THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY

GENE PESTI1 & JOHN DRIVER2

1UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA2JACKSON LABORATORY

USA

THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY

• PROTEIN & ENERGY ON CARCASS LEAN & FAT– INEXPENSIVE DIETS -> FAT CARCASSES

• DIETARY CU LEVELS– CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MEAT

• CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS– MARGINAL LEVELS -> BROKEN BONES & BRUISES

GMP - UGA 3

From Donaldson et al., 1956

GMP - UGA 4

From Donaldson et al., 1956

GMP - UGA 5

From Donaldson et al., 1956

• Growth Not Related to C/P Ratio

• No “Optimums” Evident

GMP - UGA 6

From Donaldson et al., 1956

• Carcass Composition fits C/P Ratio Well

• No “Optimums” Evident

GMP - UGA 7

From Donaldson et al., 1956• Carcass

Composition Related to C/P Ratio

• Carcass Composition Related to C & P Levels

GMP - UGA 8

Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting & L.S. Jensen, Poultry Science 62:490 (1983)

• Altering the form of the diet alters the carcass composition response to dietary energy

GMP - UGA 9

Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

1,500

1,550

1,600

1,650

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

4.2

Dietary Lysine (%)

Body Weight Gain (g) Abdominal Fat (%)

Gain

Fat

GMP - UGA 10

Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.11,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

Dietary Methionine & Cystine (%)

Body Weight Gain (g) Abdominal Fat (%)

Gain

FAT

GMP - UGA 11

Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

20 25 30 35 40 45 501,200

1,250

1,300

1,350

1,400

1,450

2.2

2.22

2.24

2.26

2.28

2.3

2.32

2.34

2.36

2.38

2.4

Percent Protein

Live Body Weight (g) Feed Conversion Ratio

Gain

FCR

GMP - UGA 12

Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

20 25 30 35 40 45 501,200

1,250

1,300

1,350

1,400

1,450

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Percent Protein

Live Body Weight (g) Abdominal Fat Pad (g)

Gain

Fat Pad

24% Protein 16% Protein

24% Protein 16% Protein

HMG-CoA reductase•REGULATES CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS•REGULATES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS•IS COPPER SENSITIVE

COPPER STATUS

CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

COPPER STATUS

CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

?

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER GROWTH (from Bakalli et al., 1995).

Weight Gain (kg) Age (days)

Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)

0 250 PSE*

Experiment 1 42 1.846b 1.963a 0.019

Experiment 2 21 0.647 0.642 0.010

Experiment 3 21 0.663 0.666 0.012*PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).

Plasma total cholesterol

(mg/100 mL)

Age (days)

Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)

0 250 PSE*

Experiment 1 42 149a 129b 4

Experiment 2 21 132a 113b 4

Experiment 3 21 154a 106b 5*PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).

Breast muscle cholesterol(mg/100g)

Age (days)

Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)

0 250 PSE*

Experiment 1 42 57a 43b 1

Experiment 2 21 50a 37b 3

Experiment 3 21 48a 33b 2*PSE = Pooled Standard Error

Johnson, M.A., 1986. J. Nutrition 116:802

OTHER KNOWN EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER

• COPPER ACCUMULATES IN BONES• SOFT PORK IN SWINE

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).

Fatty Acid Compositon

Age (days)

Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)

0 250 PSE*

Experiment 1 42 ? ? ?

Experiment 2 21 ? ? ?

Experiment 3 21 ? ? ?*PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS AND CARCASS QUALITY

•P IS EXPENSIVE •POTENTIAL POLLUTANT•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE

•Ca IS INEXPENSIVE•DECREASES FAT ABSORPTION•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OP

P

P

P

P

P

OOOH

O

OO

O

O

O

OOOH

O

OHO

O

OHO

INOSITOL PHYTATE (HEXAPHOSPHOINOSITOL)

Mn +2

Ca +2

Fe +2

Na +

K+

Introduction• A suitable combination of 1αOH-D3 (1A) and

phytase in the diet could reduce requirements for both inorganic Ca and P sources

• Implications:– Reduced P in excreta– Improved feed efficiency– Lower requirements of nutrients which

interact with Ca and P

ObjectivesTo determine:

1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions

2. Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)

ObjectivesTo determine:

1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions

2. Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)

3. The implications of Ca and P replacement in terms of carcass processing

Materials and Methods• Ca & P deficient (mash) diets were mixed:

1. Starter phase2. Grower/Finisher phase

• Diets were mixed with and without:– 1000 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase (P)– 5g/kg 1-OH-cholecalciferol (1A)

P + 1A• 5 Feeding Regimens were used

Feeding Regimens

Starter (0 – 18 d) Grower (19 – 35 d)

10.60% Ca 0.24%nPP -

0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP -

20.60% Ca 0.24%nPP -

0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A

30.60% Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A

0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP -

40.60% Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A

0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A

50.90% Ca 0.45%nPP -

0.80% Ca 0.45%nPP -

Feeding Regimens

Starter (0 – 18 d) Grower (19 – 35 d)

1

2

3

4

5

PENS = 4

PENS = 4

PENS = 4

PENS = 4

PENS = 8

Parameters Measured• BWG, FI & FCR from 0 to 18 and 19 to 35 days• 10 birds were selected on days 18 and 35 and:• Left tibias were collected for % Tibia Ash determination • Right tibias were sliced and scored for incidence and

severity of P & Ca rickets & TD

Parameters Measured• Tibias snapped during

evisceration

• Broken clavicles

• Bloody breast muscles

• Broken femurs

ResultsBody Weight Gain (0 to 35 d)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Bod

y W

eigh

t G

ain

(g)

19 to 35d

0 to 18d

b ba a a

c bcb a a

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

B BA A A

ResultsFCR (feed to gain ratio)

b b

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

1.75

1.85

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Feed

Con

vers

ion

(g fe

ed/g

gai

n)

0 to 18d

19 to 35d

0 to 35d

a ab b b

bc

ab b

ABABABB

A

Results% Tibia Ash at 18 & 35 d

b ba a a

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Tibi

a A

sh (%

) .

18d

35d

d

bb

c

a

cd

a

b

a a

Results% Phosphorus Rickets at 18 & 35 d

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

P R

icke

ts In

cide

nce

(%)

18d

35d

a

b

c c c

Results% Broken Tibias After Evisceration

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

a

ab

ab

b b0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Bro

ken

Tibi

as (%

)

Results% Broken Clavicles After De-boning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Bro

ken

Cla

vicl

es (%

) .

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

ab

a

a a

b

Results% Bloody Pectoralis Minor After De-boning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Blo

ody

Pect

oral

is M

inor

(%)

.

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

a

ab

a

ab

b

Results% Broken Femurs After De-boning

0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 0

0 P+1A

P+1A 0

P+1A P+1A

Control Control

Bro

ken

Fem

urs

(%)

.

Conclusion

• The P+1A combination was required only during the Starter Phase to optimize BWG and FCR and eliminate bone disease

• Feeding P+1A at the very low levels of dietary Ca and P used was not sufficient to obtain maximum bone ash or prevent all bones from breaking during processing

Implications• The combination of 1A and Phytase is a very

promising alternative to inorganic Ca and P sources.

• The value of both supplements depends upon their price and availability as well as dietary levels of Ca and P and Phytin P

• Future testing should be conducted to determine how much dietary Ca and P can be replaced by the combination of these two supplements

SUMMARY

• CARCASS LEAN MEAT YIELD IS RELATD TO – CARCASS LIPID LEVELS– PROTEIN LEVEL– ENERGY LEVEL– FEED FORM

• IF ENERGY BECOMES SCARCE & PROTEIN ABUNDANT, THE PROBLEM OF FAT CARCASSES MAY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF

SUMMARY

• CARCASS LIPID PROFILES CAN BE EASILY INFLUENCED:– DIETARY FATTY ACIDS– FEEDING PHARMACOLOGICAL LEVELS OF CU

• DIETARY MINERALS ARE BECOMING VERY EXPENSIVE– REMEMBER TO EVALUATE CARCASSES WHENEVER

EVALUATING MINERAL LEVELS