The National SA-CERN The National SA-CERN ProgramProgram

The National SA-CERN The National SA-CERN ProgramProgram

Presented by:

ZZ Vilakazi (iThemba LABS)

&

J. Cleymans(UCT)

On behalf of the SA-CERN Collaboration

1

TheThe

RoleRole

PlayersPlayers

THE SA-CERN PROGRAMME

History of SA’s contribution to frontier–level Nuclear & High Energy PhysicsHistory of SA’s contribution to frontier–level Nuclear & High Energy Physics

Some SA Graduates who have made an impact in the Some SA Graduates who have made an impact in the subject: subject:

S. Mandelstam [B. Sc. (wits)]: Variables for S. Mandelstam [B. Sc. (wits)]: Variables for calculating kinematics for particle interactions. [IoP Dirac calculating kinematics for particle interactions. [IoP Dirac medal]medal]

J. Dorfan [B. Sc . (uct)]: Director of Stanford Linear J. Dorfan [B. Sc . (uct)]: Director of Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC :1999 – 2007)Accelerator (SLAC :1999 – 2007)

S. Teuklosky [B. Sc (wits)]: Numerical calculations; S. Teuklosky [B. Sc (wits)]: Numerical calculations; CosmologyCosmology

SA’s involvement at CERN thus farSA’s involvement at CERN thus far

ISOLDE Collaboration (K. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN)ISOLDE Collaboration (K. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN)

CERN- ALICE Collaboration (J. Cleymans (UCT) & CERN- ALICE Collaboration (J. Cleymans (UCT) & Z Vilakazi (UCT)) + (Z Buthelezi & S Z Vilakazi (UCT)) + (Z Buthelezi & S Foertsch (iTL)Foertsch (iTL)

Signing of first Co-operation agreement (1992):Signing of first Co-operation agreement (1992):

R. Arndt (FRD president) & C. Rubbia (CERN-DG)R. Arndt (FRD president) & C. Rubbia (CERN-DG)

• CERN-NA43:CERN-NA43: Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop, Connell, Vilakazi), Florence - Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop, Connell, Vilakazi), Florence - collaborationcollaboration

– 1992 – 19971992 – 1997• CERN-NA59: CERN-NA59:

Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop [dec], Connell), Florence, Aarhus, Wits (Sellschop [dec], Connell), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaborationNorthwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaboration

– 1998 – 2007 1998 – 2007

• CERN-NA63:CERN-NA63: Aarhus, UJ (Connell, Ballestrero), Florence, Aarhus, UJ (Connell, Ballestrero), Florence, Northwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaborationNorthwestern (US), NIKHEF - collaboration

– 2008 – 2008 – – Includes a FP7 application to develop Gamma Includes a FP7 application to develop Gamma

Ray Lasers using diamond crystal undulatorsRay Lasers using diamond crystal undulators

The SA-CERN ProgramThe SA-CERN Program

1. SA CERN started as a consortium of researchers who had long standing research program with CERN

Modeled along the Australian, Indian and Brazilian programs. Allows for

central point of coordination and resource allocation.

2. Agreement was that iTL would act as a neutral institutional hosts for the SA-CERN program:

SA-CERN ProgramSA-CERN ProgramHost Institution:Host Institution: iThemba LABS (iTL) iThemba LABS (iTL)

HOST MEMBERSHOST MEMBERSZZ Vilakazi (Director)

V Spannenberg(Business Manager)

ALICEALICEGroup Leader

S Förtsch Deputy Leader

RW Fearick (UCT)

ATLASATLASGroup Leaders

SH Connell(UJ)

&T Vickey

(wits)

ISOLDEISOLDEGroup Leader

K Bharuth-Ram (UKZN)

Nuclear and Nuclear and Particle Particle TheoryTheory

Group LeaderS Karataglidis (Rhodes/UJ)

Advisory Advisory CommitteeCommittee

Executive Executive CommitteeCommittee

ChairmanJ Cleymans (UCT)

DSTSAIPNRF

InternationalReviewer/s

Governance StructureGovernance Structure

Program Principal Investigators Field

ALICE

Experimental High Level

Trigger for the Dimuon

Spectrometer

Z.Z. Vilakazi (iThemba/UCT)

R.W. Fearick (UCT)

S. Förtsch (iThemba)

Z. Buthelezi (iThemba)

G. Steyn (iThemba)

B. Becker (iThemba/CSIR))

Computing:

simulation, analysis, data acquisition,

algorithms.

ALICE

Theory

J. Cleymans (UCT) ,

A.T. Muronga (UCT/UJ)

Hadron Physics,

QGP Physics, Hydrodynamics,

Thermal Modelling.

Nuclear and Particle

Theory

S. Karataglidis (UJ)

J. Williams(RU)

Nuclear reaction theory,

Nuclear Structure, Exotic nuclei,

Nuclear astrophysics.

ISOLDE K. Bharuth-Ram (UKZN)

D. Naidoo (Wits)

Hyperfine interactions

Mössbauer and channelling,

solid state defects. Nuclear Physics

ATLAS S .H. Connell (UJ) & T Vickey (wits)

ATLAS physics, etc..

SPS Projects S.H. Connell (UJ) QED with strong fields

Bent Crystal beam extraction

Crystal Undulator

GRID

High Performance Computing

J. Cleymans (UCT)

Z.Z. Vilakazi (iThemba)

S.H. Connell (UJ)

A.T. Muronga (UCT)

B. Becker (iThemba/CSIR)

GRID applications

Cluster computing

Existing activities at CERN involving South African scientists

9

ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment at CERN-LHC

Size: 16 x 26 meters

Weight: 10,000 tonnes

Big Bang

CGC/Glasma

QGP

Little Bang

WMAP data(3x105 years)

Inflation

Hot Era

Plot by T. Hatsuda

CGC GlasmaInitial Singularity

sQGP Hadron Gas

High Energy Density Gluonic Matter

Gribov, Levin and Ryskin 1984

Mueller 1994

McLerran and Venugopalan

1994

Iancu

Kovchegov

New York-Tel Aviv-Paris-

Helsinki-Frankfurt

Thermalization?

12

LHC: Plasma Energy Density; Lifetime

Energy density expected to increase by factor ~ 2 – 3

Lifetime of QGP byFactor ~ 2 – 3

13

LHC: extending the low-x Reach

RHIC as opened the low-x frontier finding indications for new physics (CGC ?)

LHC will lower the x- frontier by another factor 30

Can reach x = 3 * 10-6 in pp, 10-5 in PbPb

Jammu 2.2008 J. Schukraft14

Participation of SA in ALICEParticipation of SA in ALICE Cape Town in ALICE: currently 6 senior staff + several students

UCT joined 2001, became UCT-CERN research center in 2003

iThemba LABS joined in 2008

Projects Dimuon Arm: algorithms for online High Level Trigger (dHLT, commissioned in 2008)

Grid Computing: Computing Cluster integrated into ALICE GRID

Physics: Dimuon studies (acceptance, efficiency); W production in pp; ..

Cape Town

Heidelberg

Bergen

Dubna

Tromsø

HLT data challenge: Nov. 2004• Online test on ‘Grid’ !• Test latency tolerance • Run stable for > 15 hours• Rate limited by bandwidthIEEE Trans.Nucl.Sci.55:703,2008. UCT group 2004

Jammu 2.2008 J. Schukraft 15

High-level Engagement

•Regular short/medium visits at CERNRegular short/medium visits at CERN

• Inter. Workshop on dimuon physics SA, 2004Inter. Workshop on dimuon physics SA, 2004

•VIP visitsVIP visits

• Minister Mangena(S&T), June 005 Minister Mangena(S&T), June 005

• Dr Mjwara (DG DST), July 2007Dr Mjwara (DG DST), July 2007

• M. Shuttleworth, Feb. 2007M. Shuttleworth, Feb. 2007

Minister M. Mangena, June 2005 SA team in ALICE, 2007

16

Off-line Data processing

18TBDec 2007: Data Processing during1st global Commissioning Run

systematic reconstruction of all RAW data Reconstructed events made available to collaboration

Accumulated data

More from Bruce Becker

Typical GRID operation during December 2007 Run

•In 2007: •65 Sites on 4 continents•7500 CPUs• 1PB of storage

Europe

Asia

North America

Africa

18

transition

Search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter

Study the properties of the onset of deconfinement in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Physics of strongly interacting matter

Measure hadron productionat high transverse momentain p+p and p+Pb collisions asreference for Pb+Pb results

Precision measurements:

Discovery potential:quark-gluon plasma

hadron gas

Physics goals of the NA61 experiment (I):Contributions by the iTL/UCT group to the CERN-SPS experiments.

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Baryochemical potential (MeV)

Tem

pera

ture

(M

eV

)

critical point

1st order phase transition

water strongly interacting matter

Searching for the critical point

20

The NA61/SHINE Collaboration:

122 physicists from 24 institutes and 13 countries:

University of Athens, Athens, GreeceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland KFKI IPNP, Budapest, HungaryCape Town University, Cape Town, South AfricaJagiellonian University, Cracow, PolandJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, RussiaFachhochschule Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyUniversity of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyUniversity of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, PolandJan Kochanowski Univeristy, Kielce, PolandInstitute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, RussiaLPNHE, Universites de Paris VI et VII, Paris, FranceFaculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaSt. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, RussiaState University of New York, Stony Brook, USAKEK, Tsukuba, JapanSoltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, PolandUniversity of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandRudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Detector

NA49: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A430, 210 (1999)NA49: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A430, 210 (1999) NA61 upgrades: CERN-SPSC-2006-034, SPSC-P-330

NA49 facility +

TPC read-out (x10)ToF (x2)PSD (x10)Beam pipe (x10)

22

10 20 30 40 80 158

energy (A GeV)

In+In

C+C

S+S

p+p

10 20 30 40 80 158

energy (A GeV)

?

Study the onset of deconfinement

Search for the onset of the horn in collisions of light nuclei

Precision measurements following the NA49 discovery

The Expected Landscape

Quark Gluon Plasma

24

10 20 30 40 80 158

energy (A GeV)

Xe+La

B+C

Ar+Ca

p+p

p+p

In+In

158A 10A GeV

Searching for the critical point

Search for the hillof fluctuations

Discovery potential

25

Revised data taking schedule with ion beams

10 20 30 40 80 158

Xe+La

energy (A GeV)

Pb+Pb

B+C

Ar+Ca

NA61 ion program

p+p

p+Pb

NA49 (1996-2002)

The first 2D scan in history of A+A collisions

2009/10

2010/11(13)

2012

2011/12

2014

26

The NA61 revised data taking plan

FR test-1

(FR test-2)secondary

primary

primary

(secondary)iThemba LABS comes into the party

27

Grenoble Test Source 2 (GTS2)at iThemba LABS

iThemba LABS is in the process of assembling an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS GTS2) that was designed by CEA in Grenoble, France, but not manufactured by them, because that division closed down. iThemba LABS bought the design drawings of the source from them and is now in the final stage of assembling the source. This source is the only other source that is based on the same design as the heavy-ion ECRIS used at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility at The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) facility in Europe, and subsequently a collaboration agreement was proposed by CERN. A Letter of Intent was signed between iThemba LABS and CERN to outline the terms and conditions of the collaboration agreement, which involves the initial commissioning of the GTS2 ECRIS at iThemba LABS, followed by the study of specific heavy-ion beams as requested by the fixed target experiment (NA61) group at CERN. The aim will be to find the optimal source settings and to characterize the source behavior for these specific ion species. Construction is on schedule for completion by the end of 2010.

28

ECRIS – GTS2

29

0.1

1

10

100

1000

15 20 25 30 35 40

GTS 18 GHz

RIKEN 18 GHz

SERSE 18 GHz

AECR 10+14 GHz

Charge state

Curr

ent (

mic

ro a

mpe

re)

The beam currents are shown for the different charge states of a xenon from different sources. The AECR source is from the USA, the GTS source from CEA in France and SERSE and VENUS are super conducting sources from Italy and the USA, respectively.

Letter of Intent between iThemba LABS and CERN and Initial activities to

ensure the success of this project • The NRF made available R4M which was needed to buy and manufacture

the outstanding components of the GTS2 ECRIS.• Letter of Intention was signed by both parties on June 2010.• CERN and iThemba LABS respectively contribute CHF50k and R200k for

the execution of the project.• Dr Rainer Thomae from iThemba LABS is visiting CERN from 27 July – 10

August 2010 to gain experience in operating the CERN GTS2 ECRIS.• Dr Thomae will visit CERN later this year to assist with the operation of the

CERN GTS2 ECRIS when it will be use to produce heavy ions for the CERN accelerators.

• Dr Detlef Kuchler from CERN will visit iThemba LABS by the end of 2010 to help iThemba LABS with the commissioning of the GTS2 source.

31

Revised data taking schedule with ion beams

10 20 30 40 80 158

Xe+La

energy (A GeV)

Pb+Pb

B+C

Ar+Ca

NA61 ion program

p+p

p+Pb

NA49 (1996-2002)

The first 2D scan in history of A+A collisions

2009/10

2010/11(13)

2012

2011/12

2014

AGS SPS

RHIC Heavy Ions at LHC

From the Bevelac to the LHC:

SA could be a potential Gateway to allow access for the continent to CERNSA could be a potential Gateway to allow access for the continent to CERN

Thank You

35

w

N/

5

10

15

20

25

)1/2

F (GeV

0 1 2 3 4 5-1

0

1

2

FIT(A+A)-(p+p)

+/+

K

0.1

0.2

)1/2

F (GeV

0 5 10 15)

(MeV

)+

T(K

100

200

300

A+A:NA49AGSRHICp+p

Kink

Horn

Step

collision energy

AGS SPS RHIC

hadrons mixed QGP

collision energy

hadro

n p

roduct

ion p

ropert

ies

AGS SPS RHICOnset of deconfinement

NA49 results (PRC77:024903): evidence for the onset of deconfinement at

the low CERN SPS energies

36 36

LHC: Cross-sections and Rates

Cross-sections ofinteresting probes expected to increase by factors ~ 10 ( cc ) to ~ 102 ( bb ) to ~ > 105 (very high pT jets)

37

The kinematical range accessible• Small x higher initial parton density qualitatively different matter produced at LHC mid-rapidity? tests of saturation phenomena? - bulk observables - pt-spectra in scaling regime - rapidity vs. dependence - …

• Large abundant yield of hard probes precise tests of properties of produced matter - color field strength - collective flow - viscosity - …

Q2

sNN