The Industrial Revolution

DefinitionsIndustrial Revolution in Britain

The Social Question Asked & Answered?Second Industrial Revolution

Gift that Keeps Giving

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution took place first in England between 1750 and approximately 1830. It involved a shift in the means of production from:1.Human or animal powered hand tools replaced by externally powered and internally guided tools2.Shift from self-sufficient farm labor and craft labor to wage labor3.Shift of work from home and farm to central factory where workers do not own their own tools4.Dictated and derived from the factory revolution included revolutions in transportation, rapid urbanization, changed class structure, and ultimately increased living standards for most and mass literacy and political enfranchisement.

Pt. 1: Industrialization in Britain

• England is an Island

• Money Grubbing In England

• Enclosure starts early

• Natural Resources• Rule of Law &

Property Protection• Document: Edward

Baines - Britain's Industrial Advantages and the Factory System

Mercantilism – Commerce, Colonies, & Sea Power

• “an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by exporting more goods than they import”

• 17th Century Sugar was what Oil is now• 18th Century Wars of Empire

Results• Government, Aristocracy, Bourgeoisie on the

same side/ aristocracy is not hostile to labor and profit motives – want same policies

• Land owners – Gentry & Aristocracy alike - treat their land like a business (see enclosure movement!)

• Capital (money piling up)

Agricultural Revolution• Enclosure movement – 1450-1650

fencing off fields for exclusive use of lords, excluding peasants from using “commons”

• 18th Century agricultural advances:– Seed Drill– Clover– Turnips– Field Flooding– Potato’s and Corn

Result1. Urbanization is possible2. Underemployed laborforce

Proto-Industrialization

• Putting Out System or Cottage Industry

• Why in England?• Why in

countryside?

Early Institutions of Capitalism• Joint Stock

Companies with limited liability

• Insurance Companies

• Banks – National and Private

• Paper currency• Contract law

John Locke: Property Rights• John Locke’s Second Treatise on

Government: Natural Property Rights and the Sanctity of Contracts

• Limited or Constitutional Monarchy narrows distinctions between Aristocracy and Bourgeoisie

Result1. Rule of law is good for business,

enforceable contracts…2. If you make a pile, you can keep

it!

Canals: Transportation Revolution

• Built by private intrests in England, state sponsored in the rest of Europe

• One horse could more 160 tones easy

Results:• Cities can really grow• Bring material and power to the

people instead of the other way round

• Only way to have central production is to have cheap distribution!

Coal & Irorn

• Abe Darby & Coalbrookdale England

• Iron & Coal are the materials and fuel of Revolution

• From: Organic material• To: Mineral materials

Manufacturing Technologies• Textile Industry

– Spinning Jenny’s, mules, and Water frames, flying shuttle, cotton gin….

– A single worker with a spinning mule could spin 300 threads continuously

• Steam Engine’s centrality to the process

– First to power mills– RR’s are the “killer app”

Result• Factories• Revolution in fashion – cotton

clothing• Meteoric growth of cities• Creation of a new social class

Railroad Feedback Loop• George Stephenson’s Rocket

connects coal fields to the coast• Preceded by canals but literally

blows them awayResult• Feedback Loop• Personal freedom and the

integration of a national community – think “Daily Mail”

• Factory system of central manufacture

Social Consequences: Child Labor

Women: Working Class vs. “Angel in the House”

Social Impacts: Luddites (vs. trade unions)Machinicide Was a Capital Offense

Social Consequences: Urbanization

• Manchester a city of 30,000 in 1780 had 400,000 by 1820

• “Dark Satanic Mills” William Blake – Coketown – in Dickens’ “Hard Times

• Class Distinctions

Urbanization

Manchester was a city of 30,000 in 1780 and 400,000 in 1820

Intellectual ReactionsThe bourgeoisie and advocates for the new urban “working class” develop their own theories to answer “THE SOCIAL QUESTION” – or rather to explain the emergence of new forms of poverty as astonishing as the new forms of wealth•Classical Economic Theory – or- Capitalism: “The Dismal Science”: Adam Smith, Malthus, David Ricardo•Utopian Socialists: Robert Owen and Pierre Proudhon•Revolutionary Socialism: Marx & Engles•Anarchism & Mikhail BakuninA Subject to which we will return in detail as this intellectual reaction still shapes our own politics

Cultural Reactions: New Social Classes and Attitudes -“Respectability”

See Document: Samuel Smiles – Self Help & Thrift

Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851(or “The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations”) 

• May – Oct. 1851, Visseted by 6 million people – 42,000+ a day

• Architecture & exhibitons showed man’s dominance of nature and England’s industrial triumph to the world

• Nice punctuation mark to the industrial revolution

• These “Worlds Fairs” would become a feature of 19th Century.

2nd Industrial Revolution• Second half of the 19th Century there was

a second wave of Industrialization• Steel, Electricity, Energy, Chemicals,

Communications, Internal Combustion…• Replace organic with inorganic• Leaders would be Germany and the

United States• Heavy industry introduced new classes of

white color workers – educated with college degrees

– Academically trained scientists and engineers are required to run heavy industrial enterprises

– Business schools open toward the end of the ot the 19th Century

• Women: Tertiary workers and drowning in the typing pool

• England a victim of her own success in some regards

Consumerism

Emerging in the 19th Century: advertising, department stores, Industrially produced mass market periodic literature, and catalogues

Opera Garnier

Louis Napoleon III & Barron Hussmann remake Paris into a bourgeois city.•Grand Boulevards – Make Paris the most visited and envied city•Allow the army in…•More importantly, they lay out shopping, café’s, and a stage for the middle class to strut (literally) their stuff.

Decline of Manufacturing Jobs

3rd Wave of Industrialization: Thinking Machines

Computing revolution of the 80’s and 1990’s allowed tertiary work to be automated

Today professional tasks are being automated: law, education, medicine all will experience the pressures weavers of the early 19th Century experienced

Asimo: Robotics A world without work?

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/07/world-without-work/395294/

Global Warming & Sustainability

• Global Warming• Peak Oil• Malthusian, the Green

Revolution, and Overpopulation

• Epidemic disease• Despeciation• The Social Question or

Income inequality continues to vex

Lecture Summary

• How did the Industrial Revolution change the work we do and the things we have?

• How did it change the ways we live and the values we have?

• Is industrialization a good thing or a bad thing, on the whole should it be praised or condemned?