The Oxford Coinpendiuin of Visual Illusions

EDITED BY

Arthur Shapiro and

Dejan Todorovic

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

Contributors xi

How to Use the Website xvu

lntroduction xix .Arthur Shapiro and Dejan Todorovit

Part 1: lntroductory General Chapters 1. Early Hiscory oflllusions 3

Nicholas J Wade

2. Cross-Culcural Studies of Illusions 38

J B. Derrgowski

3. Visual Illusion in a Comparacive Perspeccive 54

Kazuo Fujita, Noriyuki Nakamura, and Sota Watanabe

4. An Analysis of Theoretical Approaches eo Geomecrical-Optical Illusions 64

Barbara Gillam

S. Visual Illusions in Action 7 4

Nicola Bruno

6. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine 79

Cornelia Fermüller

7. Tue Visual World as Illusion: The Ones We Know and ehe Ones We Don't 90

Stephen Grossberg

8. Visual Illusions? 119

Jan Koenderink

9. Why ehe Concepc of "Visual Illusions" Is Misleading 139

Dale Purves, William T. Wojtach, and R. Beau Lotto

10. Where Have All the Illusions Gone? A Cricique of the Concept oflllusion 144

Brian Rogers

Part II: Geometrical 11. Weighted Positional Averaging in the Illusions

of the M üller-Lyer Type 15 9

Aleksandr Bulatov

12. The Bar-Cross-Ellipse Illusion 165

Gideon P. Caplovitz, Alex Boswel4 and Kyle Killebrew

13. The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion 170

Gideon Paul Caplovitz, Po-Jang Hsieh, Peter J Kohler, and Katharine B. Porter

14. The Ames Window Illusion and Ics Variations 17 4

Marcel de Heer and Ihomas V. Papathomas

15. Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Illusion: Theorecical and Praccical Implicacions 185

Patricia R. DeLucia

16. Why Do Hills Look So Sceep? 190

Frank H Durgt,n and Zhi Li

17. "Shape from Smear": An Illusion of3D Shape, Made by Finger-Paincing Wich Noise 198

Roland W. Fleming and Daniel Holtmann-Rice

18. Geomecric-Opcical Illusions Under Isoluminance? 206

Kai Hamburger, Ihorsten Hansen, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner

vi

19. The Picture Surface Illusion: 3D Biases 2D 209

Sherief Hammad and John M Kennedy

20. Cast Shadow Illusions 214

Daniel Kersten and Pascal Mamassian

21. The Leaning Tower Illusion 221

Frederick A. A. Kingdom, Ali Yoonessi, and Elena Gheorghiu

22. The Invisible Saddle, or the Cap-or-Cup Illusion 227

Jan Koenderink, Andrea van Doorn, and Johan Wagemans

23. Symmetry and Uprightness in Visually Perceived Shapes 234

Lydia M Maniatis

24. The Bath Tub Illusion 238

Lydia M Maniatis

25. The Pitchroom Illusion: How High Is Up? 241

Leonard Matin, Ethel Matin, "Wenxun Li, Todd E. Hudson, and Adam Shavit

26. Geometrie Illusions in the Human Face andBody 252

Kazunori Morikawa

27. Dynamic Illusory Size Contrast: Enhanced Relative Size Effects Due to Stimulus Motion 258

Ryan E. B. Mruczek, Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother, and Gideon P. Caplovitz

28. Size Contrast and Assimilation in the Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Illusions 262

Ryan E. B. Mruczek, Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother, and Gideon P. Caplovitz

29. The Occlusion, Configural Shape, and Shrinkage Illusions 269

Stephen E. Palmer and Karen B. Schloss

30. Reverse-Perspective Art and Objects-Illusions in Depth and Motion 275

Thomas V. Papathomas

31. The New Moon Illusion 283

Brian Rogers and Stuart Anstis

Contents

32. Geometrical Errors Are the Cost of Maintaining the Luminance Contrast Polarity 290

Sergio Roncato

33. Antigravity Slopes: A New Type ofVisual Illusion 295

Kokichi Sugihara

34. The Geometric-Optical Illusions of ]. ]. Oppel 298

Dejan Todorovic

35. The Oppel-Kundt Illusion 303

]ifi Wackermann

36. The Shifted-Chessboard Pattern as Paradigm of the Exegesis of Geometrical-Optical Illusions 308

Gerald "Westheimer

Part III : Brightness/Lightness/Color 37. A Layered Experience ofLightness and

Color 315

Barton L. Anderson

38. Color and Luminance: Afterimages, Combinations, and Flicker 323

Stuart Anstis

39. The White Effect 327

Barbara Blakeslee and Mark E. McCourt

40. The Dungeon Illusion 332

Paola Bressan and Peter Kramer

41. The Contrast Illusion 337

Charles Chubb, Joshua A. Solomon, and George Sperling

42. lllusory Color Spread from Apparent Motion 344

Carol M Cicerone and Donald D. Hoffman

43. The Reversed Contrast Necker Cube 349

Alessandra Galmonte and Tiziano Agostini

44. Changing the Chevreul Illusion by a Background Luminance Ramp 356

Jdnos Geier and Mariann Huddk

45. Tue Curved Grid Non-Illusions: Eliminating Hermann's Spots and Lingelbach's

Scintillation 362

]dnos Geier and Mariann Huddk

46. Tue Staircase Gelb Illusion 367

Alan Gilchrist

47. Tue Breathing Light Illusion: Illusory Size and Brightness Variation Induced by

Motion 373

Simone Gori, Enrico Giora, and D. Alan Stubbs

48. Large Shift in Brightness Induced by Motion in Context 379

Sang J#Jok Hong

49. Tue Chromatie Mach Card 382

Anya Hurlbert

SO. Color Assimilation 388

Frederick A. A. Kingdom

51. When Light Looks Like Paint 393

Frederick A. A. Kingdom

52. Tue Scintillating Grid 400

Bernd Lingelbach

53. Second-Order Mach Bands, Chevreul, and Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet Illusions 404

Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling

54. Vasarely's Nested Squares and the Alternating Brightness Star Illusion 407

Susana Martinez-Conde and Stephen L. Macknik

55. Grating Induction 415

Mark E. McCourt and Barbara Blakeslee

56. Illusory Variations in Apparent Dot Brightness Induced by Density Modulations 422

Je.ffrey B. Mulligan

57. On the Watercolor Illusion 426

Baingio Pinna

58. Tue Chinese Lantern Illusion 437

Sergio Roncato, Sandro Bette/La, and Clara Casco

Contents

59. Tue Wedding Cake Illusion: Interaction of Geometrie and Photometrie Factors in Induced Contrast and Assimilation 442

Branka Spehar and Colin W. G. Clifford

60. Pilling-In Between Contours 448

RobvanLier

61. Tue Glare Effect 454

Daniele Zavagno and Olga Daneyko

Part IV: Motion Based 62. Improbable Illusory Contours 463

Barton L. Anderson

63. Low-Level Motion Illusions 467

Stuart Anstis

64. High-Level Organization ofMotion: Ambiguous, Primed, Sliding, and Flashed 475

Stuart Anstis

65. Backscroll Illusion 486

Kiyoshi Fujimoto

vil

66. Tue Rotating Tilted Lines Illusion: Rotation Instead ofExpansion-A Peculiar Case of Motion Misperception 489

Simone Gori

67. Tue Enigmatie Enigma Illusion 496

Kai Hamburger

68. Tue Fraser-Wilcox Illusion and lts Extension 500

Akiyoshi Kitaoka

69. Induced Motion 512

Jasmin Leveille and Arash Yazdanbakhsh

70. Tue Freezing Rotation Illusion 516

Erika N. Lorincz and Max R. Dürste/er

71. Second-Order Reversed Phi 522

Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling

72. Attention-Generated Apparent Motion 527

Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling

viii

73. Two-Stroke Apparent Motion 531

George Mather

74. On the Pinna Illusion 536

Baingi,o Pinna

75. Color Wagon-Wheel Illusion 548

Arthur G. Shapiro and William Kistler

76. Tue Aperture Problem: Illusions Arising During the Integration and Segmentation of Motion Within and Across Apertures 556

Maggi-e Shiffrar

77. Paths of Apparent Human Motion Follow Motor Constraints 563

Maggi-e Shiffrar and Christina Joseph

78. Tue Motion Standstill Illusion 569

George Sperling, Son-Hee Lyu, Chia-Huei Tseng, and Zhong-Lin Lu

79. Objecdess Motion: Tue Pedestalled Motion Paradigm 5 73

George Sperling and Zhong-Lin Lu

80. Silencing the Awareness of Change 577

Jordan W. Suchow and George A. Alvarez

81. Tue Kayahara Silhouette Illusion 582

Nikolaus F. Troje

82. Tue Motion Afi:ereffect 586

Frans A.]. Vers traten and Peter]. Bex

83. High Phi and Ghost Phi: Extreme Motion Illusions 592

Mark 1Vexler

84. Stereokinetic Phenomena

Mario Zanforlin

597

85. Motion Illusions in Stade Patterns 601

Johannes M Zanker

Part V: Faces 86. Tue Venus Effect 609

Marco Bertamini and Richard Latto

Contents

87. Tue Hollow-Mask Illusion and Variations 614

Thomas V. Papathomas

88. Tue Illusion of Sex 620

Richard Russell

89. Tue Bogart Effect 624

Sharon Gilad-Gutnick, Rohan Vtz.rma, and PawanSinha

90. Tue Presidential Illusion 628

Sharon Gilad-Gutnick and Pawan Sinha

91. About Face: Tue Margaret Thatcher Illusion 633

Peter Thompson

92. Tue Mona Lisa Gaze Effect 639

Dejan Todorovic

93. Tue Wobbling Face Illusion 648

Sayako Ueda and Akiyoshi Kitaoka

94. Adaptation Afi:ereffects in the Perception ofFaces 655

Michael A. 1Vebster

Part VI: Grouping and O rganization 95. Ambiguous Figures Moving Forward 663

Lori]. Bernstein

96. Tue Scramble Illusion: Texture Metamers 668

Charles Chubb, Joseph Darcy, Michael S. Landy, John Econopouly,Jong-Ho Nam, Dan Bindman, and George Sperling

97. Amodally Completed Angles 673

"Walter Gerbino

98. Subjective Contours 679

Barbara Gillam

99. Tue Ternus Effect 685

Elisabeth Hein

100. Two Sinusoids: 6 - l Perceptions

Jan Kremldcek

101. Tue Illusions of Numerosity 696

Riccardo Luccio

692

102. TheAperture Capture Illusion 700

Evan M. Palmer and Philip J Kellman

Part VII: Attention 103. Motion-Induced Blindness 709

Yoram Bonneh

104. lnattentional Blindness and the Illusion of Attention 715

Daniel J Simons

Part VIII: Binocular Vision/Stereopsis 105. Binocular Rivalry: The Illusion of

Disappearance 721

Randolph Blake

106. Stereo Rotation Standstill and Related Illusions 726

Max R. Dürste/er and Erika N Lorincz

107. Tue Graph-Paper Effect: A Moving, lllusory, Stereoscopic Texture 733

Mark Georgeson

Part IX: Adaptation 108. Adaptation to Brightness Change, Comours,

Jogging, and Apparent Motion 7 45

Stuart Anstis

Contents

109. The Color Dove Illusion: Chromatic Pilling-In Effect Following a Spatial-Temporal Edge 752

Yuval Barkan and Hedva Spitzer

110. Blur Adaptation and Induction 756

Michael A. Webster

Part X: Conßicting Scale or Other Information 111. Hybrid Image Illusion 7 63

Aude Oliva and Philippe G. Schyns

112. Contrast Asynchronies 767

Arthur G. Shapiro

113. Hidden Images 774

Nicholas J Wade

Part XI: Multisensory 114. The Three-Dimensional Necker Cube 783

Nicola Bruno

115. The McGurk Effect and the Primacy of Multisensory Perception 787

James W. Dias, Theresa C. Cook, and Lawrence D. Rosenblum

Index 793

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