the origins of the cold war chapter 19.1 and 19.2
TRANSCRIPT
The Origins of the Cold The Origins of the Cold WarWar
Chapter 19.1 and 19.2Chapter 19.1 and 19.2
What’s Going on with Russia?What’s Going on with Russia?
1917: 21917: 2ndnd Russian Revolution Russian Revolution 1918: Russia out of WWI1918: Russia out of WWI 1933: US recognized USSR as 1933: US recognized USSR as
nationnation WW2: USSR is Allied power but WW2: USSR is Allied power but
tension & disagreementstension & disagreements
The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference February 1945February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill & StalinRoosevelt, Churchill & Stalin Future of Germany & PolandFuture of Germany & Poland Germany - 4 zones (GB, US, Germany - 4 zones (GB, US,
FR, USSR)FR, USSR) Berlin - 4 zonesBerlin - 4 zones Stalin agrees to self-Stalin agrees to self-
determination for determination for PolandPoland
USSR agrees to enter war USSR agrees to enter war against Japanagainst Japan
German Zones of OccupationGerman Zones of Occupation
United Nations United Nations
Agreed on creation of UN at YaltaAgreed on creation of UN at Yalta International peacekeeping organizationInternational peacekeeping organization April 1945April 1945, San Francisco, San Francisco US is memberUS is member General Assembly=all member NationsGeneral Assembly=all member Nations Security Council= 6 nations plus Security Council= 6 nations plus
permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) • Each had veto power over proposed policiesEach had veto power over proposed policies
Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference
July 1945July 1945 Truman, Stalin meet for first timeTruman, Stalin meet for first time Continued debate on future of Continued debate on future of
Germany & PolandGermany & Poland Truman tries to intimidate Stalin (new Truman tries to intimidate Stalin (new
weapon of extraordinary force)weapon of extraordinary force) Stalin knows about A-Bomb, still Stalin knows about A-Bomb, still
nervousnervous
Goals for the Post-War WorldGoals for the Post-War World
USUS: : • Democratic Democratic
opportunity opportunity through self-through self-determinationdetermination
• Economic growth Economic growth & opportunity & opportunity (Capitalism)(Capitalism)
USSRUSSR::• Protect Soviet Protect Soviet
interests through interests through satellite nationssatellite nations
• Promote Promote Communism Communism
Economies of the Post-War EraEconomies of the Post-War Era
Market Market
(US)(US) CapitalistCapitalist Individuals own Individuals own
property, resourcesproperty, resources Supply/Demand Supply/Demand Profit Profit
Command (Soviets)Command (Soviets) Govt controls land, Govt controls land,
resources, propertyresources, property Govt makes Govt makes
economic decisionseconomic decisions
Soviet Satellite NationsSoviet Satellite Nations
SATELLITE NATIONS:
Countries dominated by Soviet Union
Western border
Communist govts & economies
By 1949, Eastern Europe under Soviet control except Greece & Turkey
A Statement of Soviet GoalsA Statement of Soviet Goals
Stalin SpeechStalin Speech February 1946February 1946 Predicts triumph of Communism over Predicts triumph of Communism over
capitalismcapitalism Called on Communists to spread Called on Communists to spread
system through non-military meanssystem through non-military means
The “Iron Curtain” SpeechThe “Iron Curtain” Speech ““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, Adriatic, an an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across the has descended across the ContinentContinent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe… Central and Eastern Europe… The Communist The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and arenumbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control…totalitarian control… This is certainly not the This is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent one which contains the essentials of permanent peace.”peace.”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2PUIQpAEAQ ““Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946March 5, 1946
The Western ReactionThe Western Reaction
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill ““Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain” Communists seek to Communists seek to dominate, dominate,
rather than liberaterather than liberate, Eastern , Eastern European countriesEuropean countries
Called on AmericansCalled on Americans to keep to keep Communists from dominating & Communists from dominating & oppressing any more nationsoppressing any more nations
The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins
Speeches by Stalin & Churchill set Speeches by Stalin & Churchill set the stage for COLD WARthe stage for COLD WAR
COLD WARCOLD WAR = political, economic = political, economic conflict & military tensionsconflict & military tensions• No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR)No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR)• Competition between US & USSR Competition between US & USSR • Divides the world into two campsDivides the world into two camps
The American ResponseThe American Response ““[The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or [The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or
discouraged by a single victory on the part of its discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range policies… no less steady in their purpose… than policies… no less steady in their purpose… than those of the Soviet Union itself. In these those of the Soviet Union itself. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main element circumstances, it is clear that the main element of any of any United States policyUnited States policy toward the Soviet toward the Soviet Union must be that of a Union must be that of a long-term, patient but long-term, patient but firm and vigilant firm and vigilant containmentcontainment of Russian of Russian expansive tendencies.”expansive tendencies.”
American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign Affairs magazine, Affairs magazine, July 1947July 1947
America’s Response to StalinAmerica’s Response to Stalin
George KennanGeorge Kennan Believed that the US and USSR Believed that the US and USSR
cannot co-existcannot co-exist US must US must STOP THE SPREAD OF STOP THE SPREAD OF
COMMUNISM COMMUNISM This isThis is CONTAINMENT CONTAINMENT – The main – The main
tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 yearsyears
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine ““Nearly every nation must choose between Nearly every nation must choose between
alternative ways of life. The choice is too often alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. not a free one. One way of life is based upon the One way of life is based upon the will of the majoritywill of the majority… … The second way of life is The second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majorityimposed upon the majority… I believe that it… I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own waytheir own way.”.”
Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Congress, March 12, 1947Congress, March 12, 1947
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
Truman’s response to Stalin is to Truman’s response to Stalin is to begin a policy of begin a policy of aiding those fighting aiding those fighting communismcommunism
Focus on Greece & TurkeyFocus on Greece & Turkey Strategic importance to USSRStrategic importance to USSR
- access to Mediterranean- access to Mediterranean
- Middle eastern oil- Middle eastern oil GB can’t help anymoreGB can’t help anymore
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
US takes up the leadership role-US takes up the leadership role-Becomes the Becomes the leader of the “free leader of the “free world”world”
““Must assist free peoples to work out Must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.”their own destinies in their own way.”
$400 million in military aid to Greece $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkeyand Turkey
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan ““It is logical that the United It is logical that the United
States should do whatever it is States should do whatever it is able to able to assist in the return of assist in the return of normal economic healthnormal economic health in the in the world, without which there can world, without which there can be no political stability and no be no political stability and no assured peace… Its purpose [the assured peace… Its purpose [the Marshall Plan’s] should be the Marshall Plan’s] should be the revival of a working economy in revival of a working economy in the world so as to the world so as to permit the permit the emergence of political and social emergence of political and social conditions in which free conditions in which free institutions can exist.institutions can exist.
Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, 19194747
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
Goals:Goals: Provide economic aid Provide economic aid
to war-torn European to war-torn European countries to rebuildcountries to rebuild
Turn countries to Turn countries to democracy & democracy & capitalismcapitalism
Effect: Effect: Between 1948-1952 Between 1948-1952
US gave $13 Billion in US gave $13 Billion in aid aid
Soviet Union invited to Soviet Union invited to participate, but participate, but declined – Why?declined – Why?
Germany becomes an IssueGermany becomes an Issue
Allies merge 3 Allies merge 3 zones to create zones to create West GermanyWest Germany in in 19481948
West BerlinWest Berlin formed, part of formed, part of West Germany but West Germany but located inside East located inside East GermanyGermany
THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT
Stalin concerned over escapes to Stalin concerned over escapes to West BerlinWest Berlin
Stalin determined to take all of BerlinStalin determined to take all of Berlin Blocked Allies access to West Berlin Blocked Allies access to West Berlin
by closing road and railroadby closing road and railroad 15 months of airlifting in supplies to 15 months of airlifting in supplies to
2.5 million West Berliners2.5 million West Berliners Soviets gave up in 1949Soviets gave up in 1949
By 1949 the world is divided By 1949 the world is divided and is supported by one of and is supported by one of
two superpowers: two superpowers:
The United States and the The United States and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union
The Cold War has begun!The Cold War has begun!