the integument ’s viral diseases in horses
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The integument ’s viral diseases in horses. 1. Papillomatosis Cattle type 1 , 2 and horse papilloma virus sarcoid: bpv1 enhanced lcr activity in horse cells (long control region) Pathogenesis :Virus str germinat. cell proliferation, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The integument’s viral diseases in horses
1. Papillomatosis
Cattle type 1, 2 and horse papilloma virussarcoid: bpv1 enhanced lcr activity in horse cells
(long control region)Pathogenesis: Virus str germinat. cell proliferation,
but ceratinocytes contain the matured virusesClinical signs: 4-6 weeks
cauliflower like, warted, benign cell tumours: exception; sarcoid bovine papillomav.type specific protection
Diagnosis: Macroscopic: signs are characteristicHistology:ELMI, IF, PCRAGID (indirect)
Differential diagnosis:
Epithelial and connective tissue tumours
Strangles Str. Equi (2) abscessiGlanders P. mallei
granulomas in skins, erosions in nasal cavity,respiratory signs
Dermatophylosis D. congolensisscurf
Lymphangitis caused by Coryneb. Pseudotuberculosislymphangitis
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma farciminosum)lymphangitis
Sarcoid caused by bovinepapilloma virus
Photo; R. Pascoe
Papillomas caused by equine papillomavirus
2. Coital exanthema
Alpha herpesvirus, EHV-3, strictly species specific,world-wide spread
Pathogenesis: Venereal spread (sometimes on the udder)mucous membrane of vagina, glans localmultiplication papulae epithel degeneracy erosions scurf pigmented spotsprone to recovery
Diagnosis: Virus isolation, PCRDifferential diagnosis:
Due to its characteristic clinical signsand predilection’s sites can not be confusedwith other diseases
Lesions due to coital exanthema virus
Photo; T. Lane
3. Vesicular stomatitis
Rhabdoviridae, vesiculovirus, 2 serotypes: Indiana New-Jersey
Only on the American continent, transmission byinsects, horses, ruminants, pigs, humans
Clinical signs: Vesiculae on the mucous membrane of theoral cavity, on the skin, cushion, udder.Morbidity 10-15%, Mortality 0%
Diagnosis:direct: virusisolation cell culture VERO, BHK-21,giant cell formation, embr. egg, CF, IF, IS-ELISAmouse inoculationindirect: CF, VNT, ELISA
Differential diagnosis: The only vesicular disease of horsesruminants, pigs: FMD, SVD, VES, Stomatitis papulosa
Photo: B. Wright
Slobbers, due to vesicles in oral cavity
Erosions on the joint
Viral infectious diseases of the blood circulatory-and lymphatic system
African horse sickness
Arthropode borne = arbovirus infection in equidae (Culicoidae)Reoviridae, Orbivirus 10 serotypes, varying virulenceMosquitoes spread (real vector) warm, wet climate,
over 500 m does not existPathogenesis: mosquito skin 5-9 days incubation
lymph.n. (5-10 days) viraemia vascular endothelcell degeneration vasculituis thrombosis oedema, haemorrhages lung and heart insufficiency perishing 3-5 d.PI
Clinical signs: Mortality 50-90%peracute: frothy nasal discharge, 41°C feversubacute: haemorrhages, oedema in connect. tiss.
and sublingual, fever
Diagnosis:clinical signs, pathol. findings (fibrin, oedema)labordiagn.direct: Virus isolation: Cef, mouse i.c.
a.g. detection from leucocytes: ELISA, IFnucleic acid detection: RT-PCR
indirect:CF, AGID, ELISADifferential diagnosis: (Oedema, haemorrhage)
Equine arteritis abortion, virus isolation, PCREquine infectious anaemia: lymphoid cell prolif spleen,
interstitial lymphocytic infiltration of liver Coggins test
Anthrax dark blood, carbunculus, splenomegalia bacter and (Ascoli test)
Babesiosis haemocytological findings
Photo; A. Elmissery
Subacut oedematousswelling
Large amount of frothin peracut stage
Photo; J. Hodgson
Equine infectious anaemiaworld-wide spread, Retroviridae, Lentivirus genus
Epizootology:lifelong carrier horses, arbovirus, short term carriervector
Pathogenesis:Insects(Tabanidae,Stomoxys c.)viraemialymphoret. tiss;lymph.n., liver, spleen, bone marrow 2-3 weeks fever
anaemia, decreased rbc production increasingrbc lysis immune complexes new antigen variant repeated viraemic fever immune supression immune complex formation
Clinical signs: acute; haemorrhages, oedemachronic;recurrent fever, fatigue
Pathological findings: anaemiaSago palm like spleen: lymphoid cell proliferation,mace like liver: limphohistiocytic infiltrationpale kidneys: glomerulonephritis
Diagnosis:haematologyhistopathologyisolation from leucocytes on leucocyte cell culture nucleic acid detection: RT-PCRindirect:Coggins test (AGP), ELISA
Differential diagnosis:African horse sickness acute phase: frothy nasal dischEquine arteritis abortion and respiratory dis.Anthrax carbunculus, Ascoli testBabesiosis blood smearEquine encephalitis cl. signs of the nervous system
Petechiae on the mucous membrane
Photo; T. Lane
Viral infectious diseases of the respiratory tract
Herpesviruses:Equine abortion; EHV-1World-wide spread, Alphaherpesvirinae, varicellovirusPathogenesis: Aerogen (peroral) nasopharyngeal muc.
membrane blood-streamleucocytes lung bronchopneumonia uterus foetus lung, liver abortion nervous system inflammation of the arterioli
degeneration of the nerve-cells paralysis of hind limbs, incoordination latency
Diagnosis:direct: virus isolation, IF, IHC, PCRindirect:VN
Differential diagnosis: Respiratory, nervous s. forms, abortionRhinopneumonitis (EHV-4)
mouse pathogenicity, abortion rare,IF Mab, PCR
foals EHV-2 in the first 3 monthfoals EHV-5 between 3-9 monthadenovirus between 2-4 month diarrhoea
(immune deficient Arabian thor.br.)Reovirus foalsAphtho,-Erbovirus acute, febrile resp.disease, RT-PCREquine arteritis abortion, carrier stallionInfluenza virus acute, febrile resp. diseas. e.egg inoc
HAI, RT-PCRParamyxoviruses only in Far-East and AustraliaRabies altered behaviour, Negri bodies
IFEquine encephalit. seasonal, human diseas. too e.egg.inBornavirus endemic, epileptiform convulsions
Foals’ respiratory disease caused by EHV-2World-wide spread, pathologically contentiousimportance Gammaherpesvirinae, endemic, latency
Pathogenesis:dust aerogen lung, alv. macrophage epithel c.degeneration entry for Rhodococcus. equi
Diagnosis:from leucocytes cocultivation virus isolation, from nasal discharge virus isolation, PCR
Differential diagnosis:EHV-5 between 3-9 monthAdenovirus between 2-4 month diarrhoea
(immune deficient Arabian thor.br.)Reovirus foalsAphtho-,Erbovirus acute, febrile resp.diseas. RT-PCRInfluenza virus acute, febrile resp.diseas. e.egg in.
HAI, RT-PCR, high morbidity
Rhinopneumonitis caused by EHV-4World-wide spread, Alphaherpesvirinae, Varicellov.endemic
Pathogenesis is the same like EHV-1 its virus variantpneumotrop
Diagnosis:Like in the case of EHV-1, mouse pathogenicity index
Differential diagnosis:see EHV-1
Foals’ respiratory disease caused by EHV-5lesser-known, endemic, Gammaherpesvirinae,Rhadinovirus genus, between 3-9 month manifestitself
Differential diagnosis:like EHV-2
AdenovirusArabian thoroughbred frequent: combined immunedeficiency (CID) autosomal recessive transmittancelack of functional T és B lymphocytessecondary bacterial infection
Aphtho- and Erboviruses3 serotypes (1, 2, 3) in young horses (2 years)Serotype 1 related with FMDV, fever, nasal discharge,cough, sore throat.
Diagnosis:direct: virus isolation (serotype 1 broad cell spectrum)indirect: CF, VNT
Differential diagnosis:Adenovirus diarrhoea too, between 2-4 monthReovirus foalsHerpesviruses see. herpesEquine influenza embr.egg propagation, HAI, RT-PCR
Respiratory disease caused by Reovirus3 serotypes orthoreo 1, 2, 3, non species specific,in early age, pneumoenteritis, bact. coo-infection
Diagnosis:direct: virus isolation, HA, RT-PCRindirect:HAI, VNT
Differential diagnosis:AdenovirusesHerpesvirusesAphtho- and ErbovirusesEquine influenza viruses
Equine influenza
World-wide spread, Orthomyxoviridae, Influenzavirus 2 types:H7N7 (Prague)H3N8 (Miami) more severe form
Susceptible horses~100% diseased, but quick recovery
Pathogenesis: Aerogen infection nasal muc.membrane viraemia lung bact. complication
Clinical signs: Fever, respiratory symptoms, decline,inappetance
Diagnosis: direct: Virus isolation in e.egg, HA, IF, a.g. ELISA, RT-PCR
indirect:HAI
Differential diagnosis: epizootiology, clinical signs,
Herpesviruses lower morbidity, abortionsAdeno-, }Aphtho-, Erboviruses } lower morbidity, ageReoviruses } Equine arteritis abortions, oedema, haemorrhagesBacteria:
Streptococcuses pustules, abscessesRhodococcus equi lung abscesses
Viral infectious diseases of digestive tract of horses
Diarrhoea caused by Rotavirus
Young foals, in their first some weeks, lack of hygiene,A-G groups, all animal pathogens, most prevalent; A,nsp4 enterotoxin like effect
Clinical signs:diarrhoea, inappetance, exiccosis
Diagnosis:direct: virus isol. difficult, IF, ELMI, SDS-PAGE, RT-PCR
CIEF out-dated false positivityindirect: CIEF, VNT
Differential diagnosis:Toroviruses infect in all life
Diarrhoea caused by Toroviruses
Nidovirales, coronaviridae, torovirus genusHorse, ruminant, pig, cat, human, clinical signs are infrequent, stenoxen
Diagnosis:direct: virus isolation, RT-PCRindirect: ELISA
Differential diagnosis:Rotavirus young age, higher morbidity
Viral infectious diseases of the reproductive organs Equine abortion (see at respiratory viral diseases)
Equine arteritisWorld-wide spread, 1 serotype, different virulence, virus carrier stallions, abortionsPathogenesis:
Aerogen-peroral infection macrophages viraemia damage of the arteoli in all body abortionVenereal infection muc.memb reg.lymph.n.viraemia …
Clinical signs: Mainly inapparent, but could be acute andchronic (stallion), fever, resp. signs, oedema,gravid mares abortions
Diagnosis: direct: Virus isolation, IF, IHC, RT-PCR indirect: VNT, ELISA
Differential diagnosis:1. Respiratory signs:
HerpesvirusesEquine influenzaAdeno-, Reo-, Aphto-, Erbovirusesbacteria: Rhodococcus, Malleus
2. Abortion:Abortion by EHV-1(more frequent, no oedema)bacterial abortions:
Staphylo-, StreptococcusE. coli, KlebsiellaSalmonella abortusequiTaylorella equigen (Chronic equine metr.)Actinobacillus equliLeptospiraeChlamydophila psittaci
3. Oedema:Eq.infect.anaemia, Afr.horse sickness, Babesiapyosepticaemia
Viral Infectious diseases of the nervous systemRabiesWorld-wide spread, Rhabdoviridae, Lyssavirus genus
5 genotypes 4; bats! 1; foxes sylvatic form
Pathogenesis:bite muscle cells myoneural junction alongside neurones spinal chord brain change of behaviour brain nerve bundle paralysis
Clinical signs: incubation 2-8 weeks, rabid (frantic) formquiet rabies
excitation, colic, frequent urination, incurable
Diagnosis:direct: IF, histology: Negri bodies, mice i.c.
inoculationindirect: VNT, (FAVN, RFFIT)
Differential diagnosis:EHV-1 spinal chord paralysis, slowly
progrediatingEquine encephalitis vectors, seasonal, human
cases as wellBorna disease endemicTetanus tetanic, sawing-horse position,
anamnesisBotulisms atonic paralysis, anamnesis
Equine encephalitis: Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), Venezuelan (VEE):Togaviridae, Alphavirus genus
Only in America, arboviruses, real vectors in spread,seasonal, rezervoir specieses: wild birds, (rodents),eurixen viruses: poultry, humans, high mortality!
Clinical signs: Fever, hyperestesy, gnashing, hyperactivity
Diagnosis: direct: virus isolation: mice i.c., e.egg, cell cult.indirect: CF, HAI, VN
Differential diagnosis:Getah v.Flavivirus enceph: West Nile v. St Luis-, Japan enc.
only labor. examin can be distingv.Rabies changed behaviourBorna diseaseTetanus, Botulism
Flavivíruses caused encephalitisFlaviviridae, Flavivirus
West-Nile virusAll over the worldArbovirus – mosquitos, gnatsbirds, mammalians, humans
Pathogenesis: Gnats viraemia organsneuroinvasive strains - encephalitis
Clinical signs: 2-4 weeks incubation periodincoordination, excitation, colic
Diagnosis:direct: isolation, IHC, RT-PCRindirect: VN, IgM ELISA, IF
Differential diagnosis:EHV-1 : myelitis paralysis,
slow progrediationRabies: behavioural change, laborEEE, WEE, VEE: epidemiol., labor. exam.Borna disease: localization, labor. exam.
TetanusBotulism
West-Nile virus caused encephalitis (Üllő)
Borna disease
ELMI examination always negative, endemic, seropositivityIn other countries, horse, sheep, goat, cat, human,Bornaviridae, Bornavirus genus, reservoir: shrew (Sorex…)
Pathogenesis: Grazing aerogen spread n. olfactorius brain, nerve-cells slow degenerationin the presence of antibodies
Incubation period 2 weeks with 90% lethality in horsesClinical signs: digestive- and respiratory tract’s disorders,
Excitation, depression, salivation, apathy, spasmusslowly progrediating poliomyelitisIn sheep "falling down" is characteristic
Diagnosis: direct: virus isolation cell culture, IHC, RT-PCRindirect: Westernblott, ELISA
Differential diagnosis:EHV-1 prone to cureRabies behaviour, IF, NegriEquine encephalitis seasonalityTetanusBotulism