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The Human Body:An Orientation
Chapter 1
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ObjectiveDefine anatomy and physiology, and
describe various specialties of each discipline.
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An Introduction to Studying the Human Body
ANATOMY
Describes the structures of the body:
What they are made of
Where they are located
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An Introduction to Studying the Human Body
PHYSIOLOGY
Is the study of:
Functions of anatomical structures
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Specialties of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy (large anatomy)
Examines large, physical structures
Surface anatomy (exterior features)
Regional anatomy (body areas)
Systemic anatomy (groups of organs working together)
Developmental anatomy (from egg to maturity)
Embryology (before birth)
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Specialties of AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy
Examines cells and molecules
Cytology (cells and their structures)
Histology (tissues and their structures)
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SpecialtiesPathological anatomy
diseases
Radiographic anatomy
internal structures using special visualization techniques
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Key Concept
Function is dependent on structure
Structure is dependent on function
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Levels of OrganizationWhat is the simplest level?
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Levels of Organization From simple to complex:
Atoms – the smallest chemical units
Molecules – a group of atoms working together
Organelles – a group of molecules working together
Cells – a group of organelles working together
Tissues – a group of similar cells working together
Organs – a group of different tissues working together
Organ systems – a group of organs working together
Organism – an individual
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Self Quiz!!1. The study of the structure of tissue is
called _____.
a) Gross anatomy
b) Cytology
c) Histology
d) Organology
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2. Arrange the following list of levels of organization from the smallest level to the largest.
1. Tissue
2. Cell
3. Organ
4. Organelle
5. Organism
6. Organ system
A. 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5
B. 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5
C. 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5
D. 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5
E. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6
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3. The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ____ anatomy.
a. Gross
b. Surface
c. Systemic
d. Regional
e. Surgical
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ObjectivesExplain the concept of homeostasis and its
significance for organisms.
Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation.
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HomeostasisPhysiological systems are constantly
adjusting to maintain a stable environment.
regardless of environmental change
Ex.: You exercise. Your oxygen levels decrease. In response, chemicals are released. The chemical dilates blood vessels. Dilation increases blood flow. Blood flow provides more oxygen.
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Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism
Purpose: keeps system in check
3 parts:
Receptor
Receives a stimulus
Control Center
Processes info, sends out commands
Effector
A cell or organ that responds to the stimulus
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Partner ShareUse the example of a thermostat
What is the receptor?
What is the control center?
What is the effector?
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Partner ShareUse the example of a thermostat
What is the receptor?
Thermometer (internal or external)
What is the control center?
The thermostat
What is the effector?
The air conditioner which turns on and off to maintain the desired temperature.
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Negative FeedbackPrimary mechanism of homeostatic
regulation
The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Ex.: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
nervous & endocrine systems
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Excess D
blocks a
step
(a) Negative feedback
Negative
feedback
D
D D
D
C
B
A
Enzyme
1
Enzyme
2
Enzyme
3
–
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Positive FeedbackThe response of the effector reinforces
the stimulus
Ex.: blood clotting, childbirth
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Excess Z
stimulates a
step
(b) Positive feedback
Z
Positive
feedback
Enzyme
4
Enzyme
5
Enzyme
6
Z
Z
Z
Y
X
W
+
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What if it fails?No homeostasis = disease or death
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Review!!1. The increasingly forceful labor
contractions during childbirth are an example of _____.
a) Receptor activation
b) Effector shutdown
c) Negative feedback
d) Positive feedback
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2. Failure of homeostatic regulation in the body results in _____.
a) Autoregulation
b) Extrinsic regulation
c) Disease
d) Positive feedback
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What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions,
and relative positions?
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Anatomical PositionBody erect
Palms forward
Thumbs point away
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Directional TermsUsed to explain exactly where one body
part is in relation to another
Dorsal vs. ventral
Distal vs. proximal
Medial vs. lateral
Superior vs. inferior
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Regional TermsAxial region:
head, neck, trunk
Appendicular region:
upper & lower limbs
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Body PlanesFlat surfaces that lie at right angles to
each other
sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane
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Sagittal PlaneSeparates body into left and
right halves
midsagittal – in the middle
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Frontal PlaneVertical plane
Separates the body into anterior & posterior parts
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Transverse PlaneHorizontal
Divides body into superior & inferior parts
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Body Cavities & MembranesSpaces that close
to the outside and contain the internal organs
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Dorsal Body CavityCNS, 2 subdivisions:
Cranial cavity
within the skull
houses the brain
Spinal cavity
within the vertebral column
houses the spinal cord
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Ventral Body CavityAnterior, larger, houses the organs
Thoracic cavity
surrounds the lungs (pleural cavity)
heart (pericardial cavity)
Abdominopelvic cavity
9 regions
4 quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Internal Organs