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THE HOME LIGHTEXPLORING THE PIERS AND LIGHTHOUSES OF GRAND

HAVEN

Photo Courtesy Keegen Gendron

OVERVIEW• LIGHTHOUSES• MICHIGAN LIGHTHOUSES• THE FIRST GRAND HAVEN LIGHT• THE SECOND GRAND HAVEN LIGHT• THE PIERS AND FOG SIGNAL• THE THIRD LIGHT• THE CATWALK• THE KEEPERS 1839-1939• MARITIME DISASTERS- IRONSIDES• THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN• THE LIGHTHOUSE TODAY

LIGHTHOUSES

AS THEY TOOK TO THE SEA FOR FISHING, TRADING, EXPLORATION, AND ADVENTURE PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD HAVE RELIED ON LIGHTHOUSES

FOR NAVIGATION.

LIGHTHOUSES

THE EARLIEST LIGHTS WERE GIGANTIC BONFIRES CLOSE TO THE WATER’S EDGE, IDEALLY ON A HILL OR CLIFF. WITH ENOUGH FUEL, THESE COULD BE 15 FOOT FLAMES SHINING OUT TO SEA.

LIGHTHOUSES

TALL TOWERS WERE CONSTRUCTED TO GET THE FLAME HIGHER INTO THE AIR SO THE LIGHT OF THE FIRE COULD BE SEEN FARTHER FROM SHORE. THIS IS AN ARTIST’S RENDERING OF HOW HISTORIANS BELIEVE THE LIGHTHOUSE AT ALEXANDRIA WOULD HAVE LOOKED.

LIGHTHOUSES

• THE NIMRUD LENS IS POSSIBLY THE FIRST LENS USED TO AMPLIFY THE POWER OF LIGHT.

• MADE OF NATURAL ROCK CRYSTAL, IT WAS GROUND TO ROUGHLY HAVE A 3X MAGNIFICATION.

• IT WAS FOUND IN WHAT IS NOW IRAQ, AND WAS LIKELY USED FOR STARTING GRASS FIRES, AS A TELESCOPE, OR SEEING DETAIL IN CRAFTSMANSHIP.

LIGHTHOUSESMORE LENSES WERE DEVELOPED OVER TIME. THEY WERE USED TO MAGNIFY THE HEAVENS, CONCENTRATE THE ENERGY OF LIGHT, AND PROJECT LIGHT OVER DISTANCE.

LIGHTHOUSES

THE FRESNEL LENS IS THE TYPE OF LENS MOST FREQUENTLY USED IN GRAND HAVEN’S LIGHTHOUSES. ITS DISTINCTIVE SHAPE, MADE WITH BLADES OF GLASS, CREATES BEAMS OF LIGHT WITH LITTLE ENERGY WASTE.

LIGHTHOUSESFURTHER INNOVATIONS, LIKE ROTATORS AND REFLECTIVE PLATES, CONTINUED TO IMPROVE LIGHTHOUSES.ROTATORS GAVE A “BLINKING” EFFECT TO LIGHT, WHICH WOULD BETTER ATTRACT THE HUMAN EYE, SURE TO BE SEEN.REFLECTIVE PLATES HELPED FOCUS A BEAM FORWARD BY BOUNCING LIGHT IN THE DIRECTION IT WAS NEEDED.

MICHIGAN LIGHTHOUSES

• BECAUSE MICHIGAN HAS MORE FRESHWATER COASTLINE THAN ANY OTHER STATE, IT STANDS TO REASON WE WOULD HAVE THE MOST LIGHTHOUSES.

• SOURCES INDICATE THE MITTEN STATE HAD BEEN HOME TO 247 LIGHTHOUSES.

• CURRENTLY ONLY 130 REMAIN, LESS THAN 100 STILL OPERATE, AND ONLY 34 ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.

A QUICK DISCLAIMER

MANY OF THE PRIMARY SOURCES IN THE MUSEUM’S COLLECTION, WHICH FOCUS ON THE HISTORY OF THE GRAND HAVEN LIGHTHOUSES, HAVE A WIDE VARIANCE IN THEIR ASSERTIONS OF DATES. IF YOU HAVE HEARD A DIFFERENT DATE, THAT’S OKAY. DESPITE OUR BEST EFFORTS WE WILL NEVER REALLY BE SURE OF THE TRUE DATE, OR WHY THERE ARE DISCREPANCIES. Photo Courtesy

Courtney Verberkmoes

THE FIRST GRAND HAVEN LIGHT

• IN 1838, JUST 4 YEARS AFTER THE FOUNDING OF GRAND HAVEN, CONGRESS WAS PETITIONED TO BUILD A LIGHTHOUSE WHERE THE GRAND RIVER MEETS LAKE MICHIGAN.

• IT WAS SITUATED ON WHAT IS NOW GRAND HAVEN STATE PARK, JUST SOUTH OF THE CURRENT LIGHT.

• UNFORTUNATELY, A FIERCE STORM SWEPT AWAY THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE DECEMBER OF 1852.

• THERE ARE NO KNOWN IMAGES OF THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE. • WE DO KNOW IT HAD A 30 FOOT TOWER, AND 4 OIL LIGHTS, AIDED BY 14 INCH

REFLECTIVE PLATES- ALL OF WHICH WORKED TOGETHER TO CREATE A BEAM. THE ACCOMPANYING COTTAGE WAS A SIMPLE 5 ROOM STRUCTURE.

THE SECOND GRAND HAVEN LIGHT• THREE YEARS PASSED WITHOUT A

LIGHTHOUSE TO MARK THE GRAND HAVEN CHANNEL.

• IN 1855 A NEW LIGHT WAS PLACED HIGH ON THE BLUFF OVERLOOKING THE BEACH. ITS LENS WAS ABOUT 150 FEET ABOVE WATER LEVEL.

• THE STRUCTURE WAS SQUARE, MADE OF STONE, AND STILL HOUSED THE LIGHTHOUSE KEEPERS AND THEIR FAMILIES.

THE SECOND GRAND HAVEN LIGHT• ITS NEW FRENCH FRESNEL LENS,

WHICH COST THE COMMUNITY $4,000 CREATED A BEAM THAT COULD BE SEEN 40 MILES OUT ON THE LAKE.

• ACCORDING TO SOURCES, THE ORIGINAL LIGHT HAD A ROTATING “BLINKER” WHICH FLASHED A BEAM EVERY 1.5 MINUTES.

• IN MAY OF 1856, THE LIGHT WAS MADE TO ROTATE, RATHER THAN “BLINK,” THROWING A BEAM 360˚. THIS WOULD REMAIN THE MAIN LIGHT UNTIL 1905.

THE SECOND GRAND HAVEN LIGHT-MULTIPLE MARKERS

• AT THE SAME TIME THAT THE KEEPER’S HOME AND LIGHT WERE BEING USED, AN ALTERNATE LIGHT WAS PLACED ON THE END OF THE SOUTH PIER, TO BETTER MARK THE ENTRANCE TO THE CHANNEL.

• THIS LIGHT WAS 60 FEET ABOVE WATER LEVEL, UNBLINKING AND STILL, AND VISIBLE 8-10 MILES OUT ONTO THE LAKE.

• PRIVATE CITIZENS PLACED A STEADY RED LIGHT ON THEIR PROPERTY OFF NORTH PIER- MAKING IT EASIER FOR CAPTAINS TO AVOID STRIKING THE STRUCTURE.

THE SECOND GRAND HAVEN LIGHT-LEAVING SERVICE

• BY 1910 THE LIGHTHOUSE ON THE BLUFF LOST ITS TOWER, THOUGH THE RESIDENCE REMAINED.

• THE RESIDENCE HOUSED THE KEEPER UNTIL THE COAST GUARD TOOK OVER OPERATIONS IN 1939. IT CONTINUED TO BE USED BY THE COAST GUARD UNTIL IT WAS SOLD AS A PRIVATE RESIDENCE IN 1956.

THE PIERS AND FOG SIGNAL• IN 1875 A FOG SIGNAL WAS PLACED AT

WHAT WAS THEN THE END OF THE SOUTH PIER. (SINCE THAT TIME, THE PIERS HAVE LENGTHENED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF A BUSY CHANNEL.)

• ORIGINALLY ACTIVATED BY STEAM POWER, AND THEN KEROSENE IN 1905, IT WAS IMPROVED TO AUTOMATICALLY FUNCTION IN 1895. TODAY THE AIR PUMP THAT BLASTS IS POWERED BY ELECTRICITY.

PIERS AND FOG SIGNAL

• THE TONE WAS ORIGINALLY PLAYED FOR 35 SECONDS, AS FOG WAS A GREATER THREAT IN THE PAST. BACK THEN IT PLAYED IN THE KEY OF “F.” AFTER AUTOMATION, THE TONE CHANGED. NOW IT IS IN THE KEY OF “G.”

• THROUGH ALL THOSE CHANGES- THE STRUCTURE IS THE EXACT SAME AS WAS INSTALLED IN 1875!

THE PIERS AND FOG SIGNAL• RENOVATION OF THE SOUTH PIER

BEGAN IN 1883. THIS WOULD BRING THE PIER TO 1,151 FEET AND FORM THE CORE OF THE PIER AS WE KNOW IT TODAY. CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED IN 1893.

• IN 1905, THE FOG SIGNAL HOUSE WOULD BE MOVED TO THE VERY END OF THE SOUTH PIER, AND AT THAT TIME THE 3RD AND CURRENT LIGHT TOWER WOULD BE COMPLETED.

THE THIRD LIGHT• IN 1905 THE AMERICAN BRIDGE CO.

FABRICATED AND ERECTED THE CURRENT TOWER LIGHT.

• SHE STANDS 39 FEET TALL FROM BASE TO PARAPET, 51 FEET ABOVE WATER LEVEL.

• A 6TH ORDER FRESNEL LENS REPLACED THE FORMER TOWER’S LENS.

• THE LIGHT CAN BE SEEN 17 MILES OUT ON THE LAKE ON A CLEAR NIGHT. THAT’S ROUGHLY THE DISTANCE BETWEEN GRAND HAVEN AND GVSU’S ALLENDALE CAMPUS.

Photo Courtesy Keegen Gendron

THE CATWALK

• A RUDIMENTARY CATWALK WAS ADDED SOMETIME BETWEEN 1905 AND 1910 TO HELP CREWS REACH THE LIGHT IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS- SUCH AS MICHIGAN’S EXTREMELY ICY WINTERS.

• IN 1921 THE WOODEN PLANKS AND SUPPORTS WERE REPLACED WITH METAL COMPONENTS.

THE CATWALK

• THE LIGHTS ON THE CATWALK ARE EXTRA SPECIAL. IN 1969 THE CATWALK WAS PRESERVED THROUGH MEASURES OF THE TOWN, DESPITE BEING OBSOLETE.

• AFTER THE ESCANABA WAS REFITTED FOR WWII DUTY IN 1940, SOME LIGHTS WERE REMOVED THAT WERE SALVAGED BY STEVE VOZAR- ESPECIALLY A MUNITIONS LIGHT, OR “SMOKING LIGHT.” THE ESCANABA SUNK OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND IN 1942.

THE CATWALK• IN 1969, AS EFFORTS TO SAVE THE

CATWALK MOUNTED, STEVE VOZAR TOOK THE SMOKING LIGHT TO MANUFACTURER ED ZENKO.

• ZENKO CREATED 120 REPLICAS, ALL OF WHICH WERE ADDED TO THE CATWALK AND REMAIN TODAY.

• THE USEFULNESS OF THE CATWALK CAME INTO QUESTION AGAIN IN 2015, AND AGAIN THE CITIZENS OF GRAND HAVEN ARE MOBILIZING TO PROTECT THE ICONIC STRUCTURE. Photo Courtesy

Courtney Verberkmoes

THE KEEPERS 1839-1939DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE POSITION OF LIGHTHOUSE KEEPER, WE HAVE VERY LITTLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE KEEPERS OF THE GRAND HAVEN LIGHT.WE DO HAVE A LISTING, BUT WE AREN’T EVEN SURE THAT WHAT WE HAVE IS COMPLETE:

• AUGUST TORREY 1839?-52• PETER VANDENBERG 1853-59• CAPT. BELGER 1860S• HARRY MILLER 186?-72• MRS. HARRY MILLER 1872-74• HARRY SMITH 1875-83

• EMMANUEL DAVIDSON 1883-1900• FRANK FREGA 1900-11• JOSEPH DOUGLAS? OR CHARLES

GRENELL? 1912-18• ROLLA PARIS 1919-26• NELSON ENGBERG 1927-39*NOTE- THESE PEOPLE WERE GIVEN THE COURTESY TITLE OF “CAPTAIN.”

THE KEEPERS 1839-1939

WHILE THIS WAS LARGELY CONSIDERED “MEN’S WORK” WOMEN, THE WIVES OF THE

KEEPERS WERE OFTEN DEEPLY INVOLVED WITH THE WORK AND MAINTENANCE

OF THE LIGHT.WHEN CAPTAIN HARRY

MILLER DIED IN 1872, HIS WIFE CARRIED ON HIS

DUTIES FOR THE NEXT TWO YEARS.

MARITIME DISASTERS• WHILE WE KNOW MICHIGAN IS HOME TO EXTREME WEATHER, WE OFTEN

TAKE FOR GRANTED THE SAFETY OF SHIPS ON THE LAKE. WITH OUR MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND BEAUTIFUL VISTAS OF GENTLE WAVES AND SUNNY DAYS, WE CAN EASILY FORGET THE MANY WHO HAVE LOST THEIR LIVES.

MARITIME DISASTERS- IRONSIDES

• DURING THE TENURE OF LIGHTHOUSE KEEPER MRS. HARRY MILLER, THE IRONSIDES SANK DIRECTLY OFF THE COAST OF GRAND HAVEN, 4 MILES FROM PORT.

• THE IRONSIDES, SO NAMED FOR HER TASK OF SHUTTLING COAL AND IRON ORE IN TRADE BETWEEN CLEVELAND AND THE U.P., WAS A WOODEN STEAMER BUILT IN 1864.

• IT WAS PURCHASED IN 1869 TO OPERATE BETWEEN GRAND HAVEN AND MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

• IT LEFT MILWAUKEE ON ITS FINAL VOYAGE SEPTEMBER 14, 1873.

MARITIME DISASTERS- IRONSIDES• THE SHIP WAS LOADED DOWN

WITH UNUSUALLY HEAVY FREIGHT, INCLUDING 13,000 BUSHELS OF WHEAT, 500 BARRELS OF FLOUR, 125 BARRELS OF PORK, AND OTHER ASSORTED MERCHANDISE.

• IN ADDITION TO THE MERCHANDISE THERE WERE 19 PASSENGERS AND 30 CREWMEN, ALL UNDER THE ORDERS AND PROTECTION OF CAPTAIN HARRY SWEETMAN.


• THOUGH THE SHIP HAD LEFT MILWAUKEE WITH MODERATE WIND, BY THE TIME SHE ARRIVED IN GRAND HAVEN AT 7 AM, THE WINDS WERE GALE-FORCE.

• CAPTAIN SWEETMAN ATTEMPTED TO STEER THE IRONSIDES IN BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH PIER AND INTO THE SAFETY OF THE CHANNEL, BUT INTENSE WAVES CONTINUALLY KNOCKED THE SHIP OFF COURSE.

MARITIME DISASTERS- IRONSIDES• MANY TOWNSPEOPLE CAME DOWN TO THE

PIERS, SHOCKED AND HOPING TO HELP. THEY SHOUTED FOR SWEETMAN TO “BEACH” THE VESSEL, SACRIFICING THE SHIP FOR THE SAFETY OF THOSE ON BOARD.

• SWEETMAN SHOUTED BACK THAT HE WOULD GET THE IRONSIDES BETWEEN THE PIERS…OR ELSE.

• AT RIGHT- THE BEACHING OF THE SENSIBAR IN 1939. SHOWN TO GIVE EXAMPLE OF “BEACHING” A CRAFT.


• AFTER THREE ATTEMPTS TO GET BETWEEN THE PIERS, THE CREW RAN THE FLAG OF THE IRONSIDES UP THE POLE UPSIDE DOWN- A DISTRESS SIGNAL. LIFEBOATS WERE BEING BOARDED, AND IN RAPID FASHION.

• THE IRONSIDES HAD STRUCK THE BULKHEAD OF THE SOUTH PIER, SPLINTERING HER WOODEN PLANK SIDES, ALLOWING WATER TO STREAM INTO THE SHIP FASTER THAN THE PUMPS COULD REMOVE IT.

• THE WATER OVERWHELMED THE COAL BOILER’S FIRES WHICH POWERED THE SHIP, LEAVING THE IRONSIDES AND THE SOULS ON BOARD AT THE MERCY OF THE TERRIBLE WAVES.


• THE LIFEBOATS WERE BOARDED, THOUGH POSSIBLY INCOMPLETELY. SADLY, A COMPLETE MANIFEST OF LIVES ON BOARD WENT DOWN WITH THE SHIP, WE KNOW AT LEAST 23 PEOPLE PERISHED. IT IS UNCLEAR IF THEY PERISHED ON THE SINKING SHIP, OR DURING RESCUE EFFORTS.

• AS THE LIFEBOATS CAST OFF THE SINKING VESSEL, THE SHIP ROLLED IN THE WAVES AND SUNK STERN FIRST- FAR TOO QUICKLY FOR THOSE WHO MAY HAVE BEEN LEFT BEHIND.


• NOW THE FOCUS WAS ENTIRELY ON THOSE IN THE 5 LIFEBOATS. IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE WAVES WERE TOO MUCH FOR THE SMALL WOODEN CRAFTS- SOME CAPSIZED WITHIN SIGHT OF THE BEACH.

• THE CITIZENS OF GRAND HAVEN WERE NOW ABLE TO REALLY HELP- THEY CREATED A HUMAN CHAIN TO RESCUE THOSE THAT THEY COULD.

• ONE MARGARET YOUNG, A STEWARDESS ON THE IRONSIDES, WAS ABOARD A LIFEBOAT AS IT CAPSIZED. SHE WAS KNOCKED UNCONSCIOUS BY THE EVENT, AND WOULD SURELY HAVE DROWNED, HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR THE SHARP EYE OF A 12-YEAR-OLD FROM THE TOWN. HE SAW THE ROPE THAT SHE WAS TIED UP IN WAS TAUGHT, AND STARTED PULLING. SHE WAS PULLED ONTO THE BEACH, AND RESUSCITATED.

• THE SURVIVORS WERE BROUGHT TO THE LOCAL HOSPITAL FOR IMMEDIATE CARE.


• NOT ALL WERE AS LUCKY AS MARGARET YOUNG. THOSE WHO PERISHED WERE BROUGHT TO THE DETROIT MILWAUKEE FREIGHT HOUSE, NEXT TO THE TRAIN DEPOT.

• BODIES WOULD CONTINUE TO WASH UP ON THE BEACH FOR THE NEXT FEW DAYS.• THE FIRST BODY BURIED, MR. JERRY SMITH, WAS THE FIRST PERSON BURIED IN THE

NEW LAKE FOREST CEMETERY.• NEWLYWEDS HARRY HARBARTH AND HIS WIFE WASHED UP ON THE BEACH STILL

HOLDING ON TO ONE ANOTHER.• THE BODIES OF CAPTAIN SWEETMAN AND HIS WIFE WERE NEVER RECOVERED.

MARITIME DISASTERS- IRONSIDESIN 2008, CRAIG RICH DOVE DOWN WITH A TEAM TO

THE SITE OF THE SUNKEN PASSENGER STEAMER. SHE SITS UPRIGHT, 120 FEET BELOW THE LAKE, 4 MILES

SOUTHWEST OF THE PIER

Photos courtesy of michiganshipwrecks.org

THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN

• THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN WAS INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT TO BUSINESSES, SHIPPING PEOPLE AND GOODS FROM LOCATIONS WITHIN THE U.S. TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.

• GRAND HAVEN WAS THE OBVIOUS PORT FOR ALL PRODUCTS BEING SHIPPED TO AND FROM GRAND RAPIDS, AND A MAJORITY OF PEOPLE AND ITEMS TRAVELLING TO AND FROM DETROIT.

• IT CONNECTED DETROIT AND GRAND RAPIDS TO CHICAGO AND MILWAUKEE: THE MOTOR CITY AND FURNITURE CITY TO BREW CITY AND THE SECOND CITY- ALL UNDER THE WATCHFUL EYE OF THE HARBOR MASTER AND CUSTOMS OFFICER.

THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN• GRAND HAVEN’S CUSTOM OFFICER WAS

RESPONSIBLE FOR COLLECTING ALL DUTIES FOR THE WESTERN HALF OF THE LOWER PENINSULA AND THE SOUTHERN HALF OF THE UPPER PENINSULA.

• IN THE YEAR 1900, GRAND HAVEN WAS THE SECOND BUSIEST PORT ON THE GREAT LAKES- MILWAUKEE WAS #1.

• DURING THAT YEAR 8,931 SHIPS CAME INTO GRAND HAVEN, AND 8,993 WOULD DEPART FROM OUR PORT.


• THE EXTRA BOATS CAME FROM GRAND HAVEN’S MANY SHIP YARDS. BETWEEN 1866 AND 1926 OVER 117 WOODEN CRAFTS AND 53 METAL VESSELS WERE CREATED IN THE TRI-CITIES.

• WEST MICHIGAN LUMBER FROM THE MANY SAW MILLS AND LOGGING CAMPS WAS BEING SHIPPED ALL OVER THE NATION AS PEOPLE SURGED WEST AND VILLAGES BECAME CITIES.


• MAJOR BUSINESS MEN CALLED THE TRI-CITIES HOME FOR ITS BEAUTY, AVAILABLE AND TRUSTWORTHY WORK FORCE, AND ABUNDANT RESOURCES.

• STUDENTS CAME FROM ALL OVER TO LOCAL BOARDING SCHOOLS, LIKE THE MANY SEMINARIES AND THE LOCAL AKELEY INSTITUTE.

THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN• THE FIRST TOURISTS CAME TO GRAND

HAVEN TO EXPERIENCE THE MAGNETIC MINERAL WATER FOUND IN OUR AQUIFERS, WHICH THEY WERE TOLD WOULD CURE THEIR DISEASES. MANY WERE WEALTHIER RESIDENTS OF LARGE CITIES, ARRIVING ON COMFORTABLE STEAM SHIPS.

• WHEN IT FAILED TO CURE THEM, TOURISTS CONTINUED TO COME FOR THE SCENIC BEAUTY AND MANY ACTIVITIES GRAND HAVEN, SPRING LAKE, FERRYSBURG AND THE SURROUNDING AREA OFFERED.

THE PORT OF GRAND HAVEN• MOST OF THE IMMIGRANTS WHO SETTLED

HERE WERE FROM EUROPE- ALMOST ALL ARRIVING BY PASSENGER SHIP AND COMING TO A PLACE WHERE THEY FOUND COMMUNITY AND WERE WELCOMED.

• OUR PORT MADE THE TRI-CITIES THE GREAT PLACE WE SEE TODAY- FILLED WITH GOOD PEOPLE, INDUSTRY, AND A LEGACY OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE.

THE LIGHTHOUSE TODAY• EVEN THOUGH THE DAYS OF

SHIPBUILDING AND STAFFED LIGHTHOUSES ARE OVER, THE LIGHTHOUSE AND PIERS RETAIN THEIR IMPORTANCE. TODAY, THE LIGHTHOUSE IS SO WELL INTEGRATED INTO SOCIETY SOMETIMES WE DON’T REALIZE HOW MANY TIMES WE SEE IT!

• BECAUSE THE LIGHTHOUSE AND PIER ARE SO ICONIC OF THIS AREA, THEY HAVE COME TO SYMBOLIZE “HOME” IN THE TRI-CITIES AREA.

THANK YOU

ON BEHALF OF THE MUSEUM, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK KAREN MCKNIGHT CASEY, BECKY NEWMAN, THE FRIENDS OF THE GRAND HAVEN STATE PARK,

PARK OFFICIALS, CRAIG RICH, COURTNEY VERBERKMOES, KEEGEN GENDRON, WALTER ELLIOT, AND THE MICHIGAN HUMANITIES COUNCIL. THIS

PRESENTATION WAS A WONDERFUL COLLABORATION AND WE ARE VERY GRATEFUL FOR YOUR IDEAS, EXPERIENCE, AND ENCOURAGEMENT.

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