the importance of the fourth industrial revolution in ...the presidential fourth industrial...

The Importance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Global Value ChainsMARCELLE TORRES ALVES OKUNO

KOREAFOUNDATION

FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGASINTERNATIONAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT

ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN INSERTION:

A VIEW FROMBRAZILIAN AND SOUTH KOREAN LENSES

POLICY PAPER 3/5

AUTHORMarcelle Torres Alves Okuno

DESIGNPresto Design

COVER IMAGECameron Venti/ Unsplash

PUBLISHED IN JULY, 2020

DIRECTOR OF FGV IIURenato Galvão Flôres Junior

INTERNATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYST OF FGV IIULeonardo Paz Neves

RESEARCH ASSISTANTS OF FGV IIUJade Constantino de VasconcellosJoão Pedro Grilo Cuquejo

Fundação Getulio Vargas International Intelligence Unit

210 Praia de Botafogo – 12th floor Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Disclaimer: The views presented are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the FGV IIU or Korean Foundation.

Renato Baumann

PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN INSERTION:

COLLECTION OF POLICY PAPERS:

1.

THE BRAZILIAN AND SOUTH KOREAN MODELS

Joon-Ho LEE

GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN, SME, AND POLICY:KOREAN PERSPECTIVE

2.

Marcelle Torres Alves Okuno


3.

Otaviano Canuto

BRAZIL, SOUTH KOREA, AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINSA TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES

4.

Leonardo Paz Neves

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN INSERTION:

MAIN REPORT:

A VIEW FROM BRAZILIAN AND SOUTH KOREAN LENSES

Joonkoo Lee

GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN (GVC) AND GVC-ORIENTED POLICY

INSIGHTS FROM THE SOUTH KOREAN EXPERIENCE

5.

MARCELLE TORRES ALVES OKUNO*

* Marcelle Torres Alves Okuno is executive director at AsiaColors, a pioneer enterprise that promotes public diplomacy of Asian countries in Brazil. She is curator of Asia Exhibition and Korea Exhibition – “Arirang: Eyes through Korea”. In addition, she is playwright of the spectacle “Beyond Borders”, a play on Korean divided families since the Korean War. She was the Brazilian representative at FEALAC Youth Summit 2018 - Exploring for a New Partnership between East Asia and Latin America in the Era of Fourth Industrial Revolution, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Korea and held in Seoul, South Korea. She is also a team-leader researcher on the Korean peninsula at the Brazilian Naval War College (Conjuncture Assessment Group).

The Importance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution In Global Value Chains


Considered a new paradigm and based on hyperconnectivity, the 4th Industrial Revolution is emerging as a new engine of innovative growth that brings digital technologies - such as artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, 5G, machine learning, 3D printing, virtual reality, robotics, among others together. In addition, it is providing innovative and intelligent changes in society, governments, industries, business models, and value chains (PCFIR, 2017).

A fundamental feature of this new scenario is the so-called smart factory, which is based on cyber-physical systems and creates a connected, digitalized, intelligent and autonomous production environment, improving productivity and enabling effective supply chain management.

Three fundamental and sequential transformations preceded the new era of changes: mechanization since the end of the 18th century, driven by the use of mechanical installations using water and steam; industrialization in the early 20th century, marked by mass-produced technologies powered by electricity; and computerization from the 1970s onwards, driven by computers and the Internet (PCFIR, 2017; SCHWAB, 2016). Currently, the 4th Industrial Revolution, as a systemic change, is giving rise to new industry standards while transformations in global value chains also occur (EC, 2016). In this scenario, it is essential to hold in-depth discussions this new phase is and how to respond to changes in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution or, Industry 4.0.

In some countries, especially in Germany, the concept of Industry 4.0 has a significant impact on government innovation policy (KAGERMANN et al., 2016). These countries are creating strategies and plan to adapt to the new industrial paradigm to maintain or improve the competitiveness of their industries, especially regarding global value chains. Improved productivity and the emergence of innovative business models are among the main benefits of Industry 4.0. Incorporating more technology and innovation in agricultural, manufacturing, and service production can increase added value and boost upgrading in global value chains.

Introduction

MOST EMERGING ECONOMIES SUCH AS BRAZIL ARE NOT YET ABLE TO DEAL WITH THE PHENOMENON OF INDUSTRY 4.0, HAVE LIMITED KNOWLEDGE AND, ON AVERAGE, INVEST LESS IN R&D AND INNOVATION.

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BRAZIL AND SOUTH KOREA

The Fourth Industrial Revolution in South KoreaIn 2017, the South Korean government established a people-centered “Plan for the Fourth Industrial Revolution” to promote innovative growth and launched the Presidential Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee, comprised of 20 civilians and five government officials, to discuss government policies on the new era and ways to implement plans effectively.

The term 4th Industrial Revolution is used more than Industry 4.0 by the government and media to alert industry leaders and the public to address the newly emerging industrial paradigm (SUNG, 2018). To make the Plan more accessible to people, the South Korean government developed the I-Korea 4.0 policy brand, emphasizing aspects of intelligence, innovation, inclusion, and interaction.

According to the Plan, South Korea leads the network and ICT sector, manufacturing competitiveness, and human resources, and seeks to integrate the 4th Industrial Revolution into its economy. However, it needs to make changes in its economy and society to adapt to the new technological paradigm, such as partnerships between the public and private sectors.

Most emerging economies such as Brazil are not yet able to deal with the phenomenon of Industry 4.0, have limited knowledge and, on average, invest less in R&D and innovation. The new era may provide new opportunities, but poses many challenges for developing countries. The impact of this phenomenon will depend on how emerging economies respond to the advent of Industry 4.0 and its importance in defining the country’s development strategies (LEE et al., 2020).

Another important aspect is the investment in human capital to better adapt and prepare for the 4th Industrial Revolution and upgrading global value chains. As the economy advances and accumulates human capital, tasks with greater added value are developed more specifically, such as the manufacturing of electronic components from intense research and development. Here, the technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution can only be handled by qualified professionals who can use, ensure, and adjust the tools that are at their disposal (SHEPHERD, 2015).

INNOVATION

South Korea, between the years 2014 and 2019, was considered the most innovative economy in the world. Currently, it is in second place, according to the Bloomberg Innovation Index 2020, due in part to the drop in productivity (2019: 18th place; 2020: 29th place), which does not reflect a reduction in its innovative exploits. In 2018, South Korea invested 4.5% of its GDP (US$ 69.73 billion) into R&D, one of the highest in the world. In 2019, Samsung Electronics ranked as the second company that most invests in R&D in the world.

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Currently, the South Korean economy is comprised of several conglomerates - also called chaebols - in the mechanical engineering and high technology (such as Hyundai, LG, POSCO, Samsung, and SK Telecom) sectors, and approximately three million small and medium-sized companies. Much of this innovation comes from the country’s main conglomerates (KAGERMANN et al., 2016). The most recent strategy of the South Korean government for economic expansion is innovative growth. This is also aimed at supporting the creation of companies with innovative activities and new industries. One such example is the Flagship Project Support Program (FPSP), a business ecosystem program launched in 2015, developed by the government with the goal of supporting small and medium-sized companies in promising technological areas, and helping them to enter the connected technologies market to the 4th Industrial Revolution.

SMART FACTORIES

A smart factory is the advanced extension of automation in existing plants in the past. Smart factories are managed in an automated way that can predict and solve future scenarios through sensors, IoT technology, and big data (HERMANN et al., 2016; WANGA et al., 2016). For example, in a factory without intelligent processes, the identification of possible problems in a production line can only be observed with the naked eye of the worker, while in a smart factory can measure vibrations and the temperature of machines that are not operating in normality assisting in the decision making of future production (PARK, 2017).

In 2014, as part of the Creative Economy Initiative, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Energy of South Korea promoted the “Manufacturing Industry Innovation 3.0”. The main goal was to follow global technological trends and modernizing South Korean industries under the emphasis of smart factories (MOTIE, 2014). In order to align companies, provincial governments, and academia, South Korea plans to create 30.000 smart factories and 10 smart industrial complexes by 2022. An example of a South Korean smart factory is Shingsung E&G, founded in 1977. Shingsung E&G was one of South Korea’s first smart factories to be recognized by the government. With government funding, it was possible to automate the production line and control the factory in real-time using the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) software. In addition, large conglomerates such as Samsung Electronics and LG are experimenting with smart factory technologies to improve their production processes, minimize costs and time, and increasing business productivity (OOMENS et al., 2019).

ROBOTIC

South Korea is a country that uses the most robots in the world and, according to The Intelligence Robot Development and Supply Promotional Act of Korea, hopes it will become a central sector in the 4th Industrial Revolution. Hyundai Robotics, a subsidiary of Hyundai Heavy Industries Holdings, is a leader in the Korean industrial robotics market. The Hyundai group recently signed a commercial cooperation agreement with KT Telecom aimed at digital transformation based on 5G technology, artificial intelligence, and smart factories.

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An example of this 5G-based cooperation is its emphasis on the smart shipbuilding sector. The objective is to transform the shipbuilding unit of the Hyundai group in Ulsan, the largest shipyard in the world, into an intelligent shipyard based on 5G. These transformations and adaptations to new technologies make it possible to maintain the competitiveness of Hyundai Heavy Industries while contributing to leadership positions of the global maritime industry value chain (OKUNO, 2020).

In some cases, it is necessary to pay attention to geopolitical risks. Since Japan’s trade restrictions and the decision to remove South Korea from the list of preferred partners and impose stricter export controls, South Korean companies have turned to form an ecosystem of self-sufficiency and achieving technological independence with government support.

To demonstrate government support, President Moon Jae-in paid a visit to SBB Tech. Founded in 1993, SBB Tech is the first South Korean manufacturer to manufacture harmonic decelerators, an important part of robotics. Although South Korea uses more robots in the world, the rate of the location of parts and materials for the construction of robots is still not high, due to the parts being imported mainly from Japan.

Although South Korean SMEs are developing national products capable of constituting industrial robots, conglomerates are still reluctant to purchase them, often opting to import from other countries. The South Korean government, in addition to supporting R&D investments, develops contacts between conglomerates and national SMEs to strengthen ties and promote commercial relations between them.

GEOPOLITICAL RISKS

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Most countries are not prepared for the advent of new technologies, concepts, and changes. Therefore, international cooperation should be a key component of the 4th Industrial Revolution. In the case of South Korea, the country needs to identify areas that can carry out cooperation with other countries and create or appoint an institution to take care of international cooperation focused on Industry 4.0 (KIM et al., 2018). Through international cooperation, South Korea is developing 14 projects financed jointly through the U.S., Canada, U.K., Germany, Mexico, Indonesia, and France in the area of energy technology. The country needs consolidated energy infrastructure to move towards 4th Industrial Revolution technologies.

With regard to relations between South Korea and Brazil, there is a mutual interest in improving cooperation in different sectors. Brazil receives investments mainly in the areas of electronics, automotive, and semiconductors from South Korea, in addition to exchanges and cooperation in education, science, technology, and innovation fields (MOFA, 2019).

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In 2019, Hyundai Heavy Industries donated three HA006B industrial robots to SENAI-FIRJAN in Rio de Janeiro, manufactured by Hyundai Robotics - two destined for the Resende unit, and the third installed in Nova Friburgo - to reinforce professional education, mainly in mechatronics, robotics and industrial automation courses. The robots integrate the main technologies of the production line; perform tasks of precision, repetition, speed, and strength; and perform welding, painting, assembly, machining, visual inspection; providing increased productivity, reduced company costs, and brought students closer to the 4th Industrial Revolution (HHIB, 2019). Also in 2019, to celebrate 60 years of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Brazil, the Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in São Paulo and AsiaColors held a seminar in Rio de Janeiro presenting South Korea in the 4th Industrial Revolution, with the participation of Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Heavy Industries Brasil, and HT Micron.

The HT Micron is a Brazilian company created in 2009 and located in the city of São Leopoldo/RS, which is the result of technological cooperation between Brazil and South Korea. This company aims to provide local solutions in semiconductors and encourage the generation of knowledge and value for the value chain of the electronics industry in Brazil. The HT Micron encourages and invests in the areas of R&D and innovation, such as the Semiconductor Technological Institute (itt Chip) project at the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos). In 2019, HT Micron launched the iMCP HT32SX, the first chip for the Internet of Things (IoT) designed and manufactured in Brazil for Industry 4.0 (HT MICRON, 2019). This IoT chip has several applications, such as load tracking, public lighting, remote gas, and water monitoring, among others.

MOST COUNTRIES ARE NOT PREPARED FOR THE ADVENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES, CONCEPTS, AND CHANGES. THEREFORE, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION SHOULD BE A KEY COMPONENT OF THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Brazil

According to FIRJAN-Industry Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro’s 2016 report, most of the Brazilian industry transitioning from the second to the third industrial revolution (FIRJAN, 2016), employing robotics and automation even in a reduced manner. With regards to Industry 4.0, studies indicate that there is a low adoption rate of technologies related to the new industrial paradigm in Brazil, though implementation is rising (DALENOGARE et al., 2018).

According to the National Confederation of Industry report, 48% of Brazilian companies use at least one digital technology in their activities and the percentage of Brazilian companies interested in benefiting from the advantages of Industry 4.0 in favor of modernization and supporting the global competitiveness of their business is over 50% (CNI, 2016). In terms of the industries in Rio de Janeiro, 51% use some digital technology, and small and medium-sized companies represent 98% of the industry in Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN, 2016), a fact that highlights the importance of attention and monitoring of these actors towards Industry 4.0.

Brazil ranks 46th among the most innovative economies in the world, according to the Bloomberg Innovation Index 2020, and invests little in research and development. Scarce qualified labor and inefficient telecommunications infrastructure reinforce the difficulty of adopting technologies. In addition, many companies are unaware of how they could adapt to the new innovative technological paradigm (FIRJAN, 2016). To maintain competitiveness in the market and overcome the productivity gap compared to international competitors, the Brazilian industry needs to adapt to the 4th Industrial Revolution, and encourage the use of digital technologies in industrial policy strategies (FIRJAN, 2016).

Industry 4.0 provides the manufacturing sector in Brazil benefits ranging from greater efficiency, speed, cost reduction, increased revenues to stimulate greater participation in the global digital economy, and supply chains. However, a skilled and trained workforce is needed to support the successful implementation of Industry 4.0, leading to a restructuring of human capital (KHURANA et al., 2018). Brazil ranks 73rd in Human Capital and 45th in Technology and Innovation on a scale of 100 countries worldwide, signifying that Brazil faces challenges in its human capital. This includes the lack of digital skills, engineering, and critical thinking that are important for the manufacturing industry (WEF, 2018).

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Recommendations

Preparing for the 4th Industrial Revolution is of utmost importance, as companies will be able to upgrade in the global value chains. Despite the barriers presented throughout this paper, the effective development of public policies and partnerships between public and private companies, in addition to the participation of academia will be fundamental in the implementation of the technologies of Industry 4.0. This will, in turn, increase the quality of products and, consequently, reduce production costs.

Taking South Korea as an example, we discovered that government investment in startups focusing on developing software and tools that implement technologies such as big data, robotics, artificial intelligence, and IoT, can help large conglomerates in the construction of key components of Industry 4.0 promoting the local economy and encouraging SMEs to compete in global markets. In this sense, South Korea has been developing good public policies towards Industry 4.0, with massive investment in education, R&D and innovation, thus allowing the export of products with higher added value and technologically more sophisticated, consistent with the current industrial structure. Brazil should focus on high-tech sectors such as electronics and information technology.

In order to analyze the paths of Industry 4.0 in South Korea and Brazil, we have developed a series of recommendations, which can serve more as ideas than guidelines, as we recognize that the adoption of Industry 4.0 is a process that requires strategic planning and execution.

HUMAN CAPITAL

As previously discussed, qualified human capital is one of the pillars for Industry 4.0 to be implemented effectively. In this sense, it was identified that professionals who will work with the technologies and tools of Industry 4.0 must-have multiple skillsets, such as leadership, decision making, and entrepreneurial spirit, in addition knowledge in the programming areas. The integration of academia with the public-private sector can prepare university students deal with these new challenges by creating multidisciplinary studies and lines of research aimed at the new industrial paradigm. Still, this integration can allow the planning, development, and execution of projects, such as the implementation of 5G connectivity or smart cities in the countries.

SOUTH KOREA HAS BEEN DEVELOPING GOOD PUBLIC POLICIES TOWARDS INDUSTRY 4.0, WITH MASSIVE INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, R&D AND INNOVATION, THUS ALLOWING THE EXPORT OF PRODUCTS WITH HIGHER ADDED VALUE AND TECHNOLOGICALLY MORE SOPHISTICATED, CONSISTENT WITH THE CURRENT INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE.

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R&D

Although Brazil invests 1% of GDP into research and development, this figure is still considered as low. Thus, we recommend that investments in R&D be made by the government and also by private companies through subsidies.

South Korea is one of the countries that invests most in R&D in relation to GDP. This is central to the country’s development policies and fundamental to the position of its companies in the global value chains. As spending on R&D is concentrated in large companies, our recommendation is that there should be an investment in R&D also for SMEs and startups, in addition to long-term investments in view of the intense research required for development and the improvement of technology.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Through public policies such as the National Plan for Energy Efficiency Innovation, South Korea is making the transition to clean and safe energy, reducing the share of coal and nuclear power. South Korea currently imports around 95% of energy from abroad and improving its energy efficiency is of great global importance.

In Brazil, despite the regulation of the Regulated Energy Efficiency Program establishing that electric energy distribution concessionaires and licensees should allocate 0.5% of the net operating revenue (NOR) in this program, it is possible to highlight that the focus of Brazilian public policies is mostly based on residential use. However, the largest consumer of Brazilian electricity is its industries. Thus, Brazilian public policies related to energy efficiency should be developed in partnership with industrial sectors.

In addition to educational and technological exchange, one of the points of international cooperation in the era of Industry 4.0 between South Korea and Brazil may be the development of paradiplomacy. For example, the Brazilian city of Santos and the South Korean city of Ulsan is already sister cities. Santos has the largest port in Brazil and Latin America, handling almost a third of the country’s trade. Ulsan, on the other hand, has one of the main international trade ports in South Korea, in addition to the location of the shipbuilding unit of Hyundai Heavy Industries, the largest shipyard in the world. With regard to Industry 4.0 and the search for new smart technologies and innovations, it is recommended the existing cooperation should be deepened, foster new sister cities, and expand to potential new areas, such as the theme of smart cities.

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Bloomberg Innovation Index 2020. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-18/germany-breaks-korea-s-six-year-streak-as-most-innovative-nation

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HERMANN, Mario; PENTEK, Tobias; OTTO, Boris. Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios. 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), 2016.

HHIB – HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES BRASIL. HHIB realiza doação de robôs industriais no estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2019. Available at: https://www.hhib.com.br/blog/post/26/hhib-realiza-doa-o-de-rob-s-industriais-no-estado-do-rio-de-janeiro

HT MICRON. 2019. Website: http://www.htmicron.com.br/empresa.html

JUNG, Suk-yee. Korea to Build 30,000 Smart Factories by 2022 to Improve SME Competitiveness. 2018. Available at: http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=27454

KAGERMANN, H.; ANDERL, R.; GAUSEMEIER, J.; SCHUH, G.; WAHLSTER, W., WINTER, Johannes (Eds.). Industrie 4.0 in a Global Context: strategies for cooperating with international partners. Herbert Utz Verlag. 2016.

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KIM, Gyu-Pan; LEE, Hyong-kun; KIM, Jonghyuk; KWON, Hyuk Ju. The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Major Countries and Its Implications of Korea: US, Germany and Japan Cases. World Economy Brief Vol.8 N. 20 ISSN2233-9140. 2018.

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MOFA – MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. BRAZIL. Brazil and South Korea celebrate 60 years of diplomatic relations. 2019. Available at: http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/21045-brazil-and-south-korea-celebrate-60-years-of-diplomatic-relations

MOTIE – MINISTRY OF TRADE INDUSTRY AND ENERGY. Manufacturing innovation 3.0 strategy for the creation of economy. Republic of Korea. Sejong City: MOTIE. Report. 2014.

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OKUNO, Marcelle. Hyundai Heavy Industries leading the warships construction. Boletim Geocorrente, Brazilian Naval War College. Rio de Janeiro, n. 118, p. 12, 2019. ISSN 2446-7014. Available at: https://www.marinha.mil.br/egn/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.egn/files/flipping_book/index_128/mobile/index.html

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