The Industrial Revolution

The greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the 18th century

Changes in AgricultureWealthy landowners bought village

farms and made changes to farming techniques Agricultural Revolution Enclosures: large enclosed fields where

landowners experimented with farming methods

Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the land

Changes in AgricultureOUTCOMES:

Experimentation with farming techniques Small farmers forced to become tenant

farmers or move to cities many became factory workers

Increase in food supplies improved living conditions increased population increased demand for food and goods

Industrialization Industrialization: the process of

developing machine production of goods

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Water power and coal to fuel the machines Iron ore to build the machines Rivers for transportation Harbors from which merchants could set sail Strong economy and political stability

England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital, which were the resources needed to produce goods and services

Inventions in the Textile Industry Spinning Jenny

(1764) allowed a workers to spin 8 threads at one time

Inventions regarding water power to drive the spinning wheels in the 1770s and 1780s further increased the production of textiles

Spinning Jenny

Factories Large buildings that housed textile machines

Owned by wealthy entrepreneurs: People who

organize, manage and takes on the risks of a business

Originally located on rivers and streams for waterpower

Cotton GinEngland received

its cotton from the American south, who had used slave labor to remove the seeds from cotton by hand

1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds

Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)

Improvements in TransportationSteam engine (1705)Steamboat (1807) manmade

canals for transportation Improvements in roads in the 1800sRailroad (1820), which would dominate

industrial transportation in England Cheap way to transport materials and

finished products Created jobs as railroad workers and

miners (providing iron for the tracks)

Improvements in Transportation

Manchester, England, 1851

German Factory, 1840

Effects of IndustrializationUrbanization: After 1800 more people

moved to cities rather than rural areas Why?

The growth of the factory system brought people looking for jobs to the cities

This led to a population explosion in industrial cities

Living Conditions in CitiesNo sanitary codes

no drains; heaps of garbage in the streetsLacked adequate housing, education,

police protectionPeople lived in crowded

conditions where disease spread quickly

Industrialization in the U.S.Samuel Slater: British mill

worker who emigrated to the United States in 1789, bringing British ideas of industrialization with him

Francis Cabot Lowell: Revolutionized American industry in Lowell, Massachusetts

Impact of IndustrializationGrowth of corporations: business

owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for debts

Global Inequality: wider gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations imperialism Imperialism: the policy of extending one

country’s rule over many other landsGrowing gap between rich and poor

Philosophers of Industrialization

Adam Smith Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as

they please” without government interference Believed government regulation

of business interfered with the production of wealth

Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership, in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit

Philosophers of Industrialization Thomas Malthus

MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food supply, so people would always be poor and miserable

David Ricardo MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would

always be poor because if there were many workers, their labor would always be cheap; as population increased, wages would decrease

Against government efforts to help the workers because they believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society

Philosophers of Industrialization

Jeremy Bentham Philosophy of utilitarianism: believed

government interference in business was only useful if they promoted the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Philosophers of IndustrializationSocialism:

Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all

Believed that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on free-market capitalism

Government control of factories, mines, railroads, etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of greedy employers

Grew out of a concern for social justice

Philosophers of IndustrializationKarl Marx

German journalist who introduced radical socialism, or Marxism, to the world

Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided between the haves and have-nots

HAVES: Owners of production or bourgeoisie

HAVE-NOTS: Workers or proletariat

VS.

The Future According to Marx1) Small number of manufacturers would control all

the wealth2) Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize

factories and workers would share the profits, bringing about economic equality for all people

3) “dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually lead to a classless society, or communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production is owned by the people, all goods/services are shared equally and private property no longer exists

Other Reforms Unions: groups of voluntary

workers who pressed for reforms in the 1800s, such as higher pay and shorter hours Participated in collective bargaining, or

negotiations between workers and they employers for better working conditions

If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse to work

Although many unions were initially outlawed, they eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of workers