the hub's metropolis
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DESCRIPTION
Building on 200 Years of Metropolitan Boston's Planning and Development Jame's O'ConnellTRANSCRIPT
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Building on 200 Years of Metropolitan
Boston’s Planning & Development Congress for New Urbanism – New England Summit, 2014
James C. O’Connell
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Metropolitan Area Planning Council
(MAPC) – 101 Cities & Towns
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Metropolitan Boston Development Layers
1. Town Centers & Proto-Suburbs (1800-1860)
2. Country Estates (1820-1920)
3. Railroad Suburbs (1840-1920)
4. Streetcar Suburbs (1870-1930)
5. Metropolitan Parkway Suburbs (1895-1945)
6. Suburban Mill Towns (1820-Present)
7. Postwar Automobile Suburbs (1945-1970)
8. Interstates, Exurbs, & Sprawl (1970-Present)
9. Urban Redevelopment (1945-Present)
10. Smart Growth Development (1990-Present)
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Each Era’s Development Patterns
Each suburban era has produced a distinctive land use
development pattern:
Built landscape
Real estate development patterns
Transportation
Housing
Commercial
Open and public space
Two Types of Planning:
Coordinated Infrastructure Planning
Vernacular Development Patterns
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Traditional Town Centers
1800-1860
Lexington Green
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Proto-Suburbs
1800 - 1860
John Warner Barber, Brighton Cattle
Market, 1839
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Country Retreats
1820 - 1920
Gardner House, Green Hill,
Brookline, 1806
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Lyman Estate, Waltham, 1793
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Bellmont, originally in Watertown
Built 1840; “Belmont” established 1859
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Railroad Suburbs
1840 - 1920
Early Boston & Worcester Railroad
Seth Davis’s Hotel, West Newton –
First Suburban Railroad Station
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Brigg’s Place/Walnut Park, Newton Corner
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Newton, as a Railroad Suburb
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Frederick Law Olmsted, Fisher Hill
Subdivision, Brookline,1884
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Wollaston Park, Quincy, 1890
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Brookline Annexation Veto, 1874-1880
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Streetcar Suburbs
Horsecar Electric
1856 – 1889 1889-1930
Beacon Street, Brookline, 1915
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Boston’s Commuting Radius
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Horsecars, 1856
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Frederick Law Olmsted, Beacon Street Design,
Brookline, 1886
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Streetcar Suburb Development
Three-Deckers, Dorchester
Photo: Alex MacLean
Apartments, Beacon Street, Brookline
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Mill Towns
1820 - Present
Boarding House, Lowell, ca. 1870
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Planned Industrial Community - Lowell,
1876
Boarding House, Lowell, ca. 1870
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Unplanned Industrial Community -
Cambridge
Ford Model T Plant New England Candy Co.
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East Cambridge Housing
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Parkway Suburbs
1893 - 1945
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, ca. 1930
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Two Influential Planners
Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-
1903)
Charles Eliot (1859-1897)
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Emerald Necklace Parks, 1875
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Metropolitan Park System
In 7 years (1893-1900), Metropolitan Park System conserved 91,000
acres of open space, 13 miles of oceanfront, 56 miles of riverbank and
built 7 parkways.
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MDC Parkways
Mystic River Parkway, 1897
Fellsway, ca. 1955
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Typical Dutch Colonial House
Arlington, 1920s
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Zoning
Zoning introduced 28 metropolitan Boston communities
have zoning 1928
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Postwar Automobile Suburbs
1945 - 1970
Route 128, New England Industrial Park, Needham,
1952; photo 1959
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Route 128, “America’s Technology Highway”
Hobbs Brook Office Park,
Waltham, 1955 Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, 1951
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Shoppers’ World, 1951
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Route 1 Highway Strip, Saugus
Hilltop Steak House
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Suburban-Style Houses
VFW Parkway, 1951-1953
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Interstates, Exurbs, & Sprawl
1970 - Present
I-495 and Interstate Highway System Development, Westborough,
Intersection of I-495 & Mass. Pike
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I-495 Development
Walmart, Central Mass. Housing Subdivision, I-495, 2000s
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Big Box Stores
IKEA, Avon
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McMansions
Walpole, 2000s
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Boston Redefines the Center City/Invents the
Post-Modern City, 1945 - Present
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Mayor Kevin White & Quincy Market, 1976
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Seaport/Innovation District
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Smart Growth/New Urbanism/Transit-
Oriented Development
1990 - Present
Cronin’s Landing, Moody Street, Waltham
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Issues of New Urbanism Era
Respond to:
• Low-Density Sprawl
• Need for Suburban
Town Center
Revitalization
• Need for Growth
Opportunities in
Buildout Communities
Infill, Amesbury, MA, ca. 2000
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Canton – Zoning Reform, 2000
Canton allows residential above retail - mixed-use zoning
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Station Landing, Medford, 2006
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MBTA Commuter Railroad System
TOD Opportunities
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Woodland Station, Newton
Arborpoint Apartments
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Lifestyle Center
“The Street,” Chestnut Hill
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Wayland Town Center, 2013
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Northpoint, Cambridge
Started 10 years ago and will take another 10 years; 2,900 units; 200,000 sf
retail; 2 million sf lab & office; $2 b.; remake Lechmere Station by 2017
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Assembly Square, Somerville
$1.3 billion; 2,100 units (450 units 2014), 500,000 sf retail (330,000 sf 2014); hotel;
cinema; 1.75 million sf office & retail; Cavalia under tall tent; Legoland
Discovery Center; Orange Line Station 2014; 6-acre park on Mystic River &
bike paths
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Key Questions for Future Regional
Development
• MAPC projects
Greater Boston needs
305,00 new housing
units by 2040 to serve
6% pop. growth &
435,000 units for 13%
growth - where will
they be located?
• Will incrementalism &
NIMBYism be
obstacles?
Metropolitan Area Planning Council,
MetroFuture Regional Plan (2008)
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Austin Street Parking Lot, Newtonville
Newtonville Square Development
Partners
74,000 sf; RFP for housing (25% affordable), retail, 5 % open space, &
replacement & resident parking
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Austin Street, Newtonville
Austin Street Partners New Atlantic Development
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Newton Tab Cartoon, February 3, 2014
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Creating 21st-Century Communities & Regions
Jim O’Connell’s Website
www.thehubsmetropolis.com
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Olympics as Urban Regeneration
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International Building Exhibition (IBA)
Repurposing the Industrial Ruhr, 1999
Emscher Park, Ruhr The Ruhr
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International Building Exhibition (IBA)
Coping with Climate Change in Hamburg,
2013
Goal to create car-free city in 15-20 years & cope with rising sea & river levels.
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How to Promote New Urbanism
• Virtual IBA - Highlight
existing model
projects
• Campaign to
reconceptualize
suburban town
centers
• Redevelop highway
strips
TOD, Abington