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Muhammad Fahad Saleem1-FMS/BSAF/F15

Presentation Topic:

The emergence of Islam in subcontinent from 715 to 1206 CE

MUSLIM DYNASTIES IN INDIA’S HISTORY:

Dynasties which ruled independently of Delhi/Agra are labeled as Provincial Dynasties. Afghanistan was very much a part of India not only in the days of these dynasties but till as late at the time of Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century.

India had suffered the first attack in 634 CE, only two years after the death of the prophet Muhammad ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص.

It was only in 712 CE that an Islamic invasion succeeded in occupying Sindh, Multan and some parts of the Punjab.

Muslim Dynasties:The Muslim dynasties which functioned from Sindh and Ghazni undertook destruction of Hindu temples extensively whenever and wherever they succeeded in occupying Indian Territory. The same pattern was followed by the Muslim dynasties established at Delhi/Agra.

An intensive destruction of temples was undertaken by the Muslim dynasties which arose in the provinces Sindh, Kashmir, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Now we discuss the following dynasties, which came in the history of Indian Subordinates.

1-The Umayyad (661 to 749 CE):This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Banu ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya) hailing from Makkah. Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 and 62 million people (29% of the world's population), making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and population vise.

It has two rulers:

Al-Walid I:

Al-Walid I was born in 668 CE and died in 715 CE. He ruled from 705 until his death in 715 CE. It was during his reign that one of his general, Muhammad bin Qasim, succeeded in occupying Sindh and some parts of the Punjab between 712 and 715 CE.

Al-Walid II:

Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II, he was born in 709 and died in 744 CE. He was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744 CE. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abdul Al-Malik.

2-The Abbasids (750 to1258 CE):This dynasty succeeded the Umayyad and moved the seat of the Caliphate to Baghdad. Starting with the nineteenth caliph, it had thirty-seven rulers, the last of whom was killed by Halaku in 1258 CE.

It had thirty five rulers but only two figure in our citations.

Al-Mansur:Al-Mansur was born in 754 at the home of the 'Abbasid family after their emigration from the Hejaz in 714 and he died in 775 CE. It was in his reign that his governor of Sindh, Hasham bin Amru, led an expedition on the west coast of India in 756.

Al-Mahdi:Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (born in  744 and died in 785 CE), was better known by his regnal name Al-Mahdi. He was the Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775.

3-The Saffarid Dynasty of Seistan (861 to 1003 CE):This Dynasty arose when the Abbasid Caliphate had weakened. He was a Muslim dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in Southwestern Afghanistan) from 861 to 1003 CE.

It had 2 rulers both of whom figure in our citation.

Yaqub bin Laith:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar born in Makkah (in 840 and died in 879 CE), He  was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty, with its capital at Zaranj, as well as portions of western Pakistan and a small part of Iraq. 

Amru bin Laith: Amru ibn al-Layth was  the  second  ruler  of  the Saffarid  dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901 CE. He was the son of a whitesmith and the younger brother of the dynasty's founder.

4-The Qaramitah Dynasty of Multan (980-1175):After the Saffarids lost their hold on Sindh, Multan separated from the province and became an independent Muslim kingdom. By 980 it had become a stronghold of the Qaramitah sect of the Ismailis. 

5-The Yamini or Ghaznivid Dynasty (977-1186): The Saffarid dynasties in Khurasan, Seistan and Zabul had been taken over by the Ghaznivid Dynasty. The Ghaznivid governor of Khurasan, occupied Ghazni in 963 and declared independence. The dynasty founded by him proved incompetent and the throne was seized in 977 CE and became the founder of the Ghaznivid Dynasty which came to be known as the Yamini.

It has three rulers that figure in our citations.

Ibrahim of Ghazna:

Ibrahim of Ghazna born in 1033 and died in 1099 was sultan of

the Ghaznavid Empire from 1059 CE until his death in 1099 CE.

Sultan Mahmud: Yamin-ud-Dawla Abul-Qaṣim Maḥmud more commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni born in 971 and died in 1030 CE. He was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He occupied the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent.

Abu Mansur:Abu Mansur was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 977 CE to 997 CE. He was heavily involved in the defense of Ghazna's independence for the next 15 years.

 

6-The Ghurid Dynasty (1149 to 1206 CE):This dynasty arose in the Ghur region of Afghanistan and had its seat at Firuz Koh. We have counted the Ghurid rulers from Alaud-Din Jahansuz who stormed and burnt down Ghazni in 1149. Ghazni was, however, occupied by the Guzz Turks. The Ghurid king, Ghiyasud-Din Muhammad bin Sam, who had succeeded his uncle Alaud-Din Jahansuz at Firuz Koh, appointed his younger brother, Shihabud-Din Muhammad bin Sam, as the governor of Ghazni. Shihabud-Din ( born in 1175 and died in 1206 CE) occupied Sindh and Multan.

Advent of Muslim Saint’s in subcontinent:

1-Abu Ishaq Shami:Abu Ishaq Shami (died 940) was a Muslim scholar who is the founder of the Chishti Order. He was the first in the Chishti lineage (silsila) to live in Chisht and so to adopt the name "Chishti". He is one of the oldest recorded Sufi orders. 

2-Khwaja Moeenuddin Chishti:He was born in 1139 and died in 1236 in “Chisht” in a city between Afghanistan and Iran, also known as Gharib Nawaz. He was an imam and Islamic scholar from South Asia. He was a Hafiz e Quran at age of fifteen and had mastered the Arabic, Farsi and Turkic languages. He traveled to Neshapur, where he became a disciple of Khwaja Uthman Chisti.

3-Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was born in 1173 and died in 1235, was a Muslim Sufi and scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi. He was the disciple of the Moinuddin Chishti. Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar had much influence on Sufism in India. He continued and developed the ideas of brotherhood and charity within the Chisti order.

4-Khwaja Fariduddin Ganjshakar:Khwaja Fariduddin Ganjshakar, also known as Baba Farid born in 1179 and died in 1266. He was a Sufi saint from the Chishti order, living in Punjab. Once his education was over, he moved to Delhi, where he learned the Islamic doctrine from his master, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. When Quṭbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki died, Farid became his successor, and he settled in Ajodhan (the present Pakpattan, Pakistan) instead of Delhi.

5-Nizamuddin Auliya:Nizamuddin Auliya was born in 1238 and died in 1325, also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin. He was a famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. At the age of twenty, Nizamuddin went to Ajodhan (the present Pakpattan Sharif in Pakistan) and became a disciple of the Sufi saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar. It was on his third visit to Ajodhan that Baba Farid made him his successor.

6-Najmuddin Kubra: Najmuddin Kubra was a Persian sufi and the founder of the Kubrawiya lineage (silsila). He was born in 1145. Najmuddin Kubra began his career as a scholar of hadith and kalam. His interest

in Sufism began in Egypt, where he became a murid of Ruzbihan Baqli. After years of study, he devoted himself to the sufi way of life.

7-Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari: Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari was born in 1318 and died in 1389. He was the founder of Sufi Muslim orders, the Naqshbandi.

Thank you…