the hysterical self: psychology in the clinic. jean-martin charcot (1825-1893) inscribed to freud,...
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The Hysterical Self: Psychology in the Clinic
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)
Inscribed to Freud, on the day Freud left the Salpêtrière
Clinico-Anatomic Method
Charcot (profile, far left) at theatrical reading,
with writers Emile Zola and Edmond de Goncourt
Photographic Iconography of theSalpêtrière (1876-77)
Charcot’s Four Stages of Grand Hysteria
1. Tonic rigidity: limb contractures that mimicked a typical epileptic fit.
2. Dramatic body movements: contortions, illogical movements; clownism.
3. Passionate Attitudes: expressions of vivid emotional states.
4. State of delirium
Stages of the Hysterical Attack
“AUGUSTINE”
Beginning of the Attack
Tonic Rigidity—Stage 1
Contracture of the FaceStage 1
Stage 2—Clownisms, Illogical Movements “Circular Arch”
Passionate AttitudesStage 3
“Menace”
Passionate AttitudesStage 3
“Menace”
Passionate AttitudesStage 3
“Aural Hallucinations”
Passionate Attitudes: “Loving Supplication”
Passionate Attitudes“Ecstasy”
Passionate Attitudes:Crucifixion
Zones of Hysterical Anesthesia
Metalloscopy:Use of Magnets to
shift areas of anaesthesia
Artificial Contracture
Catalepsy produced by sound
Charcot and Blanche Wittman
A Case of Traumatic Male Hysteria
Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919)
SuggestiveTherapeutics (1886)
head of the Nancy School
Pierre Janet (1859-1947)
Dissociation—Traumatic event and
accompanying memories split off from consciousness
Imperative Suggestion—suggestion that thesememories didn’t exist
Janet’s Somnabulisms• Monoideic—dominated by one idea,
usually a transient episode.
• Polyideic--complex states or ideas; called fugue states, could involve a loss of identity for extended period.
• Recriprocal or Dominating Somnabulism (double personalities)—relatively permanent transition into another state;
memory impaired across these states
Reciprocal SomnambulismLady MacNish/Mary Reynolds
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
On Double Consciousness (1890)
Alterations of the Personality (1896)
Examples of Automatic Writing with an anesthetic hand
Binet (1890 and 1896)
Insensible Arm—hearing aMetronome
Sensible arm
Insensible arm while subjectcounted to five
Sensible Arm
Subject held dynamometer,connected to a
recording cylinder.Binet (1896, p. 201)
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Freud’s Neuropathological Training
• At the Institute of physiology in Vienna, headed by Ernst Brücke (1876)
• In the neuro-anatomical laboratory of Theodor Meynert (1883-1886)
Freud’s 1877 publication on the function of the large Reissner cells in the spinal cord of primitive fish Petromyzon, assigned
to him by Professor Ernst Brücke.
Freud’s unpublished manuscript
for a scientific psychologyof 1895
Berggasse 19, Vienna (May 1938)
Joseph Breuer (1842-1925)
STUDIES ON HYSTERIA1895
Breuer and Freud
Anna O./ Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936)
“TALKING CURE” or
“CHIMNEY SWEEPING”
Cathartic Method or Abreaction
• An original response to a traumatic event is suppressed, and the affect or emotion is not expressed
• The original affect then expresses itself in bodily symptoms, a process called hysterical conversion
• Cure consists of verbally reviewing the event, and releasing the original affect.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
“Psychological Complex”
Uncovered with the use of association tests
with patients
Collaborated with Freud 1906-1912
Freud’s couch – for use of“free association” technique
Freud and his Couch
Active Repression: patient was motivated to actively repress traumatic information from consciousness.
Content of repressed material was often sexual.
Freud’s formulated the Seduction Theory in 1890s and rejected it in 1897.
Controversial 1980’s Historiography on Freud
Freud’s Structural Model of the Mind, 1923
• ID: locus of fantasies, desire, unconscious
• EGO: emerged from Id, but had adapted to society
• EGO-IDEAL (Super-ego): source of repression, moral conscience
Manifest Content of Dream—its story-line, a conscious process
DREAM CENSOR—lets some information out, represses, disguises other information
Latent Content of Dream—dream thoughts, unconscious, often unacceptable wishes
Traumdeutung, Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
• Condensation: dream concentrates or compresses a number of different ideas into one; a composite picture.
• Displacement: transformation of dream thoughts into more acceptable thoughts in order to conceal unconscious meaning.
• Representation: all material gathered into a single situation in the dream.
• Symbolization: a certain set of symbols exist in unconscious, and become part of the dream.
International Psychoanalytic Congress, Weimar 1911
Freud’s Inner Circle (1922)
“Hotel Log Hints at Illicit Desire That Dr. Freud Didn’t Repress”
Sigmund Freud with his wife, Martha Bernays Freud, center, and her sister, Minna Bernays, left, in 1929.
from New York Times December 24, 2006