The Industrial Revolution

1750-1850

DEFINITION:

The change that transforms a people with peasant occupations

and local markets into an industrial society with world-wide

connections.

The Industrial Revolution transformed

Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into

a mainly urban and industrial nation.

It was the first of such revolutions in the modern world.

The Industrial Revolution

Great increase in population towards 1750

Greater demand for pots, beer and clothes

Need for more efficient production. England changed from a farming to an

industrial country

CAUSES

Causes of the Industrial Revolution:

• Decay of cottage or domestic industry

• Agricultural revolution

• Expansion of overseas trade

• Development of scientific thought and knowledge

• Britain’s geological and geographical features

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Industrial society

Incessant toil disease heavy drinking to bear fatigue and alienation

below twenty years due to

Life expectancy of the poor

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Increase in population after 1750

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Decay of cottage or domestic industry

The Agricultural Revolution: • It created the conditions that permitted the Industrial Revolution

• It was carried out by landowners

• The ancient common field system was changed into the enclosure system

Before the enclosures After the enclosures

The widespread enclosure of ‘open fields’ and common land aimed at making larger, more efficient farms.

The Agricultural Revolution

•  improvements in the selective breeding of cattle to produce more meat

•  improvements in farming techniques such as crop rotation and mechanisation

The English Leicester, a breed of sheep Coke introduced into Norfolk and cross-bred with the

native Norfolk Horn"

The Agricultural Revolution:

• Favoured experiments with new crops and new methods

• Favoured experiments in breeding

The Agricultural Revolution:

• Favoured the invention of new, more efficient machines to better work the land

• Jethro Tull’s “Seed Drill”

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

The British Empire

The Empire where the Sun never sets

Great Britain became the centre of

Industrial Capitalism

• The City of London as the leading financial nucleus

• The Bank of England and other banks

• Insurance Companies ----> Lloyd’s

• Shipping Companies

• Exchanges

Causes of the Industrial Revolution:

• Development of scientific thought and knowledge

• It brought about new inventions

The ‘Revolution’ implied

New technologies and inventions

The development of the factory

system

New sources of power and

transport

The Industrial Revolution

The most important inventions were: •  James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny

a worker could work eight spools at once.

•  Richard Arkwright’s water frame used water power.

" ""

The Industrial Revolution

A spinning jenny"

The Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves 1763

The Water Frame

Richard Arkwright 1769

James Watt’s steam engine factories built on coal and iron fields of Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Scotland and South Wales """

The Industrial Revolution

cloth manufactured more cheaply

The Steam Engine

James Watts 1769

Cotton Industry

The Flying Shuttle

J. Kay 1733

The Spinning Mule

Samuel Crompton 1770

The power driven Spinning Machine

Edmund Cartwright 1787

Creation of Big Factories

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Britain’s geologic and geographic features

• Abundance of Iron

• Presence of Charcoal and Coal

• Wide Amount of Rivers

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

• The Transport Revolution

• Urbanization

• Radical Change in People’s Living Conditions

The Transport Revolution

• Creation,Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System

• Improvement and Expansion of Ports

• Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways

• Bridge Building

• Creation Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System

The Stockton - Darlington

Railway Line - 1825

1870 - 15,000 Miles of Railway

Improvement and Expansion of Ports

Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways

Bridge Building

Road Acts

Urbanization

More than 50% of people=City Dwellers • London = 2,000,000 inhabitants

• Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool = over 100,000 inhabitants

The Midlands:

The Black Country

Radical Change in People’s

Living Conditions

Working conditions •  women and children

increasingly paid less and easier to control;

•  long working hours; •  rational division of labour; •  mechanisation. ""

Industrial society

Industrialization and the Masses:

• Low Wages

• Long working hours

• Terrible housing conditions

• Disintegration of family relationships

• Cold, impersonal relations with employers

• Life detached from the rhythms of Nature and the seasons

Low Wages

Long Working Hours

Terrible Housing Conditions

‘Mushroom towns’ è small towns built near the factories to house the workers Terrible living conditions •  lacked elementary public

services; •  air and water pollution; •  houses built in endless rows; •  overcrowding.

Industrial society

Disintegration of Family Relationships

Impersonal Relationship with Employers

Life detached from the Rhythm of Nature and the Seasons

1880-1900: The Escape from Towns