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The Imperative for a New Urban
Water and Resource Management
Paradigm Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE
President, IWA
Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer,
CH2M HILL
Turkish Cities of the Future Program Special Workshop No. 2:
Emerging Issues in Wastewater Treatment
8 February, 2011, Istanbul
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Let’s Define the Problem(s) We are
Trying to Solve
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Lack of Support for
Urban Water Management Utilities
Population
Growth + Consumption + Urbanization + “Linear
System”
Nutrient
Dispersal
= Water
Stress
Resource
Consumption + + Integrated Water and
Resource Management
Population Growth in the 20th Century
Has Been Astounding!
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
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0 500 1000 1500 2000
Year (AD)
Po
pu
lati
on
(B
illi
on
s)
Population Growth is an Important But
Not the Sole Driver
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
0
2
4
6
8
10
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year (AD)
Po
pu
lati
on
(B
illi
on
s)
<
Water
Treatment
Plant
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
Water
Treatment
Plant
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
Scientists* Estimate That We Are Crossing
Planetary Boundaries; New Technologies and
Approaches Require to Return to Sustainabiltiy
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association 5
• Biodiversity Loss
• Nutrients
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Climate Change
• Chemical Pollution
(Not Yet Quantified)
* Rockström, et al., Nature, 461|24, September, 2009, 472-475.
Coastal Hypoxic Zone “Hot Spots”
Correlate with Human Population
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Diaz, R. J., et al., “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,”
Science, 321, 926-929, 2008.
Dramatic Urbanization is Occurring
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association Daigger, Integrated Water and Resource Management
for Improved Sustainability
1950
Data source:
U.N. Population Division
World Cities exceeding
5 million residents
Dramatic Urbanization is Occurring
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association Daigger, Integrated Water and Resource Management
for Improved Sustainability
2000
Data source:
U.N. Population Division
World Cities exceeding
5 million residents
Dramatic Urbanization is Occurring
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association Daigger, Integrated Water and Resource Management
for Improved Sustainability
2015 World Cities exceeding
5 million residents
Data source:
U.N. Population Division
Global Water Crisis Caused by:
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
• Population Growth
• Increased Living
Standard
• Climate Change
• Urbanization
Nearly Half of Human
Population Will
Experience Water
Stress by 2025
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Can a System That Evolved:
Be the Solution When:
For Global Population < 2 Billion Mostly Rural Lacking Modern Technology
Global Population ~ 10 Billion Mostly Urban Experiencing Greater Resource
Constraints?
Strategies and Practices Evolve,
Not Principles
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Principles • Science Based • Protect Public Health • Protect and Restore the Environment • Innovation
Strategies Historical Evolving Water Supply Remote Local
Optimizes Infrastructure Water use, energy consumption
Functions Single purpose Multiple purposes Configuration Centralized Hybrid (centralized
and decentralized components)
Practices Current Design Manuals
Water Sensitive Urban Design, SUDS
Components of Integrated Urban Water and
Resource Management System Include:
• Water Conservation
• Distributed Stormwater Management
– Low Impact Development
– Rainwater Harvesting
• Distributed Water Treatment
• Water Reclamation and Recycling
• Heat Recovery
• Organic Management for Energy Production
• Nutrient Recovery
• Source Separation
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
About Half of Water/Wastewater
Energy Used for Water Distribution
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water
Treatment
Water
Distribution
Wastewater
Watts/Person
Wastewater Separation Creates
Energy and Nutrient Recovery Options
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
BOD5 Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Pe
rc
en
t
Laundry/Bath
Kitchen
Feces
Urine
Uncontaminated
Organic
Matter Nutrients
Toolkit Components Apply to Centralized
and Decentralized (Hybrid) Systems
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Component Centralized Decentralized/Hybrid
Stormwater Permeable Pavements, Green Roofs,
Rain Gardens, etc.
Water
Conservation
Wide Variety of Technologies, Along with Behavior Changes
Treatment Treatment for Potable Use and
Reuse (Direct and In-Direct)
Treatment for Potable Use and Non-
Potable Reuse
Energy
Management
Anaerobic Digestion, Thermal,
Microbial Fuel Cells
Capture Heat Energy, Microbial Fuel
Cells
Nutrient
Recovery
Land Application of Biosolids,
Struvite Precipitation
Source Separation Treatment of Kitchen, Black
and Yellow Water
Supply Potable and Non-Potable;
Treatment of Kitchen, Black, and Yellow
Water
Let’s Look at an Example That Uses
Only Local Water Resources
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Potable Water
Supply (TYP)
Potable Water Aquifer
Non-Potable
Supply
Shallow Non-Potable Aquifer
Industrial
Water Supply
Potable Water
Supply
Stormwater
Infiltration
Rainwater Harvesting
Saline Water Aquifer
Saline Water Export
In-Building Recycling
Wastewater
Reclamation
and Recharge
Let’s Look at an Example That Maximizes
Nutrient and Energy Recovery
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Non-Potable
Supply
Shallow Non-Potable Aquifer
Industrial
Water Supply Stormwater
Infiltration
Rainwater Harvesting
In-Building Recycling
Wastewater
Reclamation
and Recharge
Heat
Heat
Potable Water
Blackwater/Yellow Water
Technology “Learning Curves” Drive
Cost/Performance: Gas Turbines*
*From Grübler, et al.
Technologies Compete While
They Evolve in the Marketplace*
*From Grübler, et al.
Changes are Necessary to Fully Implement
Integrated Urban Water and Resource Management
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Item Approach Historical Evolving
Institutions Single purpose Integrated Management
Conveyance Distributed Distributed Treatment Centralized Distributed
Financing Volume-based Service-based Planning Independent,
followed city planning
Integrated with city planning
Transition to Sustainable Integrated Water
and Resource Management Accelerated by:
• Communicating Water Benefits to Community Served
• Institutional Structures That Plan, Implement, and Manage Centralized and Decentralized Infrastructure
• Performance-Based Regulatory Structures, Compared to Traditional Practice-Based Regulatory Structures
• Revised Quality Standards: – “Fit-for-Purpose” Water Quality Standards for Each Use
– Eliminate Water Source Considerations
• Global and Local “Forcing Functions”: – Decreased Water Supply
– Increased Energy Prices
– “Carbon Tax”
– Resource Constraints (i.e. Phosphorus)
– Environmental Damage (i.e. Eutrophication)
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
“Legacy Systems” Must be Dealt With
In Existing Urban Areas
• Centralized Systems Serve Existing Development
• Distributed Elements Aggressively Incorporated Into
New Developments and Redevelopment
– Allows System to be Converted Over Time
• Existing Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection System Provides Necessary Capacity as Urban Density
Increases
– Avoids Need for System Expansion
– May be “Downsized” Over Time and “Re-Purposed”
• Centralized Plant Transitions From “Wastewater” to
“Organic Matter” Processing Facility
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
What Will These Systems Achieve
(Why Would We Do This)?
• Improved Public Health Protection
– Greater Isolation and Potential for Treatment of Potable
Water
• Less Net Water Abstraction From Environment
• Significantly Reduced Environmental Discharges
– Volume (Stormwater, Wastewater)
– Constituents (Organics, Nutrients, Compounds of Concern)
• Reduced Resource Consumption (Energy,
Chemicals)
• Easier System Upgrade and Expansion
• Increased System Resiliency
• Enhanced Urban Environment
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
What Actions Can We Take to Accelerate Transition
to the Cities & Villages of the Future?
• Recognize That We are Dealing with Complex Systems
– Counter-Intuitive Behavior
– Results Driven by Few Key Factors
• Focus on Results Rather Than Specific Practices
• Recognize the Need for Learning:
– Fashion a “Learning by Doing” Process
– Adapt Learning Into Practice
• Remember That Systematic Results Occur Because of
the System
– Not Because of Bad People
• Drive Forward with “Patient Impatience”
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
Leadership is a Learned Skill* • Model the Way
– Clarify Values • Find Your Voice
• Affirm Shared Values
– Set the Example • Personify the Shared Values
• Teach Others to Model the Values
• Inspire a Shared Vision
– Envision the Future • Imagine the Possibilities
• Find a Common Purpose
– Enlist Others • Appeal to Common Ideals
• Animate the Vision
• Challenge the Process
– Search for Opportunities • Seize the initiative
• Exercise Outsight
– Experiment and Take Risks • Generate Small Wins
• Learn from Experience
• Enable Others to Act
– Foster Collaboration • Create a Climate of Trust
• Facilitate Relationships
– Strengthen Others • Enhance Self-Determination
• Develop Competence and Confidence
• Encourage the Heart
– Recognize Contributions • Expect the Best
• Personalize Recognition
– Celebrate the Values and
Victories • Create a Spirit of Community
• Be Personally Involved
• Be Credible
– Honest
– Forward-Looking
– Inspiring
– Competent Copyright © 2009 International Water Association
* Kouzes & Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 4th Edition, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
The Imperative for a New Urban
Water and Resource Management
Paradigm Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE
President, IWA
Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer,
CH2M HILL
Turkish Cities of the Future Program Special Workshop No. 2:
Emerging Issues in Wastewater Treatment
8 February, 2011, Istanbul
Copyright © 2009 International Water Association