the language of drama and sign language techniques in ......language in india issn 1930-2940 18:4...

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Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:4 April 2018

Dr. Syam S.K., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

The Language of Drama and Sign Language Techniques in the Works of Kalidasa

================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 18:4 April 2018

India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042

The Language of Drama and Sign Language Techniques in the

Works of Kalidasa


====================================================================

Abstract

The article titled The Language of Drama and Sign Language Techniques in the

works of Kalidasa is written in Malayalam language as ṉātakabhāṣayum

cinnabhāṣasanketankaļum kāļidāsa kritikaļil. This article deals with the essence of Semiotics

in Kalaidasa’s works, especially Abhinjana Shakunthalam. Semiotics is a science which deals

with the study of signs. It involves the study of how meanings are made and understood with

sign and symbol. Signs are basic elements of human thought and communication. Ferdinand de

Saussure is considered to be the founder of linguistics and semiotics. He proposed a dyadic

notion of signs, relating the signifier and signified in which the signifier refers to the form of the

word or phrase uttered, and the signified refers to the mental concepts. According to Saussure,

the sign is completely arbitrary. In this article the aspects of Saussurean model are used to study

and identify symbolic metaphors in the great work of Kalidasa Shakuntalam.

Keywords: Kalidasa, Sign, Symbol, Shakunthalam, Signifier, Signified, Metaphor, Semiotics,

language of drama


[email protected]

Research Assistant (Linguistics)

Linguistics Cell, Development Studies Wing

KIRTADS, Kozhikkode-17, Kerala State, India

<394-411>

http://www.languageinindia.com/

http://www.languageinindia.com/

mailto:[email protected]

================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 18:4 April 2018

India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042

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ImfnZmk IrXnIfnÂ --- ṉāṭakabhāṣayum cinnabhāṣāsankētankaļum kāļidāsa kritikaļil

tUm. iymw Fkv . sI M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D

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ImhymßIamb kwKoXmhnjvIcWw am{Xambncp¶p. ]memb\w sN¿p¶ a\pjya\ÊpIfpsS

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coXn imkv{Xw

hnhcWmXvaIamb KthjW {]hÀ¯\ k{¼ZmbamWv Cu ]T\¯nÂ D]tbmKn¨n«pÅXv.

==================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:4 April 2018 Dr. Syam S.K., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. The Language of Drama and Sign Language Techniques in the Works of Kalidasa.

<394-411>

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Ir{XnaambpÅ t\cw t]m¡pIfmbncp¶nÃ ]−pIme¯vv cwKmhnjv¡mcw F¶ Ie.

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k¦oÀ®amb {]tNmZ\¯nsâbpw A\p`h§fptSbpw km£ys¸Sp¯epIfmWv.

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B[p\nI `mjimkv{X¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶v temI¯v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv kznkv

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Bib§fmWv Ccp]Xmw \qämnÂ `mjmimkv{X¯nt\mSpÅ kao]\¯n\pw `mjmimkv{Xsa¶

hnÚm\imJbpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw ImcWambn¯oÀ¶Xv. `mjm imkv{X¯nepÅ Nnlv\

imkv{X knZv[m´§sf ImfnZmk IyXnbmb imIp´f¯nÂ k¶nthin¸n¡pt¼mÄ D-

−mIp¶ _nw_§sfbpw AhbpsS {]tXyIXItfbpw Ipdn¨mWv ChnsS hÀ®n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

`mjmhnÚm\¯nsâ H«\h[n sshhn[y ]T\t{kmXÊpIfnÂ IqSnbpÅ ]T\kt¦X§Ä

]et¸mgpw kmaqlnI _Ô\§fnÂ \n¶pw apàamImsX AXnsâ Nph¶ \qepIfnÂ

_Ô\¯n³ Xs¶ InS¶p. Hcp ]t£ kmaqlnImßXbpsS ]pXnb {]Xntcm[mßIamb

\ntj[¯nsâ DSabmbncp¶XpsIm−mImw A¡me¯v ]e IyXnIfnepw Fgp¯pImsc

klmbn¨ncn¡pI.

{]mtbmKnIw F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ knZv[m´§Ä A{]mtbmKnIambncn¡pIbpw

knZv[m´§Ä {]Xybimkv{X§fpw knZv[m´§Ä {]Xybimkv{X§fmbpw

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{]iv\w. kn²m´§sf kz]v\w ImWm\pw \nÀ½n¡m\pw Ffp¸amWv F¶mÂ Ahsb

{]mtbmKnIhpw {]mhÀ¯nIhpw B¡m³ hfsc _pZv[nap«pff ImcyamWv. {]kn²

\mSIIr¯pw kwhn[mbI\pamb Ìm\nkvCuhvkv¡n ]dªXv ChnsS kvacWobamWv(tIfn).

{]mtbmKnI Xe¯nÂ {]ISn¸n¡p¶ FÃm cwKmhXcWIeIfpw AXnsâ AaqÀ¯amb

hnPbw km[yam¡p¶Xv AXv A`n\bn¡s¸Spt¼mgmWv.


<394-411>

]et¸mgpw Hcp krjvSnIÀ¯mhnsâ Bßkmêyw XfncnSp¶Xpw IpfnÀ¡p¶Xpw AXv B

\nebnÂ aäpÅhcpsS lrZb§fnÂ Øm\w t\Spt¼mgmWv. AXv A\p`hn¨p

kmêyaSbm\pÅ AhImi¯nÂ FÃm krjvSnIÀ¯m¡fpw {]XnÚm_ÔhpamWv. NneÀ

CXnÂ hnPbn¨Xv am\pjnI _Ô¯nsâbpw am\hlrZb¯nsâbpw amsämen

kZm{]Xnên¡p¶ hnImc§fnse tNmZ\ DÄs¡m−XpsIm−v am{XamWv. CXnÂ ]ecpw

hnPbn¨Xv A\nhmcyXbnÂ hnizkn¨XpsIm−mWv. {]ikvX\mb Fgp¯pImc³ B\μv

]dbp¶Xpt]mse, A\nhmcyXbnÂ hnizkn¡m³ IgnªmÂ t\«hpw A\nhmcyambn

`hn¡pw. CXn³ NneÀ t\Snb kt¦Xw lmky¯ntâXmsW¦nÂ aäp NneÀ {SmPUnbnemWv

hnPbw t\SnbXv. NnecmIs«, kvss{XWXbnepw aäpÅhÀ ssewKnIXbnepw BWv.

`mjmimkv{XÚ³amÀ `mjsb ]eXc¯nÂ \nÀÆNn¡p¶p. AXnÂ H¶v C§s\bmWv

]ckv]cw klIcn¡m³ kaqlw D]tbmKn¡p¶ tkzÑm]chmNyNnÓ§fpsS hyhØ

F¶mWv. hcsamgnbpsS Ncn{Xw ]nctim[n¨mÂ Nn{XenJnXambncp¶p AXnsâ BZy cq]sa¶v

a\Ênem¡mw. kw`mjWw am{XaÃ BwKyhpw Hcp Bib hn\natbm]m[nbmWv.

skmÊqdnsâ ho£Ww

1901 apXÂ 1913 hsc kÊqÀ P\oh kÀÆIemimebnÂ `mjmimkvv{X¯nsâ s{]m^ÊÀ

F¶ \nebnÂ tkh\a\pjvTn¨ncp¶p. ChnsS Cu teJ\¯nÂ kkqdnsâ

`mjmimkv{XNnlv\ knZv[m´§sf ImfnZmk IyXnbmb imIp´f¯nse hnhn[

_nw_§fnÂ k¶nthin¸n¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ `mjbpsS \qX\ambpff AÀXvY kt¦X§fnÂ

hym]cn¡m³ Ignbp¶p. `mjm kaqlw hyànIfpsS `mjW¯n\v FÀs¸Sp¯p¶

kaqlr]cnanXnIÄ krjvSn¡p¶ amXrIIfmWv imkv{Xobamb `mjm]T\¯n\v

hnt[bamt¡Xv F¶XmWv skmÊqdnsâ ho£Ww.skmÊqdnsâ ho£W¯nÂ Hcp

hkvXphns\bpw AXnsâ t]cnt\bpaÃ `mjmNnÓw _Ôn¸n¡p¶Xv. {]kvXpXamb Hcp

Bibt¯bpw AXnsâ {ihW_nw_s¯bpamWv. AXmbXv am\knIamb \ne\nev¸pw c-

−phi§fnepapÅ H¶mWv `mjmNnÓw. Cu \nÀÆN\w Nn{Xcq]¯nÂ ]dªmÂ,

Nn{Xw 1


Bibw Concept

{ihW_nw_w

Acoustic Image

AÀYw

Signified aqÀ¯hkvXp

Signifier

NnÓw

Sign

<394-411>

Nn{X¯nÂ ImWn¨n«pÅ {ihW_nw_w F¶XpsIm−v Dt±in¡p¶X,v \½psS

`mh\bnÂ {ihn¡m³ Ignbp¶ Hcp kvacWtbtbm i_vZt¯tbm BWv. i_vZ

_nw_¯nsâ t\«§fnsem¶v AXnsâ LSI§Ä thÀXncns¨Sp¡mhp¶XmWv. i_vZ_nw_w

Hcp ¢n]vX F®w LSI§fptStbm kz\na§fptSsbm (Phonemes) BsI¯pIbmWv. Ahsb

tcJ¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v AXn\ptbmPn¨ enJnX {]XoI§fpw thWw. ChnsS kÊqÀ NÀ¨

sN¿p¶Xv `mjbpsS i_vZ Xe¯nepw kaqlhkvXpXbv¡v Xpeyamb Hcp hniZoIcWw

Is−¯m\pÅ {ias¯¡pdn¨mWv adn¨v i_vZmkvXnXzapÅ Cu hkvXp¡fpsS hniZmwi§Ä

At±lw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶nÃ. Hcp NnÓ¯nsâ ASnØm\w BibamWv. Hcp _nw_¯nsâ

AÀ°w {]XoI§fmbn amdpt¼mgmWv Hcp ]qÀ®amb BibssIamäw t_m[Xe¯n³

D−mIp¶Xv.

NnÓ¯nsâ am\knIXe¯nepÅ asämcp hiamWv Bibw. kÊqÀ ]dbp¶Xv

i_vZ¯nsâ am\knI ap{ZWamb {ihW_nw_t¯¡mÄ AaqÀ¯amWv Bibw F¶mWv.

C¯c¯nÂ DÅ kmam\yhÂ¡cWw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv imkv{XobXbpsS e£WamWv, Cu

{]Xn`mk§sf¡pdn¨v {]hN\§Ä \S¯m³ Ignbp¶Xv kmam\yhÂ¡cWw hgnbmWv.

`mjbnse hyànLSI§Ä kmam\yhÂ¡cW¯n\v {]Xn_Ôw krjvSn¡p¶pthm F¶v

kwibamWv. `mjbnÂ DÅ {]hN\mXoX LSI§Ä kmam\yhÂ¡cW¯n\pw hgns¸Sm¯

hyànKX LSI§sf¶p ]ÞnX³amÀ {KÙ§fnÂ ]dªncn¡p¶p. `mjbnÂ \n¶v

hyànKXLSI§Ä \o¡w sN¿pIbmsW¦nÂ {]hN\mXoX LSI§sf Hgnhm¡m³ Ignbpw.

C§s\ e`n¡p¶Xns\bmWv kÊqÀ 'emMv' (langue) F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. emMns\ atäXp

LSIt¯bpw t]mse Bib§tfbpw thÀXncn¡mhp¶XmWv. i_vZ_nw_§fpambn t\cn«v

B{ibXzapÅhbmWv Bib§Ä. Cu ImcW¯mÂ thÀXncn¡m\mIm¯ c−v Awi§Ä

NnÓ¯n\p−v, 'kqNnXw' (signified) F¶pw {ihW_nw_¯n\v 'kqNIw' (signifier) F¶pw

]dbmsa¶v kÊqÀ ]dbp¶p. Cu c−p hi§fptSbpw At`Zyamb HcpabmWv Nnlv\w

F¶pÅXv sIm−v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv. `mjmimkv{X¯nse aqÀ¯hpw

Hgn¨pIqSm\mhm¯Xpamb hkvXphmWv Nnlv\w, skmÊqÀ Nnlv\s¯ aqÀ¯sa¶v

]dbp¶Xnsâ ASnØm\w At±l¯nsâ AXntem«pÅ hyàamb ho£WamWv.

Nnlv\¯nsâ kÊyqdnb³ amXrI XmsgsImSp¡p¶p.

Signified kqNnXw

Signifier kqNIw

ooo ooo tree

<394-411>

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<394-411>

F¶mÂ cqNnaªÄ F¶ ]Zw sIm−v At±lw Dt±in¨Xv {]Xyb§sf (affixces)

am{XamWv, ]Z¯nsâ ImWvUs¯tbm (stem), [mXphns\tbm (root) AÃ. LSI§fmbn

hn`Pn¡m³ Ignbm¯ NnÓ§sf kcf NnÓw (simple sign) F¶pw H¶ne[nIw

AÀY]qÀ®amb LSI§fps¦nÂ AXns\ knâmw (syntax) F¶pw At±lw kaÀ°n¨p.

tkÑm]camb (Arbitrary) AÀ°¯nÂ NnÓw F¶Xv, NnÓw Fńs\ AÀ°am¡p¶pthm

AXns\ kqNn¸n¡p¶ i_vZLS\ NnÓ¯n\nÃ , F¶XmWv .

NnÓ¯nsâ thsdmcp kz`mhw tcJobamWv (Linear) F¶XmWv. `mjmNnÓ¯nsâ

tcJobX (Linearity) {][m\ambpw _Ôs¸Sp¶Xv {imhW_nw_¯nemWv. NmÄkv

km³tUgvkv ]ntbgvkv (Charles Sanders Peirce) F¶ ]WvUnX³ ]dbp¶Xv NnÓsa¶Xv aq¶v

Bibambn AhXcn¸n¡mw F¶mW.v Cu Bib¯n\v aq¶v hn`mK§Ä D−mIpw.

sFt¡m¬(Icon), knw_Â (Symbol), C³Uokkv (Indices) F¶nhbmbncp¶p Nnlv\s¯

{]Xn\n[oIcn¡m³ NmÄkv kmtâgvkv ]ntbgvkv D]tbmKn¨ knZv[m´§Ä.

ImfnZmk³ Hcp kÀ¤mßmhv

Cý³ kmlnXycwKs¯ AXnImbI\mb Hcp kÀ¤mßmhmWv ImfnZmk³,

ImfnZmksâ ]e IrXnIfpw AXnsâ bYmÀ° cq]¯nÂ \ap¡pIn«nbn«nÃ. ¢mkn¡Â

kwkvIrX¯n\v kmlnXy¯nsâ D¯aKncn irwK§fnÂ DÅ Øm\w Bcmepw tNmZyw

sN¿s¸Sm³ km[n¡m¯XmWv. At±l¯nsâ {][m\ \mSI§Ä hn{ItamÀÆiobw,

amfhnImánan{Xw A`nÚm\ imIp´fw apXembhbmWv. At±l¯nsâ ImhyIrXnIfmIs«

EXpkwlmcw, taLktμiw, Ipamckw`hw, cLphwiw F¶nhbmWv. ImfnZmkt\bpw

At±l¯nsâ IrXnIsf¡pdn¨papÅ hyàambpÅ sXfnhpIfpsSbpw A`mhw XoÀ¨bmbn«pw

At±ls¯¡pdn¨v ]dbm\pÅ tbmKyXbnÃmbva BsW¦nepw, In«nbn«pÅ sXfnhpIÄ

]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ D¯tcýbnse amÄh F¶ Øe¯mWv At±lw P\n¨sX¶v ImWmw.

DÖbn\n F¶ Øe¯v B«nSb\mbn hfÀ¶ At±lw {_mÒW kapZmb¯nemWv

P\n¨sX¶pw A`n{]mbap−v. NmXqÀhÀWy¯nsâ Xncbnf¡w DÅ A¡me¯v shdpw

B«nSb\mbn Pohn¨p h¶ At±lw A£cm`ykanÃm¯bmfmbncn¶p sh¶pw ImfnZmk³

F¶ t]cv Hcn¡epw A±l¯nsâ t]csÃ¶pw ]dbp¶p. At±lw D]hkn¨ncp¶ tZhXbpsS

t]cmWnsX¶pw A`n{]mbap−v. Cu hmZKXnIÄ¡v Dt]mÂ_eamIp¶ Hcp an¯ns\¡pdn¨v

ChnsS kqNn¸n¡msX t]mIm³ Ignbp¶nÃ. Hcp Znhkw Im«neqsS hgnsXän hni¶p heª

ImfnZmk\v almImfnbpsS t£{Xw ImWm³ CSbmsb¶pw AXn\I¯v Ibdn `£Ww

Xncªp sIm−ncp¶t¸mÄ ]pd¯p k©mc¯nembncp¶ A½ h¶psh¶pw t£{XhmXnÂ

====================================================================

Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:4 April 2018 Dr. Syam S.K., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. The Language of Drama and Sign Language Techniques in the Works of Kalidasa.

<394-411>

Xmgn«ncn¡p¶XpsIm−v "AI¯mcv " F¶p tNmZn¨p. Xncn¨v ']pd¯mc'v 'F¶ tNmZyw h¶Xpw

AXn\p¯cambn ‘]pd¯v Imfn’ F¶pw `bteiat\y AI¯v Zmk³ F¶p Xncn¨p

]dbpIbpw sNbvXp. B _mesâ ss[cyhpw s]s«¶pÅ D¯chpw I−v tZhn kw{]oXbmbn

At±l¯nsâ \mhnÂ hmKvtZhXbpsS A\p{Klw sNmcnªpsh¶pamWv sFXnlyw.

an¯pIÄ F´pw Bbns¡mÅs«, ImfnZmkIrXnIfpsS A´xkà {Kln¡m³

t_m[]qÀÆamb {ia§Ä H«\h[n thWsa¶ Imcyw \nkvXÀ¡clnXamWv. AXn\ptijw

ImfnZmk³ F¶ {]Xn` Cýsbm«msI kμÀin¡pIbpw IrXnIÄ FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp.

IqSmsX At±l¯nsâ IrXnIfnÂ tPymXnjw, D]\nj¯p¡Ä, thZ§Ä, ]pcmW§Ä,

kzX{ámb NnÍfpsS ka\zb k©mcw, ho−pw ho−pw hmbn¨p ]Tn¡m\pÅ A´xk¯

apXembh ImWm³ Ignbpw, ImfnZmk³ hn{IamZnXy almcmPmhnsâ sIm«mc Ihnbmbn

{]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. Kp]vX km{amPy¯nse Gähpw {]KÂ`\mb

cmPmhmbncp¶p N{μKp]vX hn{IamZnXy³. Kp]vX km{amPy¯nse GXp cmPmhnsâ IqsSbmWv

ImfnZmk³ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶Xv C¶pw XÀ¡ hnjbamWv. Kp]vX cmPhwi¯nsâ

ImeL«w F¶p ]dbp¶Xv 300þ650 AD BWv. anÌÀ hn³kâv kvan¯nsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂ

H¶nÂ IqSpXÂ Kp]vXcmPm¡³amcpsS IqsS ImfnZmk³ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶mWv

]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. At±lw Xsâ k©mc§fnse kvarXn]ÀÆs¯ XtâXmb

ZmÀi\nIaqey§fpambn ka\zbn¸n¨n«mWv IrXnIsfgpXnbncp¶sX¶v ImfnZmkIrXn

kzmb¯am¡nb FÃmt]À¡pw a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv. AhmNyamb {]IrXnbnse aqey§fpw

_nw_§fpw CXnÂ FSp¯p]dtb− {]mtbmKnI ssienIfmWv.

A`nÚm\ imIp´fw

\mSI cN\bnepÅ At±l¯nsâ DZm¯amb ssien B \mSI§sf C¶phsc

temIw I−n«pÅ Gähpw anI¨ \mSI cN\m kt¦X§fm¡n amän t\scs¯ kqNn¸n¨,

hn{ItamÀÆiobw, amfhnImánan{Xw, A`nÚm\imIp´fw F¶nhbmWv, At±l¯nsâ anI¨

A\izc§fmb \mSI§Ä. CXnÂ ImfnZmksâ Gähpw anI¨ IrXnbmWv, A`nÚm\

imIp´fw. Ggv AwK§fnÂ {]IrXnbnse hnhn[ _nw_§tfbpw AXnsâ tNmZ\Isfbpw

hÀ®n¨v FgpXnb e£Wbpàamb IrXnbmWv A`nÚm\ imIp´fw. {]ikvX PÀ½³

Ihnbmb sKmbvtY A`nÚm\ imIp´fs¯¸än ]dªXv ChnsS {]kàamWv.

"kwhÕcmcw`¯nse ]pjv]§fpw kwhÕcmhkm\¯nse ê§fpw Bßmhn\pw

tamls¯bpw B\μ]mchiys¯bpw \nÀhrXnsbbpw kwXr]vXnsbbpw P\n¸n¡p¶

kIehpw F¶pth `qtemIhpw kzÀKvKtemIhpw IqSnbpw Hcp \ma¯nÂ

tbmPn¸n¡s¸SWsa¦nÂ imIp´fw F¶p ]dªmÂ aXn" F¶mWv. ImfnZmk hncNnXamb

====================================================================


<394-411>

imIp´fw XnI¨pw CXnlmk t_m[¯nÂ \n¶pw Dcp¯ncn¨ Hcp ]mSp IYm ]m{X§fptSbpw

hnhcW§fpsSbpw ka\zbamWv. ]et¸mgpw AXnÂ hnNn{X§fmb Iemkmt¦X¯nsâ Hcp

Hgp¡v A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv Nnet¸mÄ CXnlmk¯nÂ \n¶pw h¶ t{]màamb Hcp

]cnWmaambncn¡Ww.

bmYmÀ°yamb CXnlmkw

ImfnZmk³ bmYmÀ°yamb CXnlmk¯nÂ kz´w `mh\sb k¶nthin¸n¨v [mcmfw

IYIfpw IYm]m{X§fpw ]qÀ¯oIcn¨n«p−v. BZyw \½Ä Adntb−Xv bmYmÀ°yamb

CXnlmkw F´msW¶mWv. ]pcpcmPhwi¯nse {]ikvX\mb cmPmhmbncp¶p Zpjy´³. Hcp

Znhkw Zpjy´³ arKbmhnt\mZ¯n\mbn sIm«mc¯n³ \n¶v ]pds¸«p. A§s\ Im«nÂ¡qSn

th«bmSn £oWn¨v IWzm{ia¯nÂ F¯ns¸«p. AhnsS IWzalÀjn CÃmbncp¶p. At±lw

h\¯n³ ImbvI\nIÄ tiJcn¡phm³ t]mbncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. AXn\mÂ At±l¯nsâ

hfÀ¯p]p{Xnbmb iIp´f am{Xta D−mbncp¶pÅq. iIp´fsb I−t¸mÄ Xs¶ Zpjy´³

AhfnÂ A\pcà\mbn. AhfpsS AwKemhWyw Zpjy´s\ tamlNn¯\m¡n. At±lw

Ahsf¡pdn¨v At\zjn¨p. Xm³ IWzsâ ]p{Xn AsÃ¶pw hnizman{XalÀjn¡v ta\IbnÂ

P\n¨ ]p{XnbmsW¶pw IWz³ Xsâ hfÀ¯Ñ³ am{XamsW¶pw AhÄ Adnbn¨p. AhfpsS

A`ua kuμcy¯n³ hnhi\mbn¯oÀ¶ cmPmhv AhtfmSv hnhml`yÀ°\ \S¯n AhfnÂ

X\n¡p−mIp¶ ]p{Xs\ cmPymhImin B¡psa¶v {]XnÚ sNbvXv cmPmhv iIp´fbpambn

can¨p. Ahsf Xmakwhn\m sIm«mc¯nte¡p Iq«nsIm−pt]mIp¶XmsW¶v

hm¡psImSp¯n«v At±lw IWz³ hcp¶Xn\p ap³]v AhnsS\n¶v t]mbn. Xmakwhn\m

IWzalÀjn hcpIbpw ZnhyZrjvSnsIm−v AhnsS \S¶ Imcyw {Kln¡pIbpw iIp´fsb

A\p{Kln¡pIbpw sNbvXp. KÀ`nWnbmb iIp´f Hcp B¬Ip«nsb {]khn¡pIbpw

sNbvXp. Ah\v Bdv hbÊmbn«pw Zpjy´\nÂ \n¶pw At\zjWsam¶pw D−mhm¯Xn\mÂ

IWz³ ]p{Xnsbbpw AhfpsS aIs\bpw GXm\pw injy³amscbpw Iq«n cmPmhn\nSw

]dªb¨p. iIp´fsb I−bpS³ Adnbmambncp¶n«pw a\¸qÀÆw adhn \Sn¡pIbpw

sNbvXp. iIp´f hfsc hnjan¡pIbpw hotdmsS AhfpsS hmZKXn \S¯pIbpw

At¸mÄXs¶ iIp´fsb thÄ¡Wsa¶ Hcicocn AhnsS D−mhpIbpw sNbvXp. cmPmhv

iIp´fsbbpw ]p{Xs\bpw kzoIcn¡pIbpw ]p{X\p `cXs\¶ t]À \ÂIn

bphcmPmhm¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu hfsc eLphmb CXnlmkIYsb BWv ImfnZmk³ AXn_mlpeyt¯msS Xsâ

at\mhym]mc¯nsâ A\´Xkm[yXIsf {]mhÀ¯nIam¡nbXv. \mSI¯nsâ H¶papXÂ

\mephscbpÅ A¦§fnse Ac§pIÄ IWzm{ia¯nsâ Hmtcm `mKhpw A©pw Bdpw

A¦§fnse Ac§pIÄ lkvXn\m]pchpw, Ggv Iiy]m{iahpw BIp¶p.


<394-411>

H¶ma¦¯n³ arKbmhnt\mZw hfsc CjvSs¸Sp¶ Zpjy´³ tXcnÂ Hcp am\ns\

th«bmSns¡m¶v amen\o Xoc¯pÅ IWzm{ia¯nse¯p¶p . B am\ns\ c£n¡m\mbn

B{ia¯nepÅ injy³amÀ {ian¡pIbpw, AhÀ cmPmhns\ IWzm{ia¯nÂ AYnXnbmbn

kzoIcn¡m\pÅ CjvSw Adnbn¡pIbpw AXn\mbn IWz]p{Xnbmb iIp´fsb ImWm³

]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶p. iIp´fsb sN¶p ImWm³ \nÝbn¨v hn\oX\mbn B{ia¯n³

IS¡pt¼mÄ cmPmhn\v Xsâ heXp ssI XpSn¡p¶Xpt]mse tXm¶pIbpw B{ia hmSn¡p

sX¡phiw aq¶v ap\nI\yIamÀ \oÀ¡pS§fpambn ssXac§Ä \\bv¡phm³ hcp¶Xv

ImWpIbpw sN¿p¶p. AhcpsS sskzc kÃm]w ac§fpsS adhnÂ Hfnªp\n¶v cmPmhv

tIÄ¡p¶p. AhcnÂ HcmÄ IWz]p{Xnbmb iIp´fbmsW¶pw aäpc−pt]À AhfpsS

tXmgnamcmb A\kqbbpw {]nbwhZbpamsW¶pw cmPmhn\p a\Ênemhp¶p. Ahsf

I−t¸mÄ Xs¶ cmPmhv AhfpsS A`ua kuμcy¯nÂ BIrjvS\mIpIbpw Ahsf

hnhmlw Ign¡m³ CjvSs¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. XpS¶pÅ kw`mjW¯nÂ AhÄ

IWzalÀjnbpsS hfÀ¯p ]p{XnbmsW¶dnbp¶p AhfpsS bYmÀ° amXm]nXm¡Ä

ta\Ibpw hnizman{X\pamsW¶pw hfÀ¯Ñ³ Ahsf A\pcq]\mb hc\v

\ÂIm\ncn¡pIbmsW¶pw a\Ênem¡p¶p. cmPmhns\ I−XpapXÂ cmPmhnÂ iIp´fbpw

BIrjvSbmIp¶p, C§s\ \mbnIm\mbI·mcnÂ hnIkn¨ t{]aw hfÀ¶psIm−ncns¡ Hcp

Im«m\ hnc−p ]mªp hcp¶p F¶v tIÄ¡pIbpw AhÄ AXn\mÂ Xncnªp t]mIpIbpw,

sN¿p¶p,. apt¶m«p \o§p¶p. PVicocw, ]nt¶m«pw ]mbp¶ a\Êpw

F¶t]mse……..(tIfn). iIp´fbpsS Nn´bmÂ \n{μm hnlo\\mbn cm{Xn Ign¨pIq«nb

cmPmhpw At±l¯nsâ hnizkvX an{Xamb amVhy\pw BWv cma¦¯nse {][m\

IYm]m{X§Ä. Xm]kznbmb I\yIbnÂ cmPmhn\p−mb t{]as¯¸änbpw AhfpsS

emhWymXnibs¯¸änbpw At±lw amVhys\ hÀ®n¨p ]dªp tIÄ¸n¡p¶p AXv

C§s\bmWv... ……..

“Nn{X¯nemZysagpXo«pbnÀ tNÀ¯XmtamNn¯¯nÂ

h¨g¡p tNÀ¯pcNn¨Xmtam {_Ò{]`mhhpahÄs¡gpamh-

]pÊp. tamÀan¡neosbmc_emaWn krjvSnthsd...…" (tIfn)

At¸mÄ bmKc£bv¡v cmPmhv B{ia¯n³ XmaÊn¡Wsa¶v ]dªv c−v Ejn Ipamc³amÀ

hcp¶p. AtX kabw Xs¶ sIm«mc¯nÂ F{Xbpw s]s«¶v sNÃWsa¶p ]dªv, cmPamXmhv

Iev]n¨v ]dªb¨ Ic`³ F¶ ZqX³ hcp¶p. Xsâ Øm\¯p amVhys\ ]cnhmcktaXw

sIm«mc¯nte¡b¨ cmPmhv B{iac£bv¡mbn ]pds¸Sp¶p. aq¶ma¦¯n³ Zpjy´t\mSpÅ

B{Kl¯nsâ A[nIy¯mÂ {]Wb ]chibmb iIp´fsb ImWn¨ncn¡p¶p.

====================================================================


<394-411>

AhÄ amen\o Xocs¯ hÅn¡pSnenÂ ]md¸pd¯v ]qsa¯ hncn¨v InS¡p¶p.

tXmgnamÀ Ahsf ip{iqjn¡p¶p. cmPmhv Ima]oUnX\mbn CXv ImWpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

kJnamcpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw AhÄ Xsâ at\mcYw At±ls¯ Adnbn¡phm³

Xocpam\n¡p¶p. AhÄ Hcp t{]ateJ\w InfnbpsS hbdpt]mse an\pkamb XmacbnebnÂ

\Jw sIms−gpXn kJnamsc hmbn¨ptIÄ¸n¡p¶p. s]s«¶v cmPmhv CXv tI«v AhfpsS

ASp¯v sN¶v Xsâ lrZbIma\ Xpd¶pIm«p¶p. F¶mÂ kaÀYbmb A\kqb

cmPmhns\s¡m−v Hcp {]XnÚ IqSn sN¿n¨n«mWv AhcpsS KmÔÀÆ hnhml¯n\v

Ahkcw sImSp¯Xv. ]t£ ImapIoImapI³amcpsS kamKaw \o−p\nÂ¡p¶nÃm.

iIp´fbpsS hfÀ¯½bmb KuXan tcmKw At\zjn¨v Cu kab¯v hcp¶Xn\mÂ AhÀ¡p

thÀ]ncntb−nhcp¶p. cmPmhv GXm\pw Znhkw IqSn AhnsS D−mIpIbpw iIp´f KmÔÀÆ

hn[n {]Imcw ]cnWnXbmhpIbpw KÀ`w [cn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

cmPmhv t]mIpt¼mÄ Xsâ ap{ZtamXncw AhfpsS hncenÂ AWnbn¡pIbpw DSs\

sIm−pt]mImsa¶v hmKvZm\w sN¿pIbpw sN¿p¶p. IWz³ Xncns¨¯pt¼mÄ F§s\

At±ls¯ A`napJnIcn¡pw F¶ òXnbpw sIm−v iIp´fbpw B{iahmknIfpw Ccn¡p¶

AhØbnemWv \mema¦w XpS§p¶Xv. B kabw ZpÀÆmkmhv alÀjn AhnsS hcpIbpw

Xs¶ bYmhn[n ]qPn¡msX Nn´mhnhibmbncn¡p¶ iIp´fsb i]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

"Bsc HmÀ¯psIm−ncn¡p¶pthm Ah\v \nt¶mSpÅ _Ôw \o sN¶pWÀ¯n¨mepw

HmÀ½hcmsX t]mIs«" F¶v. CXv tI«v kw{`m´bmb {]nbwhZ HmSns¨¶v sXäv

s]mdp¡Wsa¶v ]dbp¶Xnsâ êambn ‘A`nÚm\w’(Sign) Fs´¦nepw ImWn¨mÂ im]w

Hgnbpsa¶v ap\n ]dbpIbpw sNbvXp. IWz³ B{ia¯nÂ Xncns¨¯n iIp´fbpsS AhØ

Adnªv Ahsf A\p{Kln¡pIbpw aäp Xm]k³amtcmsSm¸w Ahsf sIm«mc¯nÂ hnSm³

Xocpam\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

iIp´fbpsS Cu bm{Xbb¸v hÀ®n¡p¶ \mema¦w A`nÚm\ imIp´f¯nse

Gähpw {][m\ `mKambn ]cnWan¡p¶p. PohnXs¯ {]Xnên¸n¡p¶Xnepw arZpe

hnImc§sf Dt¯Pn¸n¡p¶XnepapÅ ImfnZmksâ {]Xn`msshZKv[ys¯ AIta ImWmw.

cmPmhv, KuXantbmSpw imÀMvKch³ imcZz\³ F¶o ap\n injy³amtcmSpsam¯v

cmP[m\nbnÂ F¯p¶ iIp´fsb Dt]£n¡p¶XmWv A©mw A¦w. B Ahkc¯nÂ

ZpÀÆmkmhnsâ im]w DÅXn\mÂ cmPmhn\v iIp´fsb HmÀ¡m³ ]äp¶nÃ. A§s\ hfsc

hnjan¨v Xncn¨p \S¡p¶ iIp´fsb Hcp A]vkckv FSp¯v sIm−v BImi¯nte¡v

t]mIp¶p. bmZrÝnIambnbpmb A`nÚm\ ZÀi\¯mÂ cmPmhv iIp´fsb HmÀ¯v

hnhi\mIpIbpw, ]Ým¯]n¡p¶Xpw BWv Bdma¦¯nse {]Xn]mZyw.


<394-411>

iIp´fbpsS ]¡Â \n¶pw \jvSs¸« ap{ZtamXncw Hcp aÕy¯nsâ hbänÂ \n¶pw

Hcp ap¡ph\v e`n¡p¶p. Ah³ AXv hnÂ¡m³ \S¡pt¼mÄ Ahs\ `S³amÀ ]nSnIqSn

cmPka£w lmPcm¡pIbpw AXv I− DS³ cmPmhn\v ]qÀÆ IYm kvacWIÄ D−mIpIbpw

sN¿p¶p.

Ggma¦XnXnÂ Zpjy´³ C{μm`njvSw hnPbn¸n¨v Xncn¨v amXentbmsSm¶n¨v cY¯n³

Ibdn `qanbnte¡v aS§p¶p. amÀ¤at[y Imiy]alÀjnsb I−v hμn¡m³

tlaIqS]ÀÆX¯n³ Cd§p¶p. B kabw cmPmhv Xt¶mSp cq] kmZriyapÅ hn{Ianbmb

Hcp _mes\ I−pap«pIbpw Hcp ]p{X \nÀhntijamb hmÕeyw At±l¯n\v tXm¶pIbpw

sN¿p¶p. AhnSs¯ Xm]knIfnÂ \n¶pw At±lw Ahsâ A½bpsS t]cv iIp´f F¶pw

Ah³ ]pcphwiP\msW¶v {ihn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. XpSÀ¶v iIp´fbpsS {]thi\t¯msS

]camÀ°saÃmw hyàamhpIbpw `mcym`À¯m¡³amÀ ]ckv]cw tbmPn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

Zpjy´sâ HmÀ½sb \in¸n¨Xv ZpÀÆmkmhnsâ im]w \nan¯amsW¶pw AXv

hn[nbmsW¶pw Iiy] alÀjn ]dbp¶p. an¯pw `mh\bpw X½nepÅ bp²w ChnsS hfsc

bmYmÀ°yambn amdnbncn¡p¶p. ImfnZmksâ `mh\bnÂ hncnª AapÀ¯amb

ØnXnhntij§Ä \ap¡v CXnÂ ImWm³ Ignbpw. A`nÚm\w (Sign) F¶ t]cn\À°w

Xs¶ NnÓ hntijW¯n\pZmlcWw BWv. Hcp]t£ Cu \mSI¯nÂ {]bpàambn

]dªn«pÅ NnÓw Zpjy´³ iIp´fbv¡psImSp¯ ap{ZtamXncw Xs¶bmWv.

\nbXambn«pÅ hyXykvX Npäp]mSpIfnÂ IqSn ]cnekn¨p hnekp¶ Cu \mSIw Hcp ]s£

DbÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶Xv Xs¶ Cu ap{ZtamXnc¯n³ IqSnXs¶bmWv. ImfnZmk hncNnXamb

\mSI§fnÂ IpSpXepw \ap¡pImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv Cu Nnlv\§ÄXs¶bmWv.

BZy`mK¯v Xs¶ am\pItfbpw lwk§tfbpw¡pdn¨v bmYmÀ°y t_m[t¯msS Xs¶

hÀ®n¨ncn¡p¶p. Cu NnÓ§Ä {]ISam¡n hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv A¡me§fnÂ DÅ

\nÀ½eamb a\ØnXnbmWv. Im\\¯n³ t]mepw Pohn¡p¶hÀ {]IrXnbpambn C{Xam{Xw

CgpInt¨À¶v Pohn¡p¶Xv AÛpXw Xs¶bmWv. BZy kamKa¯nÂ AhÀ \nÂ¡p¶

hÅn¡pSnent\mSv iIp´f bm{X tNmZn¡p¶Xv hfsc {]tXyIXbpÅ cwKamWv. AXv

C§s\bmWv “X]im´n¡p]Icn¨ hÅn¡pSnte \nt¶mSv Xev¡mew bm{X tNmZn¡p¶p.

Xmakn¡msX ImWmw” F¶p ImapI³ tIÄ¡¯¡hn[w ]dªn«v iIp´f hfÀ¯½bmb

KuXantbmsSm¸w t]mIp¶p. ImfnZmk hncNnXamb A`nÚm\ imIp´fw F¶ \mSIw

temI¯nÂ h¨p Xs¶ Gähpw {]m[m\yhpw AaqÀ¯hpamb IrXnbmWv.


<394-411>

`mjmimkv{X NnÓ kt¦X§Ä imIp´f¯nÂ ImfnZmk hncNnXamb imIp´fs¯ `mjmimkv{X NnÓ kt¦X§fp]tbmKn¨v ]T\

hnt[bam¡pt¼mÄ \ap¡p ImWm³ km[n¡p¶Xv, AXnk¦oÀ®amb kmaqlnI NnÓ

kt¦X§Ä am{XaÃ {]Jym]nXamb Bhnjv¡mc NnÓkt¦X§Ä IqSn BWv. kmaqlnI

{]Xn_²XtbmSpff Hcp Nn´m{]mtbmKnIX CXnÂ _Ôs¸Sp¯nbmÂ Hcp cmPmhn\v GXv

cq]hXnbmb kv{Xobnepw tXm¶mhp¶ Aenhnsâ {]XoIambmWv , iIp´ftbmSp tXm¶p¶

kvt\ls¯ ImWm³ ]äp¶Xv. HcmÄ¡v Hcp kab¯v s]s«¶v tXm¶p¶ Cu imcocnIamb

AhØmt`Zs¯ kvt\lsa¶mtWm AtXm Imasa¶ enJnX {]XoIambmtWm ImtW-

−sX¶v Hcp t{imXmhn\v Xocpam\n¡mhp¶XmWv. ap{ZtamXncsa¶ Bibw (concept)

{imhW_nw_ambmWv (Acoustic image) ChnsS cmPmhv iIp´ftbmSv

{]Xn^en¸n¡p¶sX¦nepw B Bib¯nsâ Hcp e£rw Xs¶ XoÀ¨bmbpw hnhmlhmKvZm\w

F¶ AÀ°s¯ (signified) BWv ImWn¡p¶Xv

t_m[Xe¯nse aqÀ¯hkvXphmbn (signifier) ap{ZtamXncs¯ {]tNmZn¸n¡pt¼mÄ

AXv PohnX¯nsâ XojvWkz`mhhpw Hcp henb Xocpam\¯nÂ \n¶pw DSseSp¯ Dd¸pw

hmKvZm\hpambpw amdp¶p. arKbmhnt\mZsa¶p ]dªv cmPm¡³amÀ A¡me§fnÂ

CSbv¡nSbv¡v Im«n\pffnte¡v t]mIp¶Xv {]mtbmKnIamb ctPmKpW¯nsâ {]XoIambn

(symbol) hntijn¸n¡mw. A¡me§fnÂ Bib (concept) ]cambn D−mbncp¶

NmXpÀhÀWy¯nsâ kmaqlnIamb {]Xn[z\nIÄ FÃm hn`mKobcmb BfpIÄ¡pw D−mImw.

.NmXpÀhÀWysa¶p ]dbp¶ {imhW {]XoIs¯ {]bpàam¡p¶ kmaqlnI

Ak´pe\mhØ ]e khÀ®obcptSbpw khÀ®_nw_§fptSbpw kqNnXambn

hntijn¸n¡mw. h\¯n\pffnepff PohPme§fpambn a\pjy³ F{Xt¯mfw CgpIn Pohn¨p

F¶Xn\v hfscb[nIw sXfnhpIÄ ImfnZmk³ \nc¯p¶p−v.

bp²k¶²\mbn arKbmhnt\mZ¯nteÀs¸«v £oWn¨p h¶ Zpjy´\v ImSpambpw

a\pjyÀ CS]gIn kam[m\¯nÂ Pohn¡p¶Xp ImWpt¼mÄ D−mb amähpw, kam[m\hpw

hfsc \nÀ½eambpff Hcp am\knImhØbnÂ F¯n¨n«p−mImw. Cu AhØ Hcp]t£

iIp´fsb I−t¸mÄ BZym\pcmK¯nsâ hn¯pIÄ ]mIm³ k¶²Xbpff a\kvknt\bpw

icoc¯nt\bpw ]mIs¸Sp¯nbncn¡mw. `mjmNnÓ¯nsâ tcJobX BWv ChnsS

ImWn¡p¶Xv. ImcWw sIm«mc¯ntâXn\p `n¶ambn D−mb B{iahmknIfpsS s]cpamähpw

AXn\mÂ Zpjy´\p h¶ \nÀ½eamb am\knI hy]mc§fpsS hyXnbm\hpw XoÀ¨bmbpw

hyàamb {ihW_nw_ kqNI§Ä Xs¶bmWv. Cu LSI§sf kÊqdnsâ

`mjWirJebpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯mw.


<394-411>

buh\bpàbpw AXnkpμcnbpamb iIp´fsb BZyambn I− am{XbnÂ Xs¶

Zpjy´³ AhfnÂ A\pcà\mIp¶p. cmPmhnsâ a\ÊnÂ tXm¶nb B BZym\pcmKs¯

{]tNmZn¸n¨Xv XoÀ¨bmbpw Im\\ hmknbpsS hkv{X§fnÂ Hfnªncp¶ iIp´fbpsS

AwKemhWyw ChnsS kqNnXambn hÀ¯n¡p¶p. Cu A`uakuμcyw XnI¨pw cmPmhn\v

sIm«mc¯n³ \n¶pw Xsâ {]PIfnÂ \n¶pw hn`n¶ambncp¶p. ChnsS Cu hn`n¶X AXmbXv

Øncambn I−ncp¶ kv{Xokuμcyt_m[¯nsâ A]mc hyXykvXX \nÀ½eamb t{]aw F¶

Bibw (concept) iIp´ftbmSv {]ISn¸n¡m\pÅ tIheamb hnImcw am{Xambn

{]XnhÀ¯n¡p¶p. XoÀ¨bmbpw cmPmhv F¶ \nebnÂ Zpjy´\nÂ {]ISamb hocyw

(lotdmbnkw), B lotdmbnk¯nÂ Im\\¯n³ hkn¡p¶ ]pdw temIhpambn bmsXmcp

_ÔhpanÃm¯ iIp´fbv¡v tXm¶nb Bcm[\ ]n¶oSv kvt\lambn amdp¶ am\pjnI

t`ZhnImc§Ä CsXÃmw Xs¶ {]_eamb sshImcnI NnÓ§Ä (Signs) BWv. {]Wb¯n\v

F¶pw \ni_vZ[X Ønc{]tNmZ\§fmsW¶p thWw ]dbm³. Cu \ni_vZXbpw

GIm´Xbpw a\ÊnÂ sshImcnI hnNmc§Ä \ndbv¡pIbpw AXns\ thK¯nÂ

\nÀtem`amb `mh\bmÂ A\p`hthZyam¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ImfnZmk³ Cu sshImcnI

\nanj§sf {]IrXnbnse Nne `mht`Z§Ä sIm−v kaÀ°n¡p¶p. XoÀ¨bmbpw Ch

Ac§nse {]bpàXNnlv\§Ä Xs¶bmWv. ]£neXmZnIfpw hfsc CW§n Pohn¡p¶

arKmZnIfpw Acb¶§fpw hÅn¡pSnepw aäpw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv (signifying) kam[m\¯nsâ

Nnl\§Ä (signs) Xs¶bmWv.

imIp´f¯nÂ ImfnZmk³ k¶nthin¸n¨n«pÅ IYm]m{X§fnÂ an¡t]cpw

t{]màab BibNnl\kt¦X§fmbn BWv hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. ]pcmX\ CXnlmkIYsb Xsâ

at\mhym]mc¯mepw IYm]m{X_mlpey¯mepw At±lw hnIknXam¡nbn«p−v. ImfnZmk

hncNnX \mSI¯nse H¶mw A¦¯nÂ GÀs¸«ncp¶ Zpjy´³ Hcp am\ns\ ]n´pSÀ¶v

IWzm{ia¯nÂ F¯p¶p. Cu am\ns\ c£n¡m³ B{ia¯nse At´hmknIÄ

F¯pIbpw, A§s\ B{iahmknIfnÂ \n¶pw IWzm{ias¯¡pdn¨pw iIp´fsb¡pdn¨pw

Zpjy´³ Adnbp¶p. ChnsS ImfnZmk³ BZyw Xs¶ Hcp am\ns\ t{]màamb

NnÓkt¦Xambn Xsâ \mSI¯nÂ {]tbmKn¡p¶p. Hcp am\mWv Zpjy´s\ B{ia¯nÂ

F¯n¡p¶Xv. Im«nÂ hgnsXän B{ia¯nÂ F¯n F¶ CXnlmk \nKa\s¯ ImfnZmk³

Xsâ bpànssh`h¯mÂ Xncp¯pIbpw B{iahmknbmb am\ns\ sIm−v Zpjy´s\

B{ia¯nÂ F¯n¡p¶ Bib kt¦Xambn (concept) IrXnbnÂ ImcWs¯

D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. IWzm{ia¯nÂ a\pjytcmsSm¸w Im\\PohnIfpw HcpatbmsS

Pohn¨ncp¶p F¶Xv bpànbpàw Xs¶.


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BZyw Xs¶ ams\¶ NnÓs¯ kmt¦Xambn D]tbmKn¨v ImfnZmk³ kaÀ°n¨ncn¡p¶p.

am³ F¶ km[p arKs¯bmWv ChnsS FSp¯p Im«nbncn¡p¶Xv. B{iahmknItfmSp

CW§n Pohn¡p¶Xv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv klPohnIÄ ]ckv]cw Im«p¶ kvt\lhpw, IcpWbpw

kam[m\hpamWv, AXn\ptijw At±l¯nsâ a\ÊnÂ iIp´f F¶ hyàn Bibambn

(concept) IS¶phcp¶p. Ahsf ImWWsa¶m{Kln¨v B{ia¯nÂ hcpt¼mgmWv aq¶v

B{iaI\yIIfpsS tImInei_vZw Zpjy´³ tIÄ¡m\nSbmIp¶Xv. At±lw AXnÂ HcmÄ

iIp´fbmIpsa¶v Duln¡p¶p. Bibw, i_vZ amXrI F¶nhbpsS kap¨bs¯bmWv

kÊqÀ NnÓw (sign) F¶p ]dªXmbpw, Nnlv\sa¶ ]Zs¯ tIhew i_vZmßI_nw_w

F¶ AÀ°¯nÂ HXp¡n\nÀ¯p¶Xv icnbsÃ¶v At±lw kn²mÔn¡p¶Xmbpw tUm. kn

cmtP{μ³ "kÊqÀ LS\mhmZ¯nsâ BNmcy³' F¶ tIcf`mjm C³ÌnSyq«v

{]kn±oIW¯nÂ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.

bmYmÀ°y¯nÂ NnÓsa¶Xv Hcp {]Xe¯nse hnhn[ Bib§fptSbpw

i_vZamXrIIfptSbpw t{ImUoIcWamWv. NnÓsa¶pw B Bibs¯ AXmbXv

{]WbamIp¶ hnImcs¯ kqNnXw F¶pw iIp´fbpsS i_vZ_nw_s¯ kqNIw(signifier) Bbpw hntijn¸n¡mw. C¯c¯nepÅ am\pjnIambpÅ i_vZXe§Ä am{XaÃ

Im\\¯nepÅ ]£nIfptSbpw DÂkmlnIfmb aäv PohnIfptSbpw \ni_vZamb Hcp Xmfw

CXn\v Dt]mXv_eambn«p−mImw F¶v A\pam\n¡mw. ChnsS {]Wbsa¶Xv Hcp hnImc

{]IS\w am{Xambncp¶nÃ. XoÀ¨bmbpw CcphÀ¡pw ChnsS tXm¶p¶ t{]a¯n\v, KmÔÀÆ

hnhmlw hsc sIms−¯n¡p¶ t_m[Xe¯nÂ \n¶pw D−mbn«pÅ `mhm\pam\§Ä

Xs¶bmWv ImcWw. B `mhNnÍÄ ChnsS kqNnXam¡p¶Xv Zpjy´\nÂ \n¶pw

X§Ä¡p−mIp¶ aIs\ cmPmhm¡mw F¶ hm¡v Xs¶bmWv. XnI¨pw ChnsS \S¡p¶Xv

{]Wb¯nsâ Hcp knwt_mfnIv sd{]sktâj³ (Symbolic representation of Love) BWv.

kÊqdnsâ k¦Â¸¯nÂ kqNI¯nsâbpw (signifier) kqNnX¯nsâbpw (signified )

t{ImUoIcWamWv Nnlv\w (sign). Nnl\w F¶Xv tIhew Hcp ùXnINe\w am{XaÃ,

`mjmimkv{X¯nÂ kqNI¯n\v ]Icw i_vZw, ]Zw, _nw_w BKyw XpS§nb Ipdt¨sd

k¦oÀ®amb {]amW§Ä D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p− v. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb Hcp

D¶XnbnÂ \n¶pw D−mb t_m[¯nÂ Zpjy´³ Cu hm¡v {]tbmKnt¨m F¶pÅhojWw

XoÀ¨bmbpw Nnýw Xs¶. ImcWw Nnlv\hpw kqNIhpw X½nepÅ \nÊmc hyXymkw

t]mepw kÊqdnb³ `mjmNnlv\k{¼Zmb¯nÂ hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶ H¶mWv.

iIp´fbv¡v Zpjy´³ sImSp¡p¶ ap{ZtamXncw AhÄ \mft¯¡v {]Xo£ \ÂIp¶ Hcp

\Ã `mhn¡pÅ Nnlv\tam kqNItam Bbn A\pam\n¡mw.


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]s£ kÊqdnb³ \nKa\§fnÂ \n¶pw Fsâ Cu A`n{]mbw `n¶amsW¶v F\n¡v

tXm¶p¶p. ImcWw i_vZw, Nn´ XpS§nb _nw_§sfÃmw Xs¶ tIhehkvXp¡fmbn

At±lw t\m¡n¡mWpIbpw C¯cw `mjmkt¦X§sf ùXnIhkvXp¡Ä F¶ \nebv¡v

]cnKWn¡m³ At±lw hnk½Xn¨ncn¡p¶p, F¶Xp Xs¶bmWv. ]t£ Rm³ CXv

t\m¡n¡mWp¶Xv ]−v Ime¯v cmPm¡³amÀ¡pÅ kmaqlnI]camb taÂt¡mbvabnÂ

\n¶pw D−mbn«pÅ khÀ® _pw_§fpsS D¶XnbnÂ ImWp¶ kmaqlnIamb A[x]X\w

Xs¶bmWv. Zpjy´³ Xsâ {]Wbn\n¡v \evInb ap{ZtamXncw F¶ kqNnXw ImWn¡p¶Xv,

iIp´fsb Xsâ `mcybmbn AwKoIcn¡p¶p F¶XmWv. KmÔÀÆ hn[n {]ImcapÅ hnhml

IÀ½ambncp¶p CsX¶v ImfnZmk³ {]ISam¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶v IYbnepS\ofw Cu

ap{ZtamXnc¯nsâ {]m[m\yw DbÀ¶p Xs¶ \nev¡p¶p. Xo{hamb B{Kl{]m]vXnbnÂ \n¶pw

D−mb cXn{IoUbv¡p tijw Zpjy´³ iIp´fbv¡p sImSp¡p¶ Cu ap{ZtamXncw

{]bpàamb {]ISamb Nnl\w Xs¶bmWv. ap{Z F¶ hm¡pXs¶ i_vZXe¯nepw

AÀ°Xe¯nepw Hcp Nnl\kt¦Xambn hÀ¯n¡p¶p. kqNnX kqNI§sf¡pdn¨v

hmNyXe¯ntemi_vZXe¯ntem AÀ°Xe¯nse Fs´¦nepw _Ôw hnhcWmßIamtbm

bpàn klPamtbm Dt−m F¶p tNmZn¨mÂ CÃm F¶mWv Fsâ D¯cw, AXmbXv hm¡pw

AÀ°hpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. F¶mÂ {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ, \½Ä BcptSsbm

\nba§f\pkcn¨v CXns\ _Ôs¸Sp¯p¶p. ap{ZtamXncw F¶pÅ hm¡n\v \½Ä Ct¸mÄ

Dt±in¡p¶ AÀ°w F§s\ h¶pF¶p Nnń¨mÂ AXv t_m[yamIpw. Npcp¡¯nÂ \½Ä

{]tbmKn¡p¶ H«pan¡ ]Z§fpw AXnsâ {]mtbmKnI AÀ°hpw X½nepÅ _Ôw XnI¨pw

bmZrÝnIw F¶p ]dbmw. AXnsâ sXfnhmbn \ap¡p ]dbm³ ]äp¶Xv, `mj F¡mehpw

Hcpt]mse \nÂ¡nÃ F¶XpXs¶bmWv. Imemć¯nÂ Imem\pKXambn AXp amdp¶p.

IWzalÀjn iIp´fsb ImWpIbpw Xsâ ZnhyZrjvSnbmÂ AhnsS \S¶Xv

AdnbpIbpw Xsâ hfÀ¯paIsf A\p{Kln¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ZnhyZrjvSn F¶mÂ

Øqeicoc¯nsâ Akm¶n[y¯nÂ \S¶ Hcp `qXIme kw`hs¯ AtX]Sn ImWpI

F¶XmWv. kzm`mhnIX CÃm¯ hnNn{Xamb Cu kw`h§Ä ]e an¯pIfnepw ImWpI

bmZrÝnIsa¶v ]dbpI Akm[yw Xs¶bmWv. Cu Bibw hyàamb Akzm`mhnI

NnÓamWv. ]n¶oSv Zpjy´sâ sIm«mc¯nte¡pÅ bm{Xmat[y Hcp IS¯ph©nbnÂ \Zn

IS¡p¶Xn\nsS ap{ZtamXncw InS¶ hncepIÄ sIm−v \Znbnse Pes¯

kv]Àin¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ ap{ZtamXncw hncenÂ \n¶vv \Znbnse Pe¯nÂ ]Xn¡pIbpw B

tamXncs¯ Hcp henb aXvkyw hngp§pIbpw sNbvXp. kÊqdnsâ k¦ev]¯nÂ

kqNI¯ntâbpw kqNnX¯ntâbpw BsI¯pIbmWv Nnlv\w. ChnsS ssI¿nse hncenÂ

\n¶v Ducnt¸mb tamXnct¯bpw AXns\ hngp§nb aÕyt¯bpw, AXns\¸nSn¨v


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AXn\pÅnse ap{ZtamXncs¯ Is−¯n hnÂ¡phm³ {ian¡p¶Xn\nsS ]nSnbnemb

ap¡phcpw tIhew ùXnINe\§Ä am{XamWv. C¯cw k´penXamb `mhk¦Â¸§Ä Hcp

NnÓtam kqNItam {]Xy£¯nÂ AÃ. ]t£ CXv Hcp \mSIam¡pIbpw ImfnZmk³

C¯cw Ne\§sf {]kvXpX {]tbmKnINnlv\§fmb ùXnIhkvXp¡sf sIm−v BteJ\w

sNbvXt¸mÄ C¯c¯nepÅ Bibhn\nab {]XoI§Ä ]e kqNIt¯bpw kqNnXs¯bpw

GtIm]n¡p¶ NnÓ§fmbn amdp¶p. ap{ZtamXncs¯ hngp§p¶ aÕyw ChnSs¯ Hcp

knwt_mfn¡mbpÅ GPâmWv. `mjmimkv{X¯nÂ kqNIw F¶ Bib¯n\p ]Icw i_vZw,

]Zw, _nw_w XpS§nb kt¦X§fmWv km[mcW D]tbmKn¨phcp¶Xv. kqNnX¯n\p ]Icw

Bibw AÀ°w, Nn´ XpS§nbhbpamWv FSp¯n«pÅXv. ]t£ kÊqÀ sNbvXXmIs«

ChsbÃmw Hgnhm¡n kqNIw kqNnXw F¶o ]Z§sf Xs¶ XncsªSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

CXn\pImcWw C¯cw `mjmkt¦X§sf ùXnIhkvXp¡Ä F¶ \nebv¡v kÊqÀ

]cnKWn¡p¶nÃ F¶XpXs¶. kÊqÀ ]dbp¶Xv C¯cw hkvXp¡Ä FÃmw Xs¶ AXnsâ

kt¦Xambn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xnep]cn AhbpsS [À½§Ä \nÀÆln¡pt¶m F¶Xn\mWv

{]m[m\yw F¶XmWv. B {Ia¯nÂ Xs¶ ImfnZmksâ FÃm IYm]m{X§fpw hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

D]kwlmcw

kÊqdpw BJym\imkv{Xhpw X½nÂ At`Zyamb _Ôap−v, LS\mhmZw kmlnXy

]T\s¯sb¶t]mse BJy\ ]T\t¯bpw (Narrative) \¶mbn kzm[o\n¨n«p−v.

BJym\imkv{Xw (Narratology) F¶ Hcp ]T\imJ DSseSp¯XpXs¶

LS\mhmZ¯n\memWv. BJym\imkv{Xw F¶ AÀ°¯nÂ {^©p ]Zamb ( narratologic)

BZyambn {]mtbmKn¨Xv tkzX³ sämtSmtdmhv (Tzvetan Todorov) At±l¯nsâ grammarire

du DecameronF¶ {KÙ¯nemWv(tIfn). s^ÀUn\âv Zv skmÊqÀ C¶v A\pkvacn¡s¸Sp¶Xv

At±l¯nsâ `mjmimkv{X hnNn´\§fpsS t]cnÂ am{XaÃ LS\mhmZ¯neqsSbpamWv.

]pcmhr¯§Ä, IfnIÄ, kmlnXyIrXnIÄ F¶nhsbÃmw kqNI§fneqsS Bibhn\nabw

\nÀÆln¡p¶p. AhbnÂ DÅ kqNI kqNnX§Ä X½nse _Ôs¯ Is−¯pI F¶XmWv

LS\mhmZ¯neqsS sN¿p¶Xv. Imem\p{Ia¯nepÅ D]cnhn¹h§Ä FÃm Xc¯nepw

`mh\Isf amäp¶p. B h\¯nse FÃm PohPme§fpw ]ckv]cw ]qcIkt¦X§fmWv

(tIfn). XoÀ¨bmbn«pw AXv {]k¶ambpÅ Hcp Im\\`wKn sImSp¡p¶p. {]Wbw

sam«nSphm\pw {]Wb kÃm]§Ä¡pw Cu Im\\`wKn tbmPn¨Xpw BIp¶p. ]e Nn{X§fpw

\½Ä I−n«p−mImw. ImenÂ apÅpXd¨v hnhibmbn ]n¶ntebv¡v t\m¡n \nÂ¡p¶

iIp´fsb. B Nn{Xw knwt_mfn¡mbn \ap¡v ]IÀ¶p Xcp¶ Bibw F´mWv?

====================================================================


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\nÀtÃm`ambn Zpjy´\nÂ iIp´f Is¯nb {]Wbw, AtX {]Wb¯nsâ

kqNnXambncp¶tÃm XnI¨pw iIp´fbnepw D−mbncp¶Xv. {]Wbw hnhiam¡nb a\Êpw

icochpambn ImenÂ apÅv Xd¨v Zpjy´s\ t\m¡n\nÂ¡p¶ iIp´f XnI¨pw t{]asa¶

kqNnXamWv. XoÀ¨bmbn«pw AXv Zpjy´tâbpw iIp´fbptSbpw kwKa¯n\pÅ kqNI§Ä

Xs¶bmWv. `mjbptSXÃm¯ NnÓ§Ä¡v AÀ°hpambn ss\kÀ¤nIamb _ÔamWpÅXv.

kmwkv¡mcnIamb DÂ¸¶§Ä¡v AXv _m[IamImw. ImcWw ChnsS CXv Hcp kqNnX

þþkqNI _ÔamWv. At¸mÄ AhnsS ImWp¶Xv Im\\¯nepÅ PohPme§fpw a\pjycpw

F{Xam{Xw kmaqlnIambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡p¶p F¶XmWv. AXn\mÂ NnÓ

imkv{X]cambn«pÅ A]{KY\w tIhew `mjmimkv{X¯n\p am{XaÃ D]cn, AXv

kwkv¡mc¯nsâ kqNnX þ kqN\ _Ôw IqSnbmWv. BJym\w sN¿s¸Sp¶ IYsb

BJym\coXnbnÂ thÀXncn¡pt¼mÄ IYbpsS BJym\ km[yXIsf B\mhcWw sN¿m³

Ignbpw. an¯pIsf Hcp Xcw `mjbmbn thWw t\m¡n¡mWm³ F¶ k¦ev]w

sehnkvt{XmkntâXmWv. AXmbXv `mjsb kz\na§fmsb¶ t]mse (Phoneme) LS\mhmZs¯ t{^mbvUnsâ at\mhntÇjW XXz§fpambn _Ôn¸n¨p sIm−v PmIznkvv

e¡m¬ (Jacques Lacan) sIm−ph¶ ]pXnb Nn´mkmcWn kÊqdnb³ ]cnIÂ¸\IÄ¡v

\qX\amb Hcp am\w \ÂInbn«p−v. am\pjnIamb AXmbXv a\pjy\pambn _Ôs¸«

hnjbw, AXnsâ kz`mhw, AXn\p \½psS kaql¯nepÅ Øm\w, `mjbpambpÅ _Ôw

F¶nhsbbmWv e¡m¬ ]p\À\nÀÆN\¯n\p FSp¯Xv. `mjm hkvXp¡Ä¡v ]Icw

hbv¡m\pÅ Hcp NnÓ hyhØbmsW¶pw X³aqew FÃm `mjbpw Hcp Xe¯nÂ

cq]Imßbw (Metaphorical) BsW¶pw At±lw a\Ênem¡p¶Xmbn tUm. kn cmtP{μÂ

‘kÊqÀ LS\mhmZ¯nsâ BNmcy³’ F¶ Xsâ ]pkvXI¯nÂ FSp¯p ]dbp¶p. (tUm. kn

cmtP{μÂ)iIp´fbptSbpw Zpjy´sâbpw IY hnfn¨p]dbp¶ hnhn[Xcw an¯pIfnÂ

H¶nÂ ]dbp¶Xv Zpjy´³ Dt]£n¨ iIp´f Im«nÂ B{ia¯nÂ h¨v Hcp Ipamc\v P³aw

sImSp¯psh¶pw hÀj§Ä¡p tijw arKbmhnt\mZ¯n\p ]pds¸« Zpjy´³ Ipamcs\ I-

−psh¶pw Xsâ apJt¯mSp kmayapÅ Ipamc³ bmYmÀ°y¯nÂ X\n¡v iIp´fbnep−mb

aI\msW¶v a\Ênem¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶mWv. ChnsS kz´w {]Xn_nw_w aI\nÂ

ZÀin¡pIbmWv Zpjy´³ sN¿p¶Xv. Cu {]Xn_nw_amIs« e¡m³ ]dbp¶Xv t]mse

ZÀ¸W¯nsâ ap¶nÂ [mcW \naáamIp¶ {]Xn_nw_ kqNIþkqNnX§Ä Xs¶bmWv.

hÅn¡pSnepw, am\pw abnepw FÃm Im\\_nw_§fpw, iIp´fbv¡pw Zpjy´\pw tXm¶nb

{]Wbhpw at\m[À½§fpw B{iahmknIfpw, ap{ZtamXnchpw, aÕyhpw ap¡ph³amcpw,

cmPmhpw sIm«mchpw, cmPm[nImchpw Aicocnbpw, Ipamcsâ apJhpw FÃmXs¶ hniIe\w

sN¿m³ ]äp¶ NnÓþkt¦X§fmWv. klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä ImfnZmkIrXnIÄ : tUm. hnjvWp\mcmbW³ \¼qXncn¸mSv. tIfnþ kwKoX\mSIA¡mUan {]kn±nIcWw. tUm. kn cmtP{μ³ "kÊqÀ LS\mhmZ¯nsâ BNmcy³' tIcf`mjm C³ÌnSyq«v{]kn±oIWw.

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the language of drama and sign language techniques in ......language in india issn 1930-2940 18:4...

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