embracing Shah cAbbas"

(painting), 408, 410, 515Jaigarh Fort Museum, architectural drawings

in, 468Jains, 296, 298, 332. See also Pilgrimages,

South Asiancartography, 303

materials used in, 302cosmography, 76, 328, 333-34, 341-42,

342, 367-75anthropomorphic representation of

universe, pl.28in architecture, 380continents in, 335-36ethicization of cosmos, 334geography in, 340Jambudvipa, 340, 341Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340,

367-69,368materials used in, 367seven-continent earth, 337statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87in temple atrium, 371-72

mapmaking, 505, 506, 509maps

importance of, 328-29for pilgrimages, 440, 441, 441-42scrolls (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461

pata-chitras, 323temple architecture, 468theology, 330triptych, 460

Jai Prakasa, 362, 363-64, 364, 364-65,366

Jaipur, 355, 395architectural plan, 322, 323astronomical observatory, 361-66

instruments of, 362-64, 364, 365,366

plan of, 363city plan of, 321divination chart centered on, 349, 350Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum

architectural drawings in, 468city plans in, 448irrigation maps at, 438-51map collections of, 303road construction maps at, 441topographic map in, 410-11

map for constructing road at, 441planimetric secular map of, 476-77

Sfi 1',.~un Charan Museum of Indology,map collections of, 303 n.46

terrestrial globe from, 397, 399Jaisalmer

religious map of, 484-85on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 414, 416Jai Singh, Mirza Raja, 468Jai Singh II, Sawai, 303, 315, 332, 361-67,

37~440, 507, 511, 515and telescopes, 365-66Zij-i MulJammad Shahi, 361-62, 365, 366

Jalalabad, 408Jalore, 417Jam. See ZamJamagird. See Yamako!iJamal aI-Din, terrestrial globe by, 221-22,

221-22 n.38Jambudvipa, 389 n.3

and Bharatavar~a, 336 n.24concept of, 335on cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354,

358, p~.26

depictions of mountain range, 370-71,371

Hindu conception, 343, 344, 346, 347in Jain universe, 340, 341, 367, 368, 369,

370-71,372,373, 374, 375,pL28Puranic conception, 337statistical summary of Jain cosmographies

centered on, 384-85Uttarakuru, 369

Jambukeswaram, Shaivite temple in, 457Jambu tree, 335, 358, 369James I of England, 67Jammu, maps of, 476-77, 482-83Janjira, map of fort in, 492-93Janoji Bhonsle, 421-22Jantar Mantar, Delhi (astronomical

observatory), 361Japan, 396, pl.29Jarmi (Aksum), 199Jaswant Singh, 408Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emilien Probe, 8,

158Jaunpur, astronomical observatory at, 379Jav~ 256, 262, 502Jawzahr (dragon), 64-65Jayasthiti Malla, 430a'l-Jayhani (Abu cAbdallah MUQammad ibn

Al)mad al-Jayhani), 117, 132Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of

routes and provinces), 92-93, 139-40,169 n.51

maps attributed to, 125-26as source for al-Idrisi, 169 n.51

al-JazarI (Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari), 65Kitab ti mal-itat al-lJiyal al-handasiyah

(Book of knowledge of ingeniousmechanical devices), 40

al-Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia), 112, 114,190, 391

Jazirat al-Jawhar (Island of the jewel), 105.See also Yaql1t

Jehat Singh, 421

General Index

Jehuda ben Moses Cohen, 45Jerusalem, 190

on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla indicator, 197qibla of, 191, 192

Jey-pergas (Light of Jai). See Jai PrakasaJhelum River, 409, 411, 413Jibal, map of, 114Jiddah, 500Jihahs, 190jiruft, 115Jiianamati, Aryika, 370 n.127jodhpur

map of, pl.34planimetric secular map of, 476-77in Shahid-i ~adiq, 403on survey map, 461 n.172on topographic map of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 417Johan Daspa, 45johnston, Alexander, 501jomard, Edme Fran~ois

Les monuments de la geographie, 287jones, William, 317 n.108joshi, N. P., 311-12, 352j unagadh, 41 7jupiter, 188. See also Planets

in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 359sphere of, 39, 75, 76

jurjaniyah (Gurganj), 186, 186 n.54, 187jyoti~as, 373-74

Kacba. See also Mecca; Qiblaaxes of, 190 n.7azimuth of, 514al-Dimya!i'S diagram of directions of, 192eight divisions of world about, 193explained, 190Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244qibla charts centered on, 189-96and sacred geography, 190-96on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram, pl. 13world centered on, 80

Kabulin Chahar Gulshan, 436on South Asian maps, 400, 408, 436

Kabul fort, pL32Kabul River, pl.32Kadalivana, 396Kadesia (QadIsiya), 118Kahle, Paul, 270, 271Kailasa, Mount, 348Kale, D. V., 422, 425Kalinjar, 422Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368Kalpavrk?a (wish-granting tree), 369Kalyan Singh, 421Kamal, Youssouf, 9, 210 n.9

General Index

KamalakaraSiddhantatattvaviveka, 316

Kammerer, Albert, 499, 501Kanchipuram, 452KancI, 382Kandahar, 378-79, 436Kangra, 436, 480-81Kankroli, religious map of, 484-85Kapali, 362Kapilasastra, 502Kara1Jas, 315Karbala, 244-45, 245 n.58Kargil, 437Karnal, 438Kars, 248, 250Karta, 206KaserukhaI)c;la, 355al-Kashghari (Ma1)mud ibn aI-I:J:usayn

al-KashgharI)Diwan lughat ai-Turk, 153 n.68, 155world map by, 153, 155

al-Kashi (Ghiyath aI-Din Jamshid Mascudal-Kashi), 38-39, 64

Kashmiratlas of, 413, 414on cosmographic globe, 396in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429and Kacba, 190, 191maps, 409-14

orientation, 518religious, 482-83, 484-85secular city and town plans, 446surviving, 505tirthas, pl.37world maps, 390

KaSi, 382Kasrawad, 466Katha, 391Kathmandu

on Nepali topographic maps, 433, 434-35religious map of, 484-85

Katib <::elebi, 218, 270 n.13Cihannuma (World mirror), 195, 195 n.13

al-Katibi (Ibra1)im ibn A1)mad al-Katibi), 264,265

Kaulacara, RamacandraSilpa Prakasa, 466

KaurilyaArthasastra, 312, 316

Kaveri River, 399Kayasthas, 328 n.168Kaye, George Rushy, 361, 362Kayqubad (CAla) ai-Din Kayqubad), 233Kazvin (Qazwin), city plan for, 152-53, 154Kedarnath, 382, 461 n.172Kemal Re)is, 267, 267 n.l0, 270, 270 n.16,

285Kepler, Johannes, 183 n.48Kerte, 207Ketu, 358, 359, 360Ketumala, 337Keyser, Pietr Dirksz., 63, 66, 69Khafif, 19Khagolam (celestial dome), Minak~i temple,

359, 359-60

al-Khalili (Shams aI-DIn Abu cAbdallahMu1)ammad ibn.Mu1)ammadal-Khalili), 198, 200, 204

Khambhat, 417Khanakh ibn Khaqan al-Kimaki, 169 n.51Kha~t!aka~372,pI.28

Kha1Jt!as, 341, 351, 354,p1.26Kharak Island, 122al-Kharaqi, 143Kharitah, 7al-KharkhI, 110Khayr Beg, 235al-Khazar (North Caucasus), 90-91Khazars,94al-Khazin (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn

Mu1)ammad al-Khazin), 109al-Khazini (CAbd al-Ra1)man al-Khazini), 45,

201-2Khios, 274Khiri, maps of, 442Khoi, 243Khorasan, 396Khosrau, Amir, 377Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library,

Patna, South Asian world map at,390

al-Khujandi (Abu Ma1)mud al-Khujandi), 181n.36

Khurasan Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114,115

Khushal-Khatak, 408Khusrau AnushIrvan, 235 n.32Khuzistan, Balkhi school map of, 114Khwaja Mucin aI-Din Chishti tomb,

Ajmer, pilgrimage map of, 461-62n.173

al-KhwarazmI (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibnMusa al-KhwarazmI), 96, 122, 138,144-45, 152, 180, 187 n.59

coordinates of compared with those ofPtolemy, 98-100

influence on Ibn Sa1d, 170Kitab ~arat ai-art! (Picture of the earth),

97, 157, 168and length of degree, 178and length of Mediterranean, 102longitude and latitude tables, 95, 97-100,

104maps by, 105-6

Nile River, 120, 225, pl.4Sea of Azov, pl.5world map, 163

methods and purpose, 100-101and nilometer renovation, 177number of entries in coordinate tables,

101 n.49prime meridian used by, 102-3and seven-climate system, 102Zi; al-Sindhind al-~aghir, 93 n.13, 97

n.31, 175 n.6Khyber Pass, 408Kiev, Ottoman military map of, 210-11, 211,

211 n.llKifelonya (Cephalonia), 273Kirppuru~a, 358

563

al-KindI (Abu Yusuf YaCquh ibn Is1)aqal-KindI), 36, 36 n.74, 98, 100, 100n.41, 168 n.47

King, David A., 189Kinnaravar~a, 396Kipchak Desert, 391Kiramam, 382-83Kirfel, Willibald, 298, 333, 334Klrk~e§me and Halkah water-supply system,

Ottoman maps of, 216, 218, 219,226, pl.16

Kirkpatrick, William, 430Kirman, maps of, 112

BalkhI school, 114, 115-17, 116modern, 117by al-MuqaddasI, 122-23in Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek,

Hamburg, 124al-Kirmani (J:Iamid aI-Din A1)mad ibn

cAbdallah al-Kirmani)cosmic orders according to, 84, 85RalJat al- 'aql (Comfort of the intellect), 82-83

Kish, George, 296, 298Kishan Singh, 408Kishvars (regions), 8, 77, 80, 93-94, 94,

95-96, 114, 152, 157, 168Kitab ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, 79, 145, 518, pl.l0Kitab hay)at ashkal ai-art! wa-miqdaruha fi

ai-tal wa-al- 'art! al-ma'rafbi-;ughrafiyah, 78

Kitab ;ughrafiya fi al-ma'mar wa-~ifat

ai-art!, 168 n.47Kitab'khanah-i Majlis, Tehran, al-I~takhrI's

manuscripts in, 134-35Kitab'khanah-i Malik, Tehran, al-I~takhri's

manuscripts in, 134-35Kitab'khanah-i MarkazI-i Danishgah-i

Tihran, Tehran, al-I~!akhri's

manuscripts in, 132-33Kitiib al-mallJamah (Book of the battle), 98,

100, 103Kitiib al-masiilik wa-al-mamiilik (Book of

routes and provinces), 91-93. See alsoIbn Khurradadhbih; al-I~takhrI;

al-Jayhani; al-MarwazI; al-SarakhsiKitiib rasm ai-rub Cal-ma 'mur (Book of the

picture of the inhabited quarter [theworld]), 101, 168 n.47

Kioetzli, W. Randolph, 343 n.53Knox, Robert, 427Kolver, Bernhard, 301, 455, 456Kolzum, Sea of. See Red SeaJS.ona~s, 223Konarak, survey of temple at, 467Konkan, 405Koprulu Kiitiiphanesi, Istanbul, manuscript of

al-IdrIsi's Nuzhat al-mushtiiq in, 174Koprulu Waterway, maps of, 226Koran. See Qur)anKorea, 163Korone, 266Kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448Kosi River, 433Kos Minar, 436Ko~thakas, 315

564

Kotah, painting of Diwali celebration at,470,472

Krachovskiy, Ignatiy Iulianovich, 9, 172Kramer, S. N., 308Kramers,]. H., 112-14, 114-15, 124Kramrisch, Stella, 318-19, 379-80Krantivrtti Yantra, 363Krishn~ 344, 347-48,348,417, 456, pL25,

pl.31Krishna River, 399, 423Krittika, pl.27Kropp, Manfred, 145Kr~1Jarajfs (black fields), 374, 376K~emakarQa, 352K~etra (field), 453-54Kufa, qibla of, 193Kumar, Ravi, 298, 345, 373KumarikakhaQQa, 354Kumbhalgarh, oblique secular representation

of, 480-81KUQQagama,441Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, sundial

in, 25al-Kurah (sphere), 201Kurmacakra, 347-48, 348Kurmanivesa (tortoise abode), 337-38, 338Kurmavibhaga (world as tortoise), 337-38,

338,347-48,348,349,351Kuru, 336Kuruk~etra, 356Kurus, 369Kuruvar~a, 358Ku~aQas, 358Kutch, landscape paintings produced in,

444-45

Labrador, 272Laccadive Islands, 262, 500Laft (Qishm Island), 122Laghubhaskariyavivara1Ja, 360Lagna, 360La Hire, Philippe de, 365Lahore

in Chahar Gulshan, 436map of historical growth of, 450 n.146on Mughal route map, pL32oblique painting of, 449-50, 451oblique secular representation of, 480-81on South Asian scroll map, 436

Lahut, pL3Lakes

on BalkhI school maps, 115in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429in Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237on South Asian topographic maps, 402, 411

Lalah Balhomai LahorI, 45, 49Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology,

Ahmadabad, 302Landscape paintings, South Asian, 444-46Language, in eighteenth-century India, 394Lanka, 340. See also Sri Lanka

on prime meridian, 103on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352,

353, 35~ 358, 39~ 39~pL30

on South Asian world maps, 399

Lannoy, Richard, 381-82Lapland, 393Latarameswar temple, 432Latitude. See also Grids

and Arab navigational charts, 258astrolabes and, 20, 21, 24of Baghdad, 177and BalkhI school maps, 115on ·Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397al-BlfOni and, 186

on flattened astrolabe, 36on globular projection, 37in projections, 34remeasurement of, 141in TafJdid, 184 n.53values, 187

on Byzantine planispheric map, 13celestial, 54determining, 175in early Arab geography, 94 n.20ecliptic and calculation of, 175 n.3and geodesy, 175and graticuJes, 148-51in Ibn Sald's work, 170on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23in Islamic cartography, 8on Islamic celestial globes, 48and navigation, 497Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's,

100on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200in Shahid-i $adiq, 403on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408,

416tables of

adjustment of, 176converting to map form, 137 n.1Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100

in Zz) al-Sabi~ 98Lavaguru, 396-97LavaQa Samudra (Salt Sea), 368, 369, 372,

374LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341LawfJ al-tarsim (drawing board), 159Legends, explanatory, 433Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit

Ibn l:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 132-33al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35

Lelewel, ] oachim, 8, 9Leningrad

Otdeleniya Instituta VostokovedeniyaAkademii Nauk SSR, al-IgakhrI'smanuscripts in, 132-33

Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library,manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 173

Leo. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Zodiacconstellation

on al-BlronI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BlrOnI's globular projection, 37and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,

51on qibla map, 199

General Index

zodiac sign, 361on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Leo Minor, 69Lepanto (Naupaktos), 266Levi, Sylvain, 300, 434-35Lewicki, Tadeusz, 156, 159 n.33Libra. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BlrOnI's cylindrical projection, 35on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16on qibla map, 199

zodiac sign, 360on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78Islamic emblematic motif for, 63in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Libros del saber de astronomia (Alfonso elSabio), 28, 42, 45, 60, 202

Lines of unequal hours, 21Lingams, 457Literacy, Indian, 328-29Lohargarh, map for pilgrimage to, 442Lokakasa, 341Lokaloka, 340, 343, 346Lokapurusa, 372Lokas, 344, 356Lo~man (Seyyid Lo~man ibn l:Ioseyin ibn

el-cA§urI el-UrnlevI), 229H unername (Book of accomplishments),

234,247,248,249-50,250-51,251,252,255

Sahan§ahname (History of the king ofkings), 27, 250, 254

Sahname-i Selfm ljan (History of SultanSelIm), 251 n.77, 254

Suleymanname (History of the SultanSoleyman), 247-48, 249, 250-51 n.77,254

Surname-i humayun (Book of festivals),250 n.77, 254

Zubdetu )t-tevaril] (Cream of histories),220, 221

LondonBritish Library

hybrid map in, 427al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33topographic map of Kashmir in, 411

British Museumcosmographic globes in, 3S2, 357-58,

358 n.89, 396volume of architectural drawings in, 470

n.199India Office Library and Records (British

Library)indigenous maps in Hodgson Collection,

474-75al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173

General Index

map collections of, 302Nepali maps in, 431scroll maps in, 436topographic map from Kashmir in, 411

Royal Asiatic Society, painting ofJahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70

Victoria and Albert Museumarchitectural drawings in, 468-69cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396

Longitude. See also Gridsand Arab navigational charts, 258on astrolabes, 21and BalkhI school maps, 115on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397al-BIriinI and

on flattened astrolabe, 36on globular projection, 37in projections, 34remeasurement of, 141

celestial, 54, 56comparative, lunar eclipses used to

measure, 103 n.67in coordinate tables

adjustment of, 176converting to map form, 137 n.1Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100

determining, 175difference between pairs of places, 188in early Arab geography, 94 n.20and geodesy, 175of Ghazna, 184-88and graticules, 148-51in Ibn Sa'Id's work, 170on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23in Islamic cartography, 8, 93lunar eclipses in determining, 176Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's,

100on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408,

416, 424and triangulation, 176trigonometric construction to determine

difference of, 187in ZtJ al-Sabi~ 98

Longitude-measuring circles, 29Lopes de Castanheda, Fernao, 256Lorch, Richard P., 189Lorichs, Melchior, 250Lotus, 514

Braj as, 417-18, 419,452,504,506Islamic resemblances to concept of, 94universe as, 257-58, 335, 352, 357

Loxodromes, 259Lucknow

on map of north-central India, 422oblique secular representation of, 480-81

Lunar mansions, 53-54, 62, 65, 264, 265Lunar nodes, 64, 65Lyra, 52, 61, 62, 66

MacDougall, Robert, 468Mackenzie, Colin, 302, 302 n.43, 501

McNaughton, W. H., 411Macrobius, 148Madagascar, 265Madurai

cosmography in MInak~I temple at, 346religious map of, 484-85, 488-89

Maghreb. See also North Africaand Ka'ba, 190maps of, 112

BalkhI school, 114, 115, 118,124,125portolan charts from, 263production of geographic coordinate

tables in, 141on South Asian world maps, 390

Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264MaghribI (Shams aI-DIn Mubammad

MaghribI), 85Magnesia Peninsula, 276Magnetic declination, 264Magnitude

celestial, 54, 55expression of, 175 n.4

Mahabaleshwar, 425Mahabharata, 310-11, 347, pl.25Mahahimavat Mountains, 341Mahanadi River, 400Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, Amritsar,

atlas of Kashmir in, 413Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum,

Jaipurarchitectural drawings in, 468city plans in, 448irrigation maps in, 438-51map collections of, 303road construction maps in, 441topographic map in, 410-11

Maharashtra, secular city and town plansfrom, 446

Mahavideha, 368, 369MahavIra, 373, 441, 442Mabbub (Agapius)

Kitab al- 'unwan, 17Mahi River, 418Mahmoud Bey, 177Mabmiid, 141, 184, 390Mabmiid el-IjarIb er-RumI, 194, 221 n.34Mabmud ibn Sa'Id MaqdIsh

N uzhat al-an~ar ff'aja )ib al-tawarfkhwa-al-akhbar, 287

Mabmiid ibn Yabya ibn al-~asan al-KashI,64, pl.1

Mainkar, V. B., 307Major axis of Ka'ba, 190 n.7Majras (day's sailing), 8, 160al-MajrI!I (Maslamah ibn Abmad al-MajrI!I),

25 n.23Majumder, N. K., 308 n.65Makhrutf projection, 34Makhsiidabad (Murshidabad), 400Malabar Coast, 390, 500Malakut, pl.3Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo, 209-10,

235 n.30al-MalarI ('Abd al-Basit ibn Khalil al-MalatI),

194, 198

565

Malay Peninsula, 262Maldive Islands, 262, 390, 501Malemo Cana, 256Maloney, Clarence, 501Malta, map of Ottoman attack on, 212,

212-13Malwa, 429al-Ma)miin, 4, 9, 19, 36, 94 n.20, 98, 101,

106, 114, 128, 156, 157, 168 n.47,176, 177, 270 n.13, 515

and length of degree, 178-79, 183maps, 95-96, 100, 168al-Zij al-mumtaJ;an (Proved tables), 100

n.39Manasaghati, 396Manasara, 329 n.175Manazil, 53Mandalas, 381, 381 n.164, 418, 455, 514Mandalgarh, 415Man Mandir temple, repair plans for, 469Mansarowar, Lake, 439, 441Man Singh, 362al-Man~iir, 4, 26, 90, 93, 515Mansura, 403Man~iirah, 190, 191Mantran, Robert, 278-79Manucci, Niccolo, 466Manuel I of Portugal, 246 n.64, 256Manuscripts

of BalkhI school works, 124-28, 130-35eighteenth-century Indian, 378furusfyah, 235 n.30of Ibn J:lawqal's works, 113, 132-35of al-IdrIsI's works, 173-74Islamic maps' relation to, 4-5of al-IgakhrI's works, 107, 130-33of Kitab-i ba~riye, 290-92of al-MuqaddasI's works, 134-35palm-leaf

architectural drawings on, 466-68on architecture, 320

of Ptolemy's Geography, 210 n.8relation to Ottoman illustrated histories,

252-55of al-SiifI's works, 60of al-Tust's works, 125, 126, 134-35

Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71, 371,374

Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340, 367-69,368, 370-71, 371, 373, 374, 375. Seealso Earth, two-and-a-half-continent

Manzils (stages of a journey), 8, 160Map construction

and Balkhi school maps, 115planispheric astrolabes, 18-24Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138

Mappaemundi, 6, 129, 129 n.83, 206, 512,514

Maps. See also Chartsastrolabic, 31-34celestial (see Celestial mapping)climatic, 146-48cosmographical (see Cosmographical

diagrams; Cosmographica\ globes)hybrid, 427-29

566

Maps (cont.)Islamic

of asterisms, 60-63audience of,SBalkhI school, 112-28Cantino map, 260, 260-62in al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq,

160-63illustrating Aratea, 15-16individual constellations and asterisms,

50-60from al-KhwarazmI's manuscript, 105-6on late Persian qibla indicator, 201by al-Ma)mun, 95-96, 100by Marino Sanudo, 172order of in Ottoman portoIan atlases,

281of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26of Ottoman waterways, 215-16, 217,

218, 219of region of Palmyra and Sinjar, 180relation to manuscripts, 4-5stemma of, 138Suhrab's construction of, 95, 101,

104-5, 137, 138military, 90, 210-15, 229planar, 38-41planispheric (see Planispheric maps)purposes of, 515-16qibla (see Qibla,.maps)reference (see Reference maps)regional, 222-26route (see Route maps)rural, 442-48, 474-75scroll (see Scroll maps)sectional (see Sectional maps)South Asian

battle, 465-66from Braj, 417-20cadastral, 31 7celestial, 358-67, 379of central India, 420-22of cities and towns, 476-77climate and preservation of, 327, 506drainage patterns, 410European accounts of, 324-27European influence on, 463-65, 503of forts, 462-66,490-93fragmentation of use of, 510Harappan, 306-8inclusiveness of, 508intentional destruction of, 328from Kashmir, 409-14large-scale, rural areas, 474-75large-scale, small localities, 442-66late premodern, 409-27and literacy rates, 328-29Maratha, 422-26in Mauryan Empire, 317mental, 382-83, 383 n.173Mughal, 400-409of Nepal, 429-35of northeastern India, 427in paintings, 408-9political boundaries on, 508-9

prehistoric and tribal, 304-5production of, 303 n.45, 303-4from Rajasthan and Gujarat, 414-17,

418reasons for paucity of, 327-31and reincarnation, 382of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91in secular texts, 321-23of Sri Lanka, 426-27for taxation, 444, 444 n.134for tourist trade, 303-4world maps, 389-400

topographic (see Topographic maps)world (see World maps)zone, 146-48

al-MaqdisI (Abu Na~r al-Mutahhar ibnal-Mutahhar al-MaqdisI), 515

MarakafJ4eya PurafJa, 337, 338Maratha Confederacy, 421, 422

mapmaking, 506maps, 422-26

compared with Nepali maps, 444forts, 465, 492-93rural areas, 444surviving, 505Vijayadurg, 464world maps, 398, 399-400

Maratha History Museum, Deccan College,Pune, topographic map in, 423

MarlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115,160

al-MaridlnI Oamal aI-DIn al-MaridlnI), 32Marinus of Tyre, 34, 105, 137, 141, 157

Geography, 95Markham, Clements R., 303 n.47Marmara, Sea of, 235 n.27, 239al-MarrakushI (Abu CAli al-MarrakushI), 42Mars. See also Planets

in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76

Martaban, Gulf of, 262Marwar, 396al-MarwarrudhI (Khalid ibn cAbd aI-Malik

al-Marwarrudhl), 36, 36 n.74, 179al-MarwazI (Abu al-cAbbas Jacfar ibn Al)mad

al-MarwazI), 93 n.10, 117Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of

routes and provinces), 92Masa, 359Masafat, 258, 261, 262Masha)allah

Kitab ~an 'at al-asturlabat wa-al- 'amalbi-ha, 25-26

Masjid Athar al-NabI (Shrine of theFootsteps of the Prophet), 232, 233

Maskat (Muscat), 400Massaio, Pietro del, 238Mascud I, 141, 390al-MascudI (Abu al-J:Iasan CAlI ibn al-J:Iusayn

al-MasCudr), 93, 93 n.12, 95, 157, 168

General Index

Mater (part of astrolabe), 21Mathas (monasteries), 452Mathura, 382

astronomical observatory, 361on map of Braj as lotus, 419sketch map of, 448-49

Matrak\l Na~t1l), 233, 234, 248, 249Cami'u l-tevarfl:J (A collection of

histories), 235 n.32, 254Cemal el-kuttab (textbook on arithmetic),

235FetIJname-i ~arabogdan (Book of the

conquest of ~arabugdan [Moldavia]),253

Mecmu 'a-i menazil (The collection ofhalts), 229, 230, 235-45, 250, 251,253,514, pl.18

Suleymanname (History of SultanSOleyman), 253

Tarfl:J-i fetIJ-i Sa~lavun (~i~l(j~) veUsturgun ve Ustunibelgrad (Conquestof Sikl6s, Esztergom, andSzekesfehervar), 245-46, 247, 253,p1.19,p1.20

Tarfl:J-i Sultan Bayezfd (History of SultanBayezld), 253

Tarfl}-i Sultan Bayezza ve Sultan Selim(History of Sultan Bayezld and SultanSellm),253

TuIJfetu)l-guzat, 235, 235 n.30Maulavl Ghulam Qadir, 436Maurand, Jerome d'Antibes, 245Maurolico, Francesco, 183 n.48Maurya, Candragupta, 316Mauryan Empire, surveying in, 316-1 7Mawalid, 82Maya, 381-82, 509Maymunah bint Mul)ammad ibn cAbdallah

al ZardalI, pilgrimage scroll of,243-44

MeasurementsArabic metrology, 177-78on BalkhI school world map, 121-22conversion between linear and angular

distances, 176of degree length, 178-81of earth's radius, 182-84geodesy, 175-88Harappan, 306-7al-IdrlsI's units for, 160Islamic terms for, 8of "Thick Darkness Hell," 372units of

Arabic miles, 175, 177-78cos, 350cubits, 8, 160, 170, 178, 183 n.43daqiqahs (degrees), 8darajahs '(minutes), 8dirhams, 159farsakhs (parasangs, leagues), 8, 160,

175, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 186, 187n.59,198

Frank mils, 160gouwas (Sinhalese miles), 426graus,262

General Index

i~ba's (digits), 258, 258 n.18, 262, 497,500

kha~4aka~372,pL28

~ona~s, 223kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448majras (day's sailing), 8, 160manzils (stages of journey), 8, 160marlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115,

160masafat, 258, 261, 262mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245parasangs, 8, 102parganas, 411,413,414,423,427,428,

444 n.134, 508polegadas, 262rajjus, 342, 373rashashf cubits, 160rafls, 159Roman miles, 177ru )sfyas, 160

sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179shafT cubits, 177stades, 176, 178-79taqwfrs, 160wams (fathoms), 498yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500

Vedic altars, 308, 309Mecca. See also Kacba; Qibla

astrolabes and, 21, 24azimuth of, 514in al-Binlni's TalJdfd, 184 n.53on al-I~!akhri's maps, 118on al-Muqaddasi's maps, 122Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla map, 199on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 396, 400

Mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34Medina

on al-Igakhri's maps, 118Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla charts, 192

Mediterranean SeaBalkhi school maps of, 114, 115, 118-20,

120al-Dimashqi's map of, 152, 154J:Iafi~-i Abru's map of, 150on Ibn al-Wardi's world map, 143on al-Idrisi's map of northwest Africa,

pl.12Islamic navigation charts for, 263-92length of, 101-2map of in Staats- und

Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124on al-Qazwini's world maps, 144reference map of, 273in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286, 287on al-Tusi's map, 125in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23

Megasthenes, 317Mebmed II, 209, 210, 228, 230, 238, 249Mebmed III, 229, 246, pl.17

Mebmed Beg, 276Mebmed Ibla~, 218Mebmed Pa~a (Sokollu Mebmed Pa~a), 247Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, Aegean sea

chart by, 283-84, 284Mehta, R. N., 416-17Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 502Melik Umml

Sahname (Book of kings), 228 n.3Melitene, qibla of, 193Mental maps, 382-83Mercator, Gerardus, 63

Atlas Major, 195 n.13Atlas Minor, 218

Mercator projection, 259, 392, 495Mercier, Raymond P., 365Mercury. See also Planets

in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76

Meridian rings, 28, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 70,201

Meridians. See also Prime meridiansin Arab astronomy, 175circles, 46on early graticules, 149-50on Islamic celestial globes, 43and Jai Singh's Zfj, 365on Maratha topographic maps, 424in orthographic projection, 35 n.72and planispheric astrolabes, 28, 29and qibla determination with spheres, 201on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 197on South Asian world maps, 391, 392on spherical astrolabes, 202in Suhrab's map construction, 105 n.69of Tadmor and Raqqa, 180, 180 n.30of Ujjain, 93used by al-Birunl, 184, 186

Meru, Mount. See also Sumeruon cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354,

355, 356, 357, 35~ 359on Indian coins, 311 n.71in Jain cosmography, 367, 369, 370, 372,

373kishvar system compared with, 94as lotus, 344in Minak~l temple painting, 346in South Asian cosmography, 335, 336,

33~34~34~378,381,507

Meshed, Astan-i Quds Ra~avI, al-I~takhrI'smanuscripts in, 132-33

Mesolithic burial ceremony, 305Mesopotamia. See also Iraq; al-Jazirah

celestial symbolism in, 65in Mecma~-i menazil, 240

Meteoroscopes, 32, 62Methone, 266Metrology, Arabic, 177-78Mewar, 396

567

Mianeh (Miyane), 243Middle East

l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi's map of, 152reference map of, 91on al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi chart, 288

Mihan Singh, 413Mi/Jrabs, 189, 194, pl.13Miles, 8, 160, 245

Arabic, 175calculation of, 177-78

Military mapsIslamic, 90materials used in, 229Ottoman, 210-15

Milky Way, 16, 69Miller, Konrad, 9, 114, 125, 158, 159 n.32,

162, 172, 259, 517Mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245Minak~i temple, Madurai, 346, 359, 457Minaraye Zarrin (Topra pillar), 377Minor axis of Kacba, 190 n.7Miquel, Andre, 8, 9Mir Ahmed

Tarfkh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 413-14, 414,508

Mlr Kalan Khan, 446Misra, V. N., 304Mithal (representation), 74Mleccha, 369Moeller, J. H., 108Mohan Singh, 428Mokha Aden, 393Moldavia, Ottoman map of, 217Molla ~asim, 276Molla Tiflisl (Nigari), 276Moluc (MaluccajMoluccas), 390Monasteries, Buddhist, plans for, 318,

466Monserrate, Antonio, 324, 507Mookerjee, Ajit, 344Moon

on armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe and mechanical calendar,

33computing position of, 38-39eclipses used to measure longitude, 103

n.67in Islamic correspondences, 78in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375in Jai Singh's Zi;, 365lunar mansions, 53-54in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in Qur'an, 71realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358,

359, 360sphere of, 39, 75, 76, 77waxing and waning of, 38, 39

Moon, Mountains of the, 122, 143, 162,224, pl.4

Moresby, Captain Robert, 501Morocco, 391Moscow, 409 n.37Moses, 396

568

Mountains. See also Himachala Mountains;Jibal; Meru, Mount; Moon,Mountains of the; Sumeru

Ajanta Mountains, 343 n.52, 423Alps, 120Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415on BalkhI school maps, 115, 116, 127in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Hemaku!a Mountains, 396, 399Himavat Mountains, 341on al-IdrIsI's maps, 163, 166-67in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374on al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100in Kitab $urat al- ~r4, 97on late premodern maps from Kashmir,

409Mahahimavat Mountains, 341Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71,

371, 374on map of Kashmir by Abdur Rahim, 412on maps in Tan-kh-i qal<ah-i Kashmir,

414on Maratha topographic maps, 424, 425measuring height of, 183-84, 184in Mecmu<a-i menazil, 237Mount Abu, 460, 482-83Mount Eli, 256Mount Girnar, 442, 460, 461 n.172,

484-85Mount Govardhan, 379, 419Mount Kailasa, 348on Mughal topographic maps, 405Nila (Blue) Mountains, 369Ni~adha Mountains, 341on Ottoman regional maps, 223Qaf Mountain, 286, pl.3Rukmin Mountains, 341in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 405Sikharin Mountains, 341Siwalik Mountains, 405South Asian, 311 n.71in South Asian cosmography, 341, 356on South Asian maps, 393, 399, 402, 436,

437,441,508of Ta)I, 118on topographic map from Kashmir, 411on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 415Vak~ara Mountains, 369Vindhya Mountains, 340, 382, 392

Mount Meru. See Meru, MountMu)ayyad aI-DIn alcUn# al-DimishqI, 44, 183

n.46Mubarak Mahal, 421MubattalJ projection, 35 n.73, 35-36Mughal Empire, maps from, 400-409, 505,

pl.32al-MuhallabI (aI-Hasan ibn AQmad

al-MuhallabI), 96world map by, 141, 141 n.21

MUQammad (the Prophet), 12, 71, 190MUQammad II, Sultan, 323MUQammad ibn AbI Bakr aI-RashIdI (al-IbarI

al-Isfahani), 33MUQammad ibn Ali al-AjhurI al-ShaficI, 161

MUQammad ibn cAli ibn AQmad al-SharafIal-SifaqsI, 287, 289. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family

MUQammad ibn Jacfar ibn cUmaraI-As!urlabI, 46, 46-47

MUQammad ibn MaQmud ibn cAli aI-Tabar.,56

MUQammad ibn Mu)ayyad al-cUrQI, 44MUQammad ibn MUQammad al-SharafI

al-SifaqsI, 286-87. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family

MUQammad MahdI al-KhadIm ibnMUQammad Amln aI-YazdI, 65-68,66, 67 n.191, 203

MUQammed NUrii)I-CArabiyO'I-MelamI, 85, 87MUQammad Shah, 361MUQammad Tahmasp (MuQammad ibn

MaQmud ibn cAli al-TabarI), 56Al-mul}it. See Oceans, Encircling OceanMuhurta, 359MUQyIddIn PIrI Re)Is. See PIrI Re)IsMUQyI LarI

FutulJ al-lJaramayn (An encomium ofMecca and Medina), 244, 245, 245n.58, 252

Mukhrai, 419Mukramat Khan, 326 n.155Multan, 436, 492-93Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,

pilgrimage map in, 462 n.174Muni Kapila, 502al-Muqaddasl (Abu cAbdallah MUQammad

ibn AQmad al-MuqaddasI), 7, 93, 108AlJsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim

(The best of divisions on theknowledge of the provinces), 111,111 n.23, 136, 191

and al-BalkhI, 109, 110, 112biographical knowledge, 110compared with Ibn }J:awqal, 122compared with al-I~!akhrI, 122maps by, 117, 122-23

Arabia, 124Kirman, 116

printed editions and translations of, 136selected manuscripts of, 134-35works, 111

Muqanam Hills, 232, 233Muqayyad al-;arys, 160al-Muqtadir, 235 n.32Murad (artist), 449Murad II, 221 n.34Murad III, 27, 226, 229, 246, 247, 248, 249

n.72, 250, 250 n.77Musa (astrolabe maker), 41, 42Musa ibn Qasim al-QurdI, 169 n.51Musana!J (flat), 18Musca (fly), 63, 66Museo Nazionale, Naples, Islamic celestial

globe in, 46 n.110Museum and Picture Gallery, Baroda,

topographic map of Rajasthan andGujarat in, 416-17

Museum fur Islamische Kunst, Berlin,145-46, 394

General Index

Museum of the History of Science,Oxford, cosmographic globe in,352-55,396

Muslims. See Islamic societyMu~!afa cAlI

CamiC i/l-bulJur der mecalis-i sur (Thegathering of the seas [meters] on thescenes of the celebrations), 229, 229n.5

Na$ilJatiil-muluk, 249 n.72NU$retname (Book of victories), 229,

248-49,255Mugafa Pa§a, 248, 250al-MuCtamid,29Mutawakkil, 177Muzah-i Iran-i Bastan, Tehran, al-IgakhrI's

manuscripts in, 134-35Mysticism, Islamic, 71, 73, 83-88Miik, Hans von, 8, 9, 106

NadirI (MeQmed NadirI)Sahname-i N adiri (NadirI's book of

kings),246Nadir Shah, 326 n.155N adis. See RiversNagakhal}Qa, 355Nagarjunakonda, potsherds excavated at,

466Nagaur, 414Nagpur, 400, 422Nahr-i Bahisht (CAli Mardan) Canal, 405,

438Najaf

in Mecmu <a-i menazil, 244-45pilgrimage scroll devoted to, 245 n.58

Najd, 118Na~~a~an, 229, 229 n.4Na~~a~ba~t (chief painter), 229, 229 n.4,

230Nal.d.<a§ cO~man, 276N ak$atras (asterisms), 53, 334, 338, 359,

373, 495, p1.27. See also AsterismsNallino, Carlo Alfonso, 8, 100, 101, 286Nanda, 373NandIsvaradvIpa, 295, 296, 367, 373, 374Napamundi, 206Naples, Museo Nazionale, Islamic celestial

globe in, 46 n.110N aqsh / N aqshah (painting), 7Naraka, 345Narapati

Narapatijayacarya, 338-39, 351NarI Valaya Yantra, 362, 366Narmada River, 382, 399Narmashir, 115Nasik, planimetric secular map of, 476-77Na~Ir aI-DIn al-TusI, 8, 57, 59, 113, 125,

126, 132Na~ir ibn SabaQ, 245 n.58Na~ir Khusraw (Abu MuCIn Na~ir Khusraw

QubadiyanI)cosmography by, 86Khvan al-ikhvan (Table of the brethren),

83Na~r ibn cAbdallah, 200-201, 202

General Index

Nathdwarapainting from, 455-56religious map of, 484-85sketch map of, 448-49

National Archives of India, Calcutta, mapsin, 302

National Archives of India, New Delhi,maps in, 302, 405

National Museum, New DelhiChahar Gulshan in, 435roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496,

497Nau Nihal Singh, 68Nautical Maps. See also Portolan charts

Islamicfor Indian Ocean, 256-62in Kitab-i ba~riye, 233materials used in, 229for Mediterranean Sea, 263-92

South Asian, 494-509of Red Sea and Aden, 498-501, pl.40

N avagrahas, 358, 373Navarino (Pylos), 266Navigation, Islamic

in Indian Ocean, 256-62in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92

Navsari, planimetric secular map of, 476-77al-Nayrizi (Abu al-cAbbas al-NayrizI), 41-42Nebuchadnezzar II, 177Needham, Joseph, 298, 391, 517Nepal

cosmography from, 347-48, 348maps

central, 431compared with Maratha maps, 444religious, 455, 456, 457surviving, 505topographic, 429-35

on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396Netherlands, 390, 393, 396Neumayer, Erwin, 305Neven, Armand, 344New Delhi

National Archives of India, maps in, 302,405

National MuseumChahar Gulshan in, 435roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496,

497Newfoundland, 272Nice, 245, pl.20Nidha Mal, 469NIlakaQtha

]yotirmimartZsa, 315Nila (Blue) Mountains, 369Nile River

on Balkhi school maps, 115, 119, 120,122, 126, 137, 139

on Ibn l:Iawqal's world map, 145on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrisI's maps, 145,160, 161, 162,

165, 167on al-Katibi's chart, 264on al-Khwarazmr's maps, 106, 225, pl.4in Kitab-i ba~riye, 232, 233, 275 n.35

on Ottoman regional map, 223-24, 224on al-Qazwlnr's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 396

Ni~adha Mountains, 341Nishat gardens, 411Niwasi Lal, 428Nizam Shah, 421-22Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik, 287North Africa. See also Africa; Maghreb

on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120,121

chartmaking centers in, 263development of, 285 n.63on al-Idrisi's maps, 157on al-I~takhrr's map, pl.6on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI chart, 289

Northern Hemisphereabstract of on South Asian cosmographic

globe, 358constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star map,

67North Pole, 258North Star. See Pole StarNovigrad, 274, 275Nuremberg Chronicle, 233, 246Nuzhatu-l Qulab, 391

Oblique views, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199,480-81, 482-93. See also Bird's-eyeviews

Oceans. See also Atlantic Ocean; IndianOcean

AruQavara Ocean, 375Encircling Ocean, 121-22, 159 n.25, 160in Indian cosmography, 335, 337, 340in Jain cosmography, 368in Jain cosmologies, 372, 373, 374LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368ring, pl.26on South Asian maps, 399, 402, 425, pl.26

Oljeytii, pl.18Oman, 118Ophiuchus, 16Organs, bodily, 86Orientation

of Arabic maps, 394of astrolabes, 66of Balkhi school maps, 115, 118, 119,

120, 121of al-Dimashqi's map of Mediterranean,

152of Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428,

429of globe in Portrait of Shah]ahan

(painting), 409 n.36in H unername, 250of Ibn l:Iawqal world map, 140of al-Idrlsr's maps, 160, 161, 166, 167,518of Islamic celestial globes, 43, 43 n.93of Islamic maps, 518of al-I~takhrr's maps, 116, p1.6in Jain cosmologies, 373, 375

569

of Kacba diagrams, 194of al-KashgharI's world map, 155of Kazvin city plan, 152of al-Khwarazmi's map of Nile River, p1.4of late premodern maps from Kashmir,

409of map of Kirman, 112of Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424,

425in Mecma'a-i menazil, 237of al-Muqaddasi's maps of Arabia, 124of Nepali cadastral maps, 432of planispheric maps, 16, 62of reference map of Istanbul architectural

monuments, 239of secular plans of cities and towns,

446-47of al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsr atlas, 287of South Asian maps, 395, 399, 402, 518of Suhrab's map construction, 105of topographic maps, 411, 413, 415, 427of vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, and

Byzantine planispheric map, 14of Vedic altars, 309of view of Istanbul in Mecma'a-i menazil,

238of world map from Kitab ai-bad)

wa-al-ta )rikh, pI. 10Origin myths, 305Orion, 16, 51Orm~Rober~ 326-27Orosius, Paulus, 169 n.51Ortelius, Abraham, 251Orthographic projection, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72,

37-38, 38 n.79COsman II, 246Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna,

al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33Ottoman Empire, 3. See also Islamic society

architectural plans and waterway maps,215-16,217,218,219

campaign journals, 245cartography

atlas of color maps, 225European influence on, 209, 210, 213,

215,217-18,221-22introduction, 206-8as private enterprise, 216-26problems in study of, 207-8regional maps, 222-26scope and organization, 206in service of state, 209-16terminology, 206-7version of Ibn al-Wardi's world map,

220waterway maps, 226-27

early examples of topographicalillustration in texts, 230-35

European influence on, 68illustrated histories

accuracy, 228bird's-eye views in, 228compilation of, 229-30development of, 228-29European influence on, 228, 250, 251

570

Ottoman Empire, illustrated histories (cont.)foreign influences on, 230Hungary's importance in, 246-49itineraries and town views in, 228-55materials used for, 229selected manuscripts related to,

252-55topographical illustration, 245-52

isolation of students of, 207-8map of, 225, 225-26military maps, 210-15

attack on Malta, 212, 212-13battle of Ha~ova/Mezokeresztes,213

n.20battle of the Prut, 213, 215, 216fortress on Adakale, 213fortress of Buda, 213, 215fortress of Van, 213, 214fortress of "Zadvarya" in Makarska,

213 n.20naval encounter between Ottoman and

Russian fleets, 213 n.20Russian army maneuvers, 217second siege of Vienna, 213Szigetvar, 212, 213

naval power, 266 n.8origins of state cartography, 209-10and PIrI Re)Is's chartmaking, 265-79portoIan charts and atlases, 263, 279-84,

288-89qibla charts from, 193-94rivalry with Habsburgs for Hungary, 246volume of existing source materials for

study of, 207world maps, 221-22

Ouseley, William, 390Oval projections, 282, 282-83Oxford

Bodleian Libraryeighteenth-century Indian manuscript in,

378Ibn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113,

134-35al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,

174world map~, 145, 150, pLIO

Museum of the History of Science,cosmographic globe in, 352-55, 396

Padmakesara temple (Sun Temple),architectural drawings of, 467

padshahnamah,44~450

Pahan, 436,449,451Paintings

in Hindu cosmography, 343-51Indian, as maps, 444-46maps in, 408-9rock, 304-5, 305, 306, 313

Pakpattan, 405Palanka, 353Palestine

map of sacred places in, 461-62 n.173Marino Sanudo's map of, 517

Palitana, religious map of, 484-85, 486-87

Palni, 461 n.172Pancavi1flsa BrahmatJa, 334Paficha koshi yatra, Varanasi, 462Pande, B. M., 318Pandhi, Manubhai, 494Pandya, Shri Dushyanta, 494Panhala, map of fort in, 492-93PaQini

A~tadhyayi, 312Panipat, map of battle of, 466, 467Papamundi, 206Paper

surviving maps on, 327, 327 n.161used for Ottoman illustrated histories,

229Parallels, 28, 29, 35 n.72, 197, 392Parasangs, 8, 102Parasnath Peak, religious map of, 460,

486-87Parganas, 411,413,414, 423, 427, 428, 444

n.134, 508Paris

Bibliotheque NationaleIbn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113,

134-35al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of al-IdrlsI's N uzhat

al-mushtaq in, 173map of central India in, 420-22

Musee Guimet, painting in, 449Parpola, Asko, 307-8Partabgarh, sketch map of, 448-49Parvata, 351. See also MountainsPasinler, 237 n.38Pata-chitras, 323Patalas (hells), 344, 345Parhaka, DurgashaQkara, 68

SarvasiddhantatattvacaqamatJi Uewel ofthe essence of all sciences), 69, 70,pl.2

Patna, 403, 450Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library,

South Asian world map in, 390Pava, 441Pavagarh, 461 n.172Pavo (peacock), 63, 67Pegasus, 51, 52, 57Perlin, Frank, 444Perseus, 58Persia

artistic interpretation of celestial bodiesfrom, 63-64, pL 1

astronomical texts, 315-16influence on Islamic cartography, 93-94maps of in Staats- und

Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124Persian Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114Persian Gulf, 115, 122, 143Persian Mountains. See JibalPersian Sea. See Indian OceanPersonification of celestial bodies, 63-65Perspective

frontal, 450, 452, 453, 470oblique, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199,

480-81,482-93

General Index

planimetric, 449, 450, 453, 460, 463, 470,476-77, 508

of secular plans of cities and towns, 447Peshawar, 408Petrus Alphonsus, 138,147Phalcakras, 349-50Pharos, 233Philip II of Spain, 67Phillimore, Reginald Henry, 298, 301,

325-26,327,405,414,424-25,427Philoponus, Johannes, 24Philosophy, in cosmographical diagrams, 71Phoenix, 63Phonda Pass, 424Pica Indica (toucan), 63Picard, Jean, 183-84 n.48Pichhvais, 420, 458, pl.31Pieper, Jan, 301Pilgrimages. See also Route maps; Tirthas

Islamicguidebooks for, 239and Islamic mapmaking, 91-93map of Arabian desert routes, 117routes on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122, 123scrolls for, 243-45, 245 n.58

South Asianguide for, pl.31Jain maps for, 440, 441, 441-42, 457,

460to Kashmir, 414and mapmaking, 330maps for, 388, 439, 441-42, 442,

453-55,505,506nautical charts for, 500and topographic maps of Braj, 417-19to Varanasi, 453-55

Pingree, David, 303, 316, 327 n.161, 328n.166, 330 n.175, 330-31 n.181, 338,351, 359

Pires, AndreLivro de marinharia, 262

Plrt Re~~ 257, 262, 263, 287, 513biographical information, 266-69charts by, 265-79

maritime, 288New World, 268, 269-72, pl.21

Kitab-i balJriye, 171, 206, 231-35, 252,266,267,269,270,272-79,287

list of extant manuscripts of, 290-92Pisces. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BirunI's cylindrical projection, 35and corresponding pre-Islamir. asterisms,

51on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Planar mapping, 38-41Planets. See also names of planets

on armillary spheres, 49

General Index

computing position of, 38-39and correspondences in Islamic

cosmology, 76, 77, 78in Jai Singh's Zfj, 365motion of, 366in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in South Asian celestial mapping, 358-59,

359spheres of, 76

Planimetric perspective, 449, 450, 453, 460,463,470,476-77,508

Planispheric astrolabes. See Astrolabes,planispheric

Planispheric mapsByzantine, 13-14, 14, 15constellations on, 62, 67, 70illustrating Aratea, 16, 17Islamic influence on, 60-61, 61in nineteenth-century Indian manuscript,

68-70Planispheric projection, 70Planning

architectural, 321secular, of cities and towns, 446-49

Plato, 81, 82Pleiades, 16, pl.27PIessner, Martin, 158Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, 233, 239Plumb bobs, 28, 307Plumbing, Harappan, 307Poland, Ottoman map of, 217Polar circles, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68,

69Polar stereographic projections, 13, 21, 34,

35 n.73, 62, 68, 69Polegadas, 262Pole Star. See also Dhruva

on Cantino map, 261, 262in Khagolam, 359and navigational charts, 258, 497, 499and qiblas, 192, 193

Polo, Marco, 256, 257Pons, Pierre, 365Portolan charts, 206, 234 n.25, 251, 263,

495Arab, 263-65Arab navigational charts compared with,

257, 258compared with Cantino map, 261compared with Kitab-f ba/Jriye, 234,

275-77,279compared with South Asian navigational

charts, 501copying of, 258 n.16by Hajj Abu aI-Hasan, 265, 267by al-Katibl, 264, 265Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264by Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, 283-84,

284by al-Mursi, 264-65, 266Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89Ottoman atlases of (map order in), 281Piri Re)ls on, 272and al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI's world map, 262

Portrait of Shah]ahan (painting), 409 n.36Portugal. See also Iberian Peninsula

on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37

on South Asian world maps, 390, 393,395

Pothi, 494Pottery

excavated at Nagarjunakonda, 466excavated at Salihundam, 466Iznik jug, 245 n.61

Poubas (scroll paintings), 432-33, 433Prabhasa, 460Prants, 423Prayaga. See AllahabadPrayer, 12Preaulx, Michel-Fran~ois, 242 n.51Prime meridians

in Africa, 196in Arabic cartography, 102-4at Canary Islands, 100, 103, 196of al-Idrlsi's sectional maps, 163in Shahid-i $adiq, 403-4, 404on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352,

356, 396, 397ten degrees east of Canary Islands,

100-101at Ujjain, 93, 103, 175, 175 n.6, 315, 356,

396used by al-BlrunI, 404used by al-KhwarazmI, 98, 100-101, 103

Prime vertical, 48Prince of Wales Museum of Western India,

Bombaymaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81

Prinsep, James, 317 n.l08, 461, 495Printing, Islamic attempts at, 5-6Projections

azimuthal equidistant, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271azimuthal equidistant polar, 36, 37-38and Balkhi school maps, 115al-BlrunI on, 34-38and early graticules, 149-50equatorial stereographic, 28equidistant cylindrical, 34flattened (mubatta/J), 35, 35 n.73, 36globular, 36-37, 37-38, 141-42makhrutf, 34Mercator, 259, 392, 495on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric

map, 68-69orthographic, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72, 37-38,

38 n.79oval, 282, 282-83plane of, 35 n.72planispheric, 70polar stereographic, 13, 21, 34, 35 n.73,

62, 65, 68, 69Ptolemaic, 138, 154rectangular, 105, 138Rojas universal astrolabe, 68 n.193stereographic, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70

Prophatius Judaeus, 45Protractors, 28

571

Pmt, Ottoman plan for battle of the, 213,215, 216, pl.15

Ptolemaic projections, 154Ptolemy, Claudius

Almagest, 10, 25, 43, 54, 75, 175, 511,513

aqalfm, 390, 391and circles of constant visibility and

invisibility, 42and circumference of earth, 178-79and climates, 162coordinate tables, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101

n.49, 154, 259criticized by al-BlrunI, 141design for celestial globe, 43Geography, 10, 25, 34, 94-95, 96, 97-100,

105, 157, 159, 168-69, 176, 179 n.28,196, 210, 270 n.13, 340, 511, 513,515, 517

Handy Tables, 10, 93 n.16, 96, 100 n.39,101

influence on BalkhI school maps, 118,120, 121, 122, 126-27, 137, 138

influence on Ibn Khaldun, 170influence on Ibn Sald, 170influence on al-IdrlsI, 156-57, 167-70influence on Indian astronomy, 315-16influence on Islamic astronomy and

astrology, 4influence on Jabirian alchemy, 81influence on al-KhwarazmI, 106influence on PlrI Re)Is, 271influence on South Asian world map, 394influence on ai-SufI, 55Jai Singh on, 361length of degree, 178and length of Mediterranean, 101-2manuscripts in Florence, 238and measurement of comparative

longitude using lunar eclipses, 103n.67

obliquity of ecliptic, 175 n.3Planetary Hypotheses, 10, 75Planisphaerium, 24-25, 25 n.23and prime meridians, 102-3, 163, 404star catalog, 15 n.6Tetrabiblos, 10, 25tradition of in Europe, 285works of in Arabic, 10-11

PuBe, Francesco L., 298, 299Punarvasu, 338Pune, 423, 425

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,ink drawing in, 355

Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandalamaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425

Maratha History Museum, DeccanCollege, topographic map in, 423

Punjab, surviving maps from, 505Puranas

cosmography, 300, 313-14, 316, 335 n.22,353,357,359,398,399,512

jambudvlpa, 340, pl.26world as tortoise, 337-38, 338

572

Puranas (cont.)explained, 312problems in interpretation of, 300, 300

n.28view of continents, 337view of earth, 301, 336

Purchas His Pilgrimes, 409, 410Puri

conceived as conch, 452-53map of, pl.36in mental mapping, 382religious map of, 486-87on survey map, 461 n.172survey of temple at, 467

Puru~a, 342Puru~ottama Deva, 467Pushkar, 416, 441Pu~kara, 336Pu~karadvlpa, 367, 368, 371, 374Pu~ya, 338

Qabas ibn VushmgIr, 42Qaf Mountain, 286, pl.3Qan~iih al-GhawrI, 232Qaydar Payghambar, 242, 242-43 n.52Qaytbay, 233Qazwln (Kazvin), city plan for, 152-53, 154al-QazwInI (Zakariya) ibn Mubammad

al-QazwInI), 138, 143Athar al-bi/ad (Monuments of the lands),

102 n.60, 144 n.39, 147, 152-53, 154distribution of land and sea, 145Kitab 'aja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib

al-maw;udat (Marvels of thingscreated and miraculous aspects ofthings existing), 40, 53, 59, 59-60, 79,127, 142, 144 n.39, 144-45, 145, 147,193, 389-90

as source for al-IdrIsl, 169 n.51plan of city of Kazvin, 152-53, 154and qibla charts, 192world maps, 144, p1.9

Qibla. See also Kacba; Meccain al-BlriinI's Taf;did, 184 n.53charts, centered on Kacba, 189-96, 197,

198determination, 204-5

analemma methods, 204, 205al-BlnlnI's formula, 141direct mathematical method, 200-201,

202spheres and astrolabes, 200-203

diagrams, 512by cAlI ibn Abmad ibn Mubammad

al-SharafI al-SifaqsI, pl.13indicators, 197-98, 201, 202maps, 196-200,512,514,517

on back of astrolabe, 203eight-sector scheme, 191, 191 n.11,

191-92, 193elaborate schemes, 194-96eleven-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195four-qibla scheme, 191rect-azimuthal, 198, 202

on seventeenth-century Indo-Persianastrolabe, 201

twelve-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237origin of term, 189 n.3in al-Sharafl al-SifaqsI atlas, 285

Quadrants, 44astrolabic, 31-32, 32, 202-3Maldivian, 501meteoroscopes, 32to measure height of mountain, 184sixteenth-century, with alidade, 185using shakkaziyah curves, 32vertical, 41

Quality, in Jabirian cosmology, 82Quantity, in Jabirian cosmology, 82Qubbat al-Ard. See Sri LankaQudamah ibn Jacfar aI-BaghdadI, 93

Kitab al-kharaj, 169 n.51QulIj Khan, 449, 450Qulzum, Sea of. See Red Seaal-QummI (Hasan ibn cAlI al-QummI), 103Qunba~, 256, 257, 286 n.66Quian, 87, 189, 514

and astronomy, 12barzakh, 121and cosmology, 71-72, 73geography in, 90

Qurrah ibn Qam1ta, 96Qu~ayr cAmrah, 12 n.1, 12-18

planispheric maps as model for, 13-14vault of heavens, 13

compared with Byzantine planisphericmap, 13-14

concentric circles in, 14-15constellations in, 16, 16 n.12

Qusfa ibn Liiqa, 41, 202Kitab fi al'amal bi-al-kurah al-falakfyah

(Book on the use of the celestialglobe), 44-45

Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 339Rahu, 358,359,360, 374Rajasinha II, 426, 427Rajasthan

geometric diagrams from, 348-49map of siege at Bhiwai fort in, pl.38maps of rural areas in, 442painting of Diwali celebrations in, pl.39route map of irrigation canal in, 438-40,

439secular city and town plans from, 446Shrinathji temple complex in, pl.35surviving maps, 505, 506topographic maps from, 414-17, 418

Rajjus, 342, 373Raj Sagar Lake, 415Rakshasbhawan, 423Ramaya1J,a, 310Rama Yantra (cylindrical astrolabe), 362, 365Rameswaram, 382

religious map of, 486-87, 488-89temple at, 457

Ramgarh, route map for irrigation canal at,438-50

General Index

Ramjunter, 362Rampur, oblique secular representation of,

480-81Ram Singh, 450Ram Singh Malam, 445, 501Ramyaka,341Ram Yantra. See Rama YantraRanjit Singh, 413

architectural drawing of tomb of, 470n.199

Rao, Ramachandra, 381 n.164Raqqa, 118Rasa )il ikhwan al-~afa) wa-khullan al-wafa),

75,79Rashashi cubits, 160RashId aI-DIn Fazl Allah

Jami c al-tawari'kh (Collection ofchronicles), 230, 252

Rasi, 359Rasivalaya Yantra, 362Rasm (picture), 74Rasm/tarsfm (drawing, graph), 7Rat!s, 159Ravi River, 449, pl.32Rawgah (Roda) Island, 177, 232, 233Rawson, Philip, pl.25Ray, Amita, 320Ray Chaturman Kayat'h, 435Rayy

Balkhl school map of, 114latitude values for, 187

Rectangular projections, 105Rect-azimuthal qibla map, 198, 202Red Fort, Agra, map of, 463, 490-91Red Fort, Delhi

architectural drawings of, 468-69map of, 490-91

Red Sea (Sea of Qulzum)on BalkhI school world maps, 122on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on Indian copy of Middle Eastern world

map, 390on nautical chart, 499-501, 502, pl.40

Reference mapsof Islamic world at time of BalkhI school,

109of Istanbul architectural monuments, 239of Mediterranean in age of Soleyman, 273of Middle East, 91of South Asia, 297

Regional maps, Ottoman, 222-26Regunathan, N. S. R., 346Rehatsek, Edward, 300, 392, 396Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint, 8, :01Reincarnation, 382Relief (depicted in view of Istanbul), 250Religion

and cartography, 303-4maps of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91

Rennell, James, 317, 317 n.108, 324, 325,422, 429

Resm,207Ressam Mu~tafa, 215, 217, 226Retes, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 52,

68 n.194, 202. See also Astrolabes

General Index

~g Veda, 307-8, 333Rhumb lines

on Arab navigational charts, 258, 258 n.17on compass cards, 495on Maghreb chart, 264Piri Re)Is and, 271on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI's world map, 262on South Asian nautical charts, 496, 499,

500, 502Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista, 183 n.48Richman, Paula, 343 n.53Rind, James N., 325Rings

astronomical instruments, 187 n.58horizontal, and qibla determination, 201meridian, and qibla determination, 201

Rivers. See also names of riverson Islamic maps

from BalkhI school, 115byal-IdrIsI, 163, 166-67in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237Ottoman, 210, 211, 222n, 222-25

in South Asian cosmography, 341, 356on South Asian maps, 311 n.71, 311-12,

348, 354, 356, 358, 369, 377, 399,402,411,414,415,427,436

in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Maratha topographic, 423, 425of north-central India, 422in Shahid-i $adiq, 405in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413, 414

Rizvi, Saiyid Samad Husain, 183Roads

in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on map of north-central India, 422on maps in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir,

413-14maps related to construction of, 441on Nepali scroll map, 433on South Asian topographic maps, 402,

413, 417, 424, 425Rodrigues, Francisco, 256, 262Roe, Thomas, 409, 507Roger II of Sicily, 95 n.22, 156, 156 n.5,

158-59, 160, 167, 515Rojas, Juan de, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Rojas universal astrolabe projection, 68

n.193Romaka (Yavanapura), 103, 352Romakapattana, 356Roman miles, 177Rome, 231 n.12

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana,planispheric map in, 38 n.78

Rose-Apple Island, 336Rosselli, Francesco, 282Rossi, Ettore, 265Rotation, of Maghreb chart, 264Route maps. See also Pilgrimages

of engineering works, 438-42Mughal, pl.32South A~an, 388, 433,435-42

Roy, A. K., 307Royal Asiatic Society, London, painting of

JahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70

Roz namas (nautical manuals), 494compass cards from, 495, 498, 499folios of, 495, 496, 497

Rudolf II, 234 n.27Rukmin Mountains, 341Rural maps, 442-48, 474-75Rus, 390, 393Ru )siyas, 160Russia

in kishvar system, 94plan of encounter between fleet of and

Ottoman fleet, 213 n.20on South Asian world maps, 391

ROstam Pa§a, 236

Sabarmati River, 415, 416, 417Sadiq I~fahanI (Mubammad Sadiq ibn

Mubammad Sali1}), 301, 393, 395,397,409,424,507,508

compared with l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi,391-92

Shahid-i $adiq (Persian atlas), 146 n.46,149,390,391,403,404

topographic maps by, 400, 403-5use of graticule, 149-50world maps by, 146, 390-92

Safavid dynasty, 228, 239, 241, 250$afilJah (astrolabe plate), 21$afilJah shakkaziyah (astrolabe plate), 29al-§afilJah al-Zarqalliyah (astrolabe plate), 29Sagaram SonI temple, Mount Girnar,

Saurashtra, Gujarat, 296Sagarasarpvrta-dvIpa, 336 n.24al-Saghani (Abu l:Iamid al-SaghanI

al-As!urlabI), 34, 34 n.68Sagittarius. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BIriinI's cylindrical projection, 35and lunar node called tail of dragon, 65on qibla map, 199

zodiac sign, 361on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Sahara Desert, 270~ahnames, 228Sahyadri (Western Ghats), 399Sailani Shah tomb, Malkapur, pilgrimage

map of, 461-62 n.173Saint Angelo, castle of, 212Saint Elmo, castle of, 212Saint John, monastery of, Istanbul, 237Saint Michael, castle of, 212Saint Thaddeus, monastery of, 239, 239 n.49Sakadvlpa, 340Saklz, 274Saliba, George, 299, 315 n.94Salihundam, potsherds excavated at, 466Salm, Niclas Graf, 246 n.64Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library,

Leningrad, manuscript of al-IdrlsI'sN uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173

Samanids, 111, 111 n.23

573

Samavasara1'}a, 441, 442Samayas, 342Samerasinghe, R. T., 426Sarrzgraha1'}is (cosmographic texts), 367,

369Sarrzhita, 338Sammetasikhara (Parasnath Peak), 441, 442Samra! Yantra, 362, 364, 366Samugarh, map of battle of, 466Sandesara, B. J., 323Sanganer, maps of, 448, 476-77Sanka (conch), 452Sailkara, 330, 330 n.181, 452SailkaranarayaQa, 360Sankhodar Bet, map of, 453Santarem, Manuel Francisco de Barros e

Sousa, Viscount of, 317, 317 n.108Sanudo, Marino, 172, 517Sapta-dvipa vasumati. See Earth,

seven-continentSaptar§is. See Ursa Majoral-SarakhsI, 93 n.10

Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book ofroutes and provinces), 92

Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur, 346,465-66 n.175

Sarasvati River, 377Sarkars, 428Sarma, SadasIva Rath, 466, 468Sa~tarhsa Yantra, 362Satapatha Brahma1'}a, 308Sathgar, Shripada Narayan, 470Satrufijaya, 441Sa"i (flat), 18Saturn. See also Planets

in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76

Saudi Arabia, map of sacred places in,461-62 n.173. See also Arabia

Savage-Smith, Emilie, 299, 315 n.94Sava River, 211Sawai Madhopur, planimetric secular map

of, 478-79Sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179Sayf al-Dawlah, 26, 78, 110, 115Sayf aI-DIn GhazI II, 52Scales

on Islamic maps(Ali Macar Re'Is's world map, 282BalkhI school maps, 115al-KashgharI's world map, 153al-KatibI chart, 265Maghreb chart, 264Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237PIrI Re)Is's world map, 272al-SharafI al-SifaqsI world maps, 287sixteenth-century quadrant, 185

on South Asian mapscosmographies, 507fidelity to, 468

574

Scales, on South Asian maps (cont.)Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428,

429geographical maps, 388on Jain scroll maps, 460-61nautical charts, 500topographic maps, 407, 417, 425-26,

426-27,433world maps, 399

Scandinavia, 265Schedel, Hartmann

Nuremberg Chronicle (Liber cronicarum),233,246

Schimmel, Annemarie, 377Schissler, Christoph

Quadraticum geometricum, 185Schmidt, Rudolf, 397, 399Schoy, Carl, 198Science

and Islam, 72-73, 189in South Asian astronomy, 360, 360 n.96

Scorpio. See also Astrology; Astronomy;Zodiac

constellationon al-BlriinI's cylindrical projection, 35on ceiling at Qu~yr cAmrah, 16on qibla map, 199

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Scotland. See Great BritainScroll maps, South Asian, 436-38, pl.32

detailed plan of private house, 470Jain (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461Nepali, 432-33, 433Pahari, 436, 437route maps, 388

Sculptures, 311Sea charts. See Nautical maps; PortoIan

chartsSectional maps, by al-IdrlsI, 162, 162-63,

164,165, 166, 171-72, 172Sedillot, Louis Amelie, 8~ehnameci (official court historian), 229, 236~ehzade Mebmed, pilgrimage scroll of, 244Selim I, 233, 236, 241, 250, 267, 270Selim II, 246, 247, 251 n.77Selimiye, 251 n.77Semiotic analysis, 301~erif ibn Seyyid Mebmed, 221 n.34Seringapatam, 393, 492-93Serpentarius, 16Settlements. See also Cities and towns

on al-IdrIsI's maps, 166-67sectional maps, 163, 165

on South Asian mapsGentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424,

425Mughal topographic maps, 405Nepali scroll map, 433pilgrimage maps, 441scroll maps, 436, 437

in Tarikh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413topographic maps, 402, 411, 417, 427

Severus Sebokht, 12Sextants, Maldivian, 501Seydi cAli Re)Is (SIdI cAli ~elebi), 257, 260Seyyid Nub, 276

Deniz kitabz (Book of the sea), 234 n.25Sezgin, Fuat, 94 n.20, 150Shadow squares, 24ShafT cubits, 177Shahjahanabad. See also Delhi

in Chahar Gulshan, 436city plan of, 448in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire,

429on map of north-central India, 422on Mughal topographic maps, 405on South Asian scroll map, 436on South Asian world maps, 393

Shah]ahan Standing on a Globe (painting),409 n.36

Shahrukh, 149 n.63al-Shakkaz,28Shakkaziyah curves, 31, 32Shakl (shape), 74Shalimar gardens, 409, 411, 413Shanb-i Ghazani, 239Shantidas, Seth, 470Shapes, in cosmographies, 335Sharaf (exaltation), 64-65al-SharafI al-Sifaqsi family, 138, 145, 170-71,

263, 511. See also Abmad al-SharafIal-SifaqsI; cAli ibn Abmad ibnMubammad al-SharafI al-SifaqsI;Mubammad ibn cAli ibn Abmadal-SharafI al-SifaqsI; Mubammad ibnMubammad al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI

portolan charts and atlases by, 284-87,288,289,289-90

Sharma, Acharya Ram Charan, 303 n.46,349, 350, 351

Shatrunjaya, 442Shatrunjaya Hill temple complex, Palitana,

460Ships

on Maratha topographic maps, 424,425

on South Asian world maps, 390, 395Shiraz, 187 .Shiva, 346ShivajI, 324, 426Shrinathji temple complex, map of, 458,

pl.35Shrine of the Footsteps of the Prophet

(Masjid Athar aI-Nab!), 232, 233Sicily

on BalkhI school maps, 119in Kitilb-i balJriye, 278on South Asian world maps, 390

Siddhantas, 93, 93 n.13, 315Siddhapura, 352, 356Siddhas, 373, 455Siddhi, 372SIdI (Ali ~elebi (SeydI CAli Re)Is), 257, 260Sidra, Gulf of, 287

General Index

Siege plansBelgrade, 210, 211-12, pl.14Bhiwai fort, pl.38fortress on Adakale, 213, 214fortress at Esztergom, 245, pl.19Kiev, 210-11,211,211 n.11Szigetvar, 212, 213, 246-49Vienna, 213

Sifat al-dunya, 96Sighting instrument, 307Signs, cartographic, 335. See also

Conventions; Symbolismin Chahar Gulshan, 435-36on Maratha topographic maps, 424, 425on South Asian topographic maps, 402on South Asian world maps, 392

Sijilmasa, 119Sijistan, 114, 122al-SijistanI (Abu YaCqub Isbaq ibn Abmad

al-SijistanI), 83Kitab ithbat al-nubu )at (Book of the

proof of prophecy), 82al-SijzI (Abu SacId al-SijzI), 29Sikharin Mountains, 341Sikhs, 332Sila Island (Korea), 163Silpa Prakasa, architectural drawings in, 466Silpasastra texts, 468, 505Silvester, Bernard, of Tours (translator)

Experimentarius, 62Simcan

Zij Batfamiyus, 96Sinan Pa§a, 281Sind

BalkhI school maps of, 112, 114qibla of, 193on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 390, 391surviving maps from, 505

Sindhinds, 93Sindhu River, 341Sind ibn (Ali, 178, 179, 180-81Singh. See also given namesSingh, Chandramani, 408, 410

"Early 18th-Century Painted City Maps onCloth," 302

on oblique paintings at Amber, 450on South Asian scroll maps, 437, 438on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 415Singh, M. K. Brijraj, 450Sinjar, 178-81SipahIzade (Mebmed ibn CAli Sipahizade)

AwrjalJ al-masalik ila ma C,ifat al-buldanwa-al-mamalik (The clearest path tothe knowledge of countries andempires), 221 n.36

Siraj al-Dunya wa-al-DIn, 196, 199Sircar, D. C., 299, 313, 321-22, 333, 340Sirjan, 115, 116, 123Sita River, 369Sitoda, 369Siwalik Mountains, 405Skelton, R. A., 296Slavs, in kishvar system, 80, 94

General Index

Society, and cartography, 512-16Sofala, 390Sofalah, 162Sofia, Cyril and Methodius National Library,

manuscript of al-Idrisi's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 174

Sojatdivination chart centered on, 349, 350map centered on, 415, 416

Solstices, plane of, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Solstitial colure, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30,

36,37,41,43,65-66Solstitial directions, 193SomakhaQQa, 355Somnath, religious map of, 486-87Sopher, David E., 446South America, 271South Asia. See also Asia; India

cartographyEuropean influence on, 507inclusiveness of, 508influence of other parts of Asia on,

506-7lack of Western interest in, 504political boundaries on, 508-9route maps, 434terrestrial maps compared with

European maps, 507-8cosmographies, compared with European

cosmographies, 507mapmaking, 509Mughal map of, 406, 407paucity of surviving maps from, 327-31reference map for study of indigenous

cartography, 297in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403

Southern Hemisphereconstellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star map,

67on South Asian cosmographic globe, 357

Southern triangle, 63, 67South Pole, 258Space

in Jabirian cosmology, 82on South Asian world maps, 400

Spain. See also Iberian Peninsulaastrolabes in, 26on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120,

121Islamic celestial globe from, 45on al-I~takhri map, pl.6maps of, 114on PIrI Re)Is's world map, 270refugees from, 267treatises on equatoria, 38-39variants of astrolabes in, 28-29

Spheresarmillary, 49-50, 51celestial, 75, 76determining qibla with, 200-202in Islamic cosmography, 74in Jabirian cosmology, 81in Kitab 'a;a)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib

al-mawjudat, 40

in Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqit fi ~/m

al-ra$d wa-al-mawaqit, 39in al-SijistanI's cosmography, 82

Spherical astrolabes. See Astrolabes, sphericalSpink, Walter, 313, 343 n.52Sri Lanka (Taprobane), 106

as Cupola of the Earth, 103on Islamic maps

on Ibn Bawqal's maps, 122al-IdrIsi's sectional map, 164qibla indicator, 198Sadiq I~fahanI's topographic maps, 400

on South Asian mapsincorporating Ptolemy's geographic

coordinates, 340nautical chart, 498navigational chart of, 500topographic maps, 425, 426-27world maps, 391, 395-96, pl.29

stupas in, 380surviving maps from, 505

SrinagarHarI Parbat fort, 409, 492-93maps of, 478-79, pl.33on maps of Kashmir, 409, 411, 412, 413,

416Sri Pratap Singh Museum, 414, 457

Sringeri, 452Sri Pratap Singh Museum, Srinagar, maps in,

414,457Sri Ram Charan Museum of Indology,

Jaipur, 303 n.46Srirangam

on Maratha topographic maps, 425plan of temple in, 457, 459religious map of, 486-87, 488-89

Srisailam, 425Sritrimbakesvara (Trimbak), 423Staal, Frits, 309Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz,

Berlinal-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 130-31al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 123, 124,

134-35Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg,

al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 124,130-31

Stades, 176, 178-79"Staff of al-TUSI," 31Star compasses, 495Stars. See also Asterisms; Astrology;

Astronomy; Constellationson armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe variant, 29on al-BIriini's flattened astrolabe, 36on celestial globes, 42, 43fixed realm of, 84on Islamic astrolabes

planispheric, 18-21, 22, 23spherical, 41

on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 46 n.110,47,48

in Jain cosmologies, 373and navigation, 258in orthographic projection, 35

575

in Qur)an, 72sphere of, 75,76used on instruments, 62zoomorphic renditions of, 52-53, 61

State Archives of Maharashtra, Bombay,Maratha topographic map in, 423-24

Steatite seals, 306Stein, Marc Aurel, 182 n.39, 328Stereographic projection, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70Strozzi, Alessandro, 238Subas (provinces), 428Subbi ~elebi

~ahname-i Sultan MelJmed (SultanMebmed's book of kings), 255, pl.17

Subrahmanyam, R., 317Sudan, 94Sudanand, hybrid map by, 427aI-Sufi (Abu al-Husayn cAbd al-Rabman ibn

cUmar aI-SufI), 34 n.66, 45, 53, 54,61, 62, 202

influence on al-BirunI, 58-59Kitab $uwar al-kawakib al-thabitah

(Book of the constellations of thefixed stars), 51-52, 52, 54-58, 55, 56,57, 58,60

Latin manuscripts of, 60Sugiura Keohei, 298Suhrab (Ibn Sarabiyl1n)

'A;a lib al-aqalim al-sab 'ah (Book of thewonders of the seven climates), 104,168

and climates, 106map construction, 95, 101, 104-5, 137,

138number of entries in coordinate tables,

101 n.49SiikrI Bidlisi

Selimname (History of Sultan Selim I), 228n.3

Sulayman al-MahrI, 257, 260-61Minha; al-fakhir (The splendid path), 261

SOleymaniye, model of, 250, 250-51 n.77SOleymaniye KOtiiphanesi, Istanbul

Arabic translations of Ptolemy'sGeography in, 210, 210 n.9

Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 134-35al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173manuscripts of Rawej al-fara; in, 174al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35al-Tust's manuscripts in, 134-35

Siileymaniye waterway map, 226Siileyman the Magnificent, 220, 250, 264,

265, 267and Abmed FerIdun's Nuzhetu)/-a!Jbar der

sefer-i Sfgetvar, 248campaign chroniclers and diarists for, 230,

245and illustrated manuscript production,

229,230,236and Matrak<;l Na~ub's Mecmu 'a-i menazil,

229,230,235,236,237,239,240,241,242,245

and Matrak<;l Na~u1)'s Tarf1]-i fetIJ-i~a~/avun, 245, pl.19

576

Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.)and Piri Re)is's Kitab-i ba~rfye, 233, 269,

pl.22siege plan of Belgrad prepared for, 211siege plan of Malta prepared for, 211and siege of Szigetvar, 246-47, 248surrender of Buda to, 237, 246

Sultaniye, 237, 241-42, pl.18Sulvasutras, 308Sumatra, 259, 262Sumeru, 356. See also Meru, MountSumeruvaQavanala, 356Sun

on astrolabe and mechanical calendar, 33computing position of, 38-39finding qibla using, 203heliocentrism, 366in Islamic correspondences, 78in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375in Jai Singh's Zij, 365in Khagolam, 359, 360in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in Qur)an, 71realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 361sphere of, 39, 40, 75, 76

Sunda Islands, 256, 262Sundials, 25, 197-98Sun1, 221Surah, 7, 74, 95, 257 n.10Suraj Mal, 415Surat, 74, 417, 478-79Surat-aralam (representation of the world),

74Surat al-da )irah (drawing of the circle), 74Surat al-shakl (drawing of the form), 74Suret, 207Suri, Mahendra, 315Surveying

depiction of, 320to determine length of degree, 178-81of Indo-Aryan towns, 319-20Indus civilization instruments for, 307Mauryan Empire, 316-17in Nepal, 430

Suryas (suns), 358, 373Suryasiddhanta, 366Sus al Aqsa, 391Sutlej River, 437Suyolu Na?-trt, 215Swastikas, 317-18Symbolism. See also Conventions; Signs,

canographiccelestial, 63-65, 515in city map of Bijapur, 448cosmographic, 378, 379-82in South Asian maps, 358-59, 508in South Asian topographic maps, 402

SyriaBalkhi school map of, 114, 117in al-Battani's Zij al-Sabi~ 98celestial symbolism in, 65early astrolabe production in, 26influence on Mecmu <a-i menazil, 241

and Kacba, 190, 191

and origins of Islamic celestial mapping,12-18

qibla of, 192, 193on seven-kishvar eanh, 80on South Asian world maps, 391

Szekesfehervar, 245Szigetvar, siege of, 212, 213, 246-49

al-Tabari (Abu Jacfar Mubammad ibn Jariral-Tabari), 235 n.32, 236

T a )rikh al-rusul wa-al-muluk (History ofprophets and kings), 235

al-Tabari (Mubammad ibn Mabmud ibn cAlial-Tabari), 56

Tabaristan, 114Tablahs, 285-86Tables

astronomical, 365, 367, 392calendrical, 44of coordinates

adjusting latitude in, 176adjusting longitude in, 176by al-Battani, 97-100, 101 n.49al-Biruni and, 141-42convening to map form, 137 n.1by al-FarghanI, 96by Ibn Yiinus, 101 n.49Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100by al-KhwarazmI, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49,

104production of in Maghreb, 141by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49,

259by Suhrab, 101 n.49

geographical, 96-97Tabriz, 239, 243Tagias, Demetrios, 279, 279 n.51Tahmasp, 243Ta)I, Mountains of, 118Taif, qibla of, 191Taima, 118Taj Mahal, 377-78Takvim (Almanac), 221 n.34Talaja, 417TaclI!.<Izade. See Subbi ~elebi

Tamil Nadu Archives, 302Tamrakhal)Qa, 355Tangier, longitude of, 101-2Tantrism, 381Tapi River, 399, 423Taprobane. See Sri LankaTaqi aI-Din Mubammad aI-RashId ibn

Macruf,27T aqwirs, 160T araf (direction), 424Taras (stars), 373T arikh-i GUZida, 391Tarikh-i Nik Gulshan. See Chahar

GulshanTarn Taran, religious map of, 488-89T asvir (ground plan), 207T a$wir (depiction), 74Tata, 245

General Index

Taurus. See also Astrology; Astronomy;Zodiac

constellationon al-Birunt's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-Btrunl's globular projection, 37on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199, 203

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78Islamic emblematic motif for, 63in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 67, 361 n.99Tavernier, Melchior (the Younger), 66 n.190,

66-67, 67, 67 n.191Tav§anh, obelisk on way to, 240Taxation, maps for, 444, 444 n.134Tehran. See names of librariesTeixeira da Mota, Avelino, 259, 262Telescopes, 365-66Temesvar, 247Temples, South Asian

architectural plans for, 466-68as astronomical artifacts, 360construction of, 466Hindu

cosmography in architecture, 379-80plan of, 319

Jain, atrium used as cosmography, 371-72on Maratha topographic maps, 424on pilgrimage maps, 441

Tennent, James Emerson, 501Terrestrial globes, 28, 408

at Jaipur astronomical observatory, 397, 399by Jamal aI-DIn, 221-22, 221-22 n.38

Terrestrial maps. See also MapsOttoman, 217-18South Asian, compared with European

maps, 507-8Tersim, 207Text, Islamic maps and, 4-5Thabit ibn Qurrah (Abu al-I:fasan Thabit ibn

Qurrah al-l:farrani), 26, 96, 98, 100,100 n.41, 168, 168 n.47

Thales of Miletus, 42Thanjavur, Sarasvati Mahal Library, 346,

465-66 n.175Thatta (Tatta), 405Theology, in cosmographical diagrams, 71Theon of Alexandria, 24Theosophy, Islamic, 73Thirunaranan, B. M., 301, 302 n.43al-Thurayya, 52Tibbetts, Gerald R., 494, 495, 497, 503, 507Tibet

and Kacba, 190, 191

in kishvar system, 94Tieffenthaler, Joseph, 429Tigris River, 118, 122, 222, 223, 241Tillotson, G. H. R., 468Time

in Jabirian cosmology, 82keeping with astrolabes, 21

Udaipuroblique secular representation of, 480-81religious map of, 488-89sketch map of, 448-49on topographic maps of Rajasthan and

Gujarat, 414, 417Udgir, planimetric secular map of, 478-79al-cUdhrI (Al)mad ibn cUmar al-CUdhrI)

Ni:?am ai-marian fi al-masalikwa-al-mamalik, 169 n.51

as source for al-IdrlsI, 169 n.51Tar$ical-Akhbar wa-tanwzC al-athar

wa-al-bustan fi ghara )ib al-buldanwa-al-masalik ila iami cal-mamalik,169 n.51

Ufq ma)il (oblique horizon), 29Ujjain

astronomical observatory, 103, 361divination charts centered on, 349,

349-51,350on map of north-central India, 422in mental mapping, 382as prime meridian, 93, 175, 175 n.6, 356religious map of, 488-89on South Asian cosmographic globe, 356,

396Ulugh Beg, 8, 56-57, 57, 64, 198, 316, 361,

365, 379Umm (part of astrolabe), 21

General Index

TimUr (Tamerlane), 64, 242, 245 on celestial globes, 43Tinkhandi, map of, 444 on European planispheric star maps, 69Tinnis, 119 on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47Tirthankaras, 373, 441, 442 Tropic of CancerTirthas (pilgrimage places), 311, 382, 414, on astrolabe rete, 21

441, 454, 457, 460, 505, pl.37. See on Byzantine planispheric map, 13also Pilgrimages on Cantino map, 262

Tirupati, religious map of, 488-89 on Islamic celestial globes, 43Tithi, 359 on PirI Re)Is's world map, 270Tomaschek, Wilhelm, 260 Tropic of CapricornTonk, planimetric secular map of, 478-79 on astrolabe rete, 18, 21Toomer, G. J., 101-2 on Byzantine planispheric map, 13Topkapi Sarayl, Istanbul (Ar§ivi, Miizesi, and on Islamic celestial globes, 43

Miizesi Kiitiiphanesi), 237, 250-51, on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, 15252 Tsio Ying-k'i, 430

Ibn Bawqal's manuscripts in, 108, 113, Tuba, pl.3134-35 Tucci, Giuseppe, 381, 455

al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 130-33 Tughrul ibn Arslan, 125manuscript copies of Ptolemy's Geography Tunis, 232, 263, 264

in, 210 n.8 Tunisia, 279Ottoman map of Kiev in, 210-11 Turkestan, 150, 391Timurid scientific manuscript in, 126-27, 128 Turkey (Rum, on Marathi world map),uncataloged holdings, 207 400world map in, 390 n.8 Turkhan, 396

Topographical illustration, Ottoman Turks, 80, 94European influence on, 245, 250, 251 al-TusI (Al)mad [Mul)ammad] al-TusI)Hungary's importance in, 246-49 cAia )ib al-makhluqat, 125in later histories, 245-52 map by, 113in Mecmu~-i menazil, 235-45 selected manuscripts by, 134-35in texts, 230-35 al-TusI (Sharaf ai-DIn al-Mu~affar al-Tust),

Topographic maps, South Asian 31areas of coverage, 401 Twining, Thomas, 326, 326 n.155attributes of, 402 Tympanum (astrolabe plate), 21from Braj, 417-20 Tyre, 231 n.14of central India, 420-22Maratha, 422-26Mughal, 400-409of Nepal, 429-35of northeastern India, 427South Asian, 400-435of Sri Lanka, 426-27types of, 388

Topra pillar, 376, 377Toulon, 245Tower of Alexander, 393Towns. See Cities and towns; SettlementsTransoxiana, 94, 114, 124Travel literature, European, 304Trees, Indian, 335Triangulation, 176, 186, 258, 258 n.19Triangulum Astrinum (southern triangle), 63,

67Trigonometry

and conversion of travelers' distances totrue coordinates, 176-77

to determine difference of longitude, 187and qibla, 189

Trikkeri, Strait of, 276Trilokas, 344Tripathi, Maya Prasad, 298-99, 313, 505 n.7Tripoli, 232, 263Triptych, Jain, 460Tropics

on armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe, 65

577

UniversesIndian conceptions of, 341-42Jain

ordering of, 372, pl.28statistical summary of cosmographies

depicting, 386-87as lotus, 257-58, 335, 352, 357

Unnatamsa Yantra, 362-63Or, 382-83Ursa Major, 51, 52, 69-70, 359Ursa Minor, 51, 52, 62, 179, 192Ursiyus al-Antaki (Paulus Orosius), 169 n.51Oskiidar

in Kitab-i balJriye, 235 n.27on reference map of Istanbul architectural

monuments, 239on view of Istanbul in Mecmu ~-i menazil,

238waterway map, 226

CUtarid ibn Mul)ammad al-l:iasib, 57Utkal, 396Uttarakuru, 336, 337, 353-54, 369UttarakurukhaQQa, 356

Vadhane, map of, 444,445VaikuQtha, 344, 345Vaitadhya, 341Va~sara Mountains, 369Vallabha pU$fi-Prakasa, 468Valois, 228Valturio, Roberto

De re militari, 210, 235 n.30Van (fortress), Ottoman plan of, 213, 214Van, Lake, 239, 240Vara, 359Varadarajan, Lotika, 494Varahamihira

Brhatsa1?1hita, 338Varanasi

Bharat Kala Bhavancosmographic globe in, 352, 354,

355-57,389, 396-97,397,pI.40scroll maps in, 436-38

frontal painting of, 450, 452on map of north-central India, 422mental mapping in, 382, 382 n.169Pancha koshi yatra, 462plans to repair temple in, 468, 469religious map of, 462, 488-89, 490-91sketch map of, 448-49on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396as square within circle, 453-55, 454surveyed maps of, 461

Var$as, 336, 359Varthema, Ludovic, 257

Itinerario, 256VaruQakhaQQa, 354-55Vastupuru$ama1J4alas, 380, 381 n.159Vastuvidya, 380Vavassore, Giovanni Andrea, 249Vedas, 307-8Vedic altars, 308 n.65, 310, 376, 379, 381,

512Vega (star), 52, 61

578

Vegetation, on South Asian maps, 508Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429of north-central India, 422property maps, 470scroll maps, 433, 436, 437secular plans of cities and towns, 447topographic maps, 402, 411, 415, 423,

424,425Vellcan, 250, 276Venice

bird's-eye view of, 238in Kitab-i baIJriye, 231, 275, 277, 278map of ordered by Mebmed II, 210

Venus. See also Planetsin Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Kitab ~ja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib

al-mawjadat, 40in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76

Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz., 245 n.60Vernet Gines, Juan, 263-65Vertical altitude circles, 41Vertical quadrant, 41Vesconte, Pietro, 172Victoria and Albert Museum, London

architectural drawings in, 468-69cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396

Videha, 340, 372, 373Vienna

Kunsthistorisches Museum, sundial in,25

Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek,al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33

Ottoman plan of second siege of, 213Vietnam, 409 n.37Vijayadurg, maps of, 464, 492-93Vijayardha, 369Vijayas, 369Vijfzaptipatras Gain scroll maps),460-61,

461Vilagna, 361Vimanas, 373-74Vimans, 372Vindhya escarpment, 304Vindhya Mountains, 340, 382, 392Virgo. See also Astrology; Astronomy;

Zodiacconstellation

on al-BlIiinI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BlIiini's globular projection, 37on qibla map, 199, 203

zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86

Vishnu, 345, 346Vishvarupa, pl.25Vitruvius, 25, 175 n.5Vliegende Vis (flying fish), 63Volos, Gulf of, 276

Vrata Alpana, 381Vrtta~a~tayttsa, 365

Wade, Captain, 411Wakankar, V. S., 304Waldseemiiller, Martin, 260al-Walld I, 12, 16al-Walld II, 12 n.1Walters Deniz atlast, 235, 282-83, pl.23Wamia (Wasa), 179, 179 n.28Wams (fathoms), 498Waqwaq Islands (al-Waqwaq), 162,391Wasa (Wamia), 179, 179 n.28Water. See also Elements

in Ibn al-cArabI's cosmography, 86on al-Idrisi's maps, 163, 166-67in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75

Waterways, Ottoman maps of, 215-16, 217,218,219,226-27

Waywisers, 175 n.5Weather, and map deterioration, 327, 506Welch, Stuart Cary, 449, 469West Indies, 272Wieber, Reinhard, 259 n.20Wilford, Francis, 296, 298, 299-300, 300,

300 n.28, 317 n.108, 326, 429, 430William I (the Bad), 156, 157William the Englishman, 29Wilson, H. H., 302, 501-2, 506Wind roses

in isolarii, 277on al-Katibi chart, 264in Kitab-i baIJriye, 277on Piri Re)Is's world map, 270on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 194-95on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram,

pl.13on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi world maps, 287

Wish-granting tree (kalpavrk~a), 369Wolgemut, Michael, 233, 239Women, and symbolic rituals, 381World maps

Islamicfrom CAlI Macar Re)Is's ponolan atlas,

282from Balkhi school, 114, 120-22, 127,

140by al-BlIiini, 142by al-DimashqI, 152, 154by J:Iafi?:-i AbIii, 151,170, 390by al-J:Iarrani, 144by Ibn Fa41 Allah al-cUmari, 153by Ibn J:Iawqal, 123, 137-39, 144-45by Ibn Khaldun, 170, 171by Ibn al-Wardi, 220, pl.8by al-Idrisi, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.llal-Idrisi's instructions for, 158-59by al-I~takhri, 121, pI.7by al-Kashghari, 153, 155byal-Khwarazmi, 163from KitiIb ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, pI.I0from Lol.<man's Zubdetu l-teViirilJ, 220,

221

General Index

by al-MuhallabI, 141, 141 n.21Ottoman, 220, 221-22by Piri Re)is, 268, 269-72, p1.21by al-Qazwini, 144, 389, p1.9referenced in fjudad al- ~lam, 139-40by Sadiq I~fahani, 146, 390-92semicircular, 149in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286by al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi family, 170-71,

262, pl.24from thirteenth century onward, 143-46in Walters Deniz atlast, 282-83by al-Zayyani, 171-72, 172

South Asian, 389-400, p1.29Arab influence on, 389-90, 392-93

Wubei zhi, 259-60, 503Wular Lake, 414Wunderlich, Herbert, 185Wiistenfeld, Ferdinand, 8

Xinjiang, writings found in, 328Xin Tang shu, 321Xuan Zang, 328, 389 n.3

Yabya al-Ma'mun, 28, 29Yajuj and Majuj, 94. See also Gog and

MagogYajur Veda, 333Yamako{i, 103, 103 n.66, 352, 356Yamuna River Gumna), on South Asian

maps, 311 n.71Braj as lotus, 419cosmographic globes, 354, 356, 358, 396fifth-century bas-relief, 312geographic globe in Mughal painting, 409Indo-Islamic cosmography, 377Jain conception of Jambudvipa, 369, 372Mughal maps, 405, 438Padma PUrii1Ja, 313painting of Vishvarupa, pl.25in Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 405

Yantra Raja, 362Yantras, 315al-YaCqubi (Abmad ibn AbI YaCqub

al-YaCqubi), 93, 169 n.51Yaqut (Shihab aI-Din Abu cAbdallah Yaqut

ibn cAbdallah al-J:Iamawi al-RumiaI-Baghdadi), 110,111,143

and climatic (zone) maps, 138, 147Kitab aI-mallJamah (Book of the battle),

coordinates in compared with thoseof Ptolemy, 98-100

Kitiib muCjam al-buldan (Dictionary ofcountries), 77, 98, 146, 147, 193, 195

and length of degree, 178and prime meridians, 103

Yaqut (Sapphire) Island, 105, 105-6, 140,144

Yavanapura, 103Yavanavasti, 400Yemen

on al-I~takhrI map, 118and Kacba, 190, 191in kishvar system, 94

General Index

qibla of, 193on South Asian world maps, 391

Yoga, 381Yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373Yucatan Peninsula, 272, pl.21Yugalikau, 379Yupa,376Yurdaydln, Hiiseyin G., 235 n.32

"Zadvarya" in Makarska, plan of fortress of,213 n.20

Zafar fort, pl.32Za >irajah, 82 n.24Zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500al-Zanj, 162Zaqqum, pl.3al-Zarqello, 28-29, 30, 31, 141 n.22Zaviyes, 232, 233

al-ZayyanI (Abu al-Qasim ibn Abmad ibn(All al-ZayyanI)

al-T arjumanat al-kubra ff akhbaral-ma )nur barran wa-bal}ran (Thegreat translator of news from the[inhabited] world, by land and sea),171

world map, 171-72, 172Zemun fortress, 211Zenith rings, 44Zheng He, 259-60Zfjats. See Tables, astronomicalZij-i Shahriyar (Zij ai-Shah), 93 n.16Zijs. See Tables, astronomicalZillas (districts), 432Zodiac. See also Astrology; Constellations

anthropomorphic representation of signs,63-65

on astrolabes, 18, 54Bedouin system for, 53

on Byzantine planispheric map, 13calendar, 33on celestial globes, 43clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41and correspondences in Islamic

cosmology, 76, 77, 78and Gnostic correlations, 81-82 n.24on Islamic celestial globes, 47in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86orientation of in planispheric maps in

Aratea, 16Rajasthani portrayals of, 359sphere of, 39, 75

Zone maps, 146-48Zorawar Singh, 437Zoroastrians, 332Zrinyi, Miklos, 247al-ZuhrI, 105, 143, 168

Ja}afryah, 95, 140, 157

579