the molecules of life chapter 5, sections 1-4. living things are composed of organic molecules which...
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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
CHAPTER 5, SECTIONS 1-4
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Living things are composed of ORGANIC molecules which contain the element CARBON
(INORGANIC compounds do not!)
WHY CARBON?
Carbon has _____ valence electrons and can easily bond with other atoms (including other carbon atoms) to make large, complex molecules in many shapes…
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MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
Most complex macromolecules are POLYMERS which are made up of smaller units called MONOMERS
Polymers are built through a DEHYDRATION reaction where a water molecule is released
Polymer bonds are broken when water is ADDED in a HYDROLYSIS reaction
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CARBOHYDRATES
(CH2O)x
Sugars and Starches
Store chemical ENERGY and have some structural purposes
Variable in Size SMALLMONOMER
Monosaccharide Simple Sugars EX: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide Glucose + Fructose =Sucrose
LARGEPOLYMER
Polysaccharide Many glucose =starch or glycogen, Cellulose
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CARBOHYDRATES
HYDROPHILIC molecules (Hydroxyl Group attracts water)
However, POLYSACCHARIDES do NOT dissolve in water because of their size
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LIPIDS
Contain mostly Carbon and Hydrogen (some Oxygen)
Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids
HYDROPHOBIC molecules formed from a Glycerol molecule and Fatty Acid Chains (Avoid Water (Don’t Mix)- Nonpolar)
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LIPIDS
Store ENERGY and are a structural component of biological MEMBRANES
Saturated Fats (solid at room temp): All carbon atoms single bond
Unsaturated Fats (oils): One or more double-bonded carbon atoms
Steroids (4 fused rings): Circulate as chemical signals (hormones); Cholesterol (Good-HDL/Bad-LDL)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous
Molecules of INHERITANCE (DNA and RNA)
Assembled from monomers called NUCLEOTIDES
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PROTEINS
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS (20 different a.a.)
Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds, therefore another name for a protein is POLYPEPTIDE
There are 4 levels of structural organization
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PROTEINS
Proteins are very diverse and have different functions:
Aid in chemical reactions (enzymes)
Help fight disease (antibodies)
Build bone and muscle tissue
Help transport substances in/out of cell
Help regulate cell processes