the human body chapter 1. human anatomy and physiology anatomy: the study of body structures and...
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of body structures and their relationshipsStatic within a species
Physiology: The study of the functions of body structuresDynamic within a species
Subdivision Examples
Anatomy• Gross anatomy
– Regional– Systemic– Surface
• Microscopic anatomy– Cytology– Histology
• Embryology• Developmental anatomy• Others
Physiology• Neurophysiology• Pathophysiology• Cardiovascular physiology• Renal Physiology• Others
Life is an Emergent Property
• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ systems
– Listed in fig 1.3• Organismal level
Organ SystemsORGAN SYSTEM COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS
Integumentary Skin, hair, nails Protection
Skeletal Bones Support/movement
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Control and communication
Muscular Muscles Movement
Endocrine Hormones and associated glands Homeostasis
Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport of substances
Lymphatic Lymph vessels and lymph nodes Transport, immunity
Respiratory Nose, trachea, lungs Transport of gases
Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Energy acquisition and food processing
Urinary Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Water balance
Reproduction Gonads Propagation
Life’s Essentials
• Maintain boundaries• Move • Respond to
environment• Digestion• Excretion• Metabolism• Reproduce• Grow
Survival Essentials• Nutrients
– Fuel for the cells– Building materials
• Oxygen– Release energy from nutrients
• Water– Facilitates reactions and excretions/secretions
• Normal body temperature– Regulate metabolic reactions
• Atmospheric pressure– Corresponds with gas exchange w/i cells
• Adequate amounts, not just presence maintains a healthy state
Homeostasis
• Dynamic state of equilibrium• 3 components
– Receptor (afferent)– Control center (set point)– Effector (efferent)
• Imbalance causes illness & disease – Increase with age– Disruptions in feedback
Feedback
• Negative– Most homeostatic mechanisms
• Turn off or slow original stimuli• Stabilizes
– Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, & blood glucose
• Positive– Increases the original stimuli– Oxytocin (labor) and blood clotting
Anatomical Position
• Standing tall with upper limbs at sides and face, palms and toes forward
• Reference position when describing body part locations– Left and right is specimen’s– Variations for bipeds and quadrupeds
Anatomical Directions to Know Superior/ inferior
Cranial/caudalVentral/ dorsal
Anterior/ posteriorMedial/ lateralIntermediate/ proximal/
distalSuperficial/ deep
External/ internalSupine/ proneIpsilateral/ contralateral
Study tip: pick two structures on self and describe as many ways as possible
Body Planes are Like Breads
• Sagittal section: divides the body longitudinally into left and right– Midsagittal: equal
parts – Parasagittal: off
midline– e.g.: hotdog bun
• Frontal (coronal) section: divides anterior and posterior– e.g.: loaf of bread
• Transverse (cross) section: divides superior and inferior– e.g.: hamburger bun or bagel
– Oblique section: diagonal cuts
Body Cavities
• Dorsal– Cranial: brain– Vertebral: spinal cord
• Ventral– Thoracic
• Left & right pleura• Mediastinum (pericardial)
– Abdominopelvic• No real separation• Protection differences• Diaphragm divides
Serous Membranes
• Double-layer membrane separated by serous fluid– Reduces friction; lubricates
• Line walls and organs of ventral body cavities– Parietal serosa lines walls– Visceral serosa lines organs
(viscera)– Named for associated organs
• Never exposed to external environment