CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Performance Network

Course Lecturer Asst.Prof.Dr. Mehmet TOYCAN

(Group Project)

CIU – 2015

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 4G WIRELESS MOBILE

NETWORKS (LTE)

Afria Hasballaha, Kamal Tawer

b, Chairil Akbar

c

a 20141139 afria.hasna@gmail.com Management Information Systems, Cyprus International University

b20132397 kamal1978_ad@yahoo.com Information Systems Engineering, Cyprus International University

c20141143 ireel.jr@gmail.com Management Information Systems, Cyprus International University

Abstract

Long Term Evolution, commonly known as 4G LTE is a wireless communication standard

with high-speed data access to mobile phone and data terminal. LTE was developed by 3GPP

(3rd Generation Partnership Project) with basic WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA.

UMTS LTE is not a substitute but as an update of the 3G UMTS technology increasingly fast

data delivery, both for uploading and downloading. LTE uses the concept of MIMO

(Multiple Input Multiple Output) which allows the antenna to pass large data after previously

broken and shipped separately. The highest data rate is 75 Mbps on the uplink and 300 Mbps

on the downlink.

1. Introduction

Telecommunications equipment today is not only to communicate with the sound, but it has

become a data communication, image and video multimedia communication form.

Multimedia communication has been commonplace, and this is possible because it has been

the convergence of multiple services such as voice, data, images and video. Many

applications of telecommunications services enjoyed by the user as a result of this

convergence.

Long Term Evolution, known as 4G LTE is a standard for wireless communications with

high-speed data access to mobile phone and data terminal. LTE was developed by 3GPP (3rd

Generation Partnership Project) with basic WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA. LTE is

not a replacement of UMTS but rather as an update of the 3G UMTS technology where the

faster data rate, both for uploading and downloading. The LTE standard was first published in

March of 2009 as part of the 3GPP release-8 specifications[1]. The world’s first publicly

available LTEservice was opened by TeliaSonera in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm

and Oslo on December 14, 2009[2]. The objective of LTE was to develop a framework for

the evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology towards a high-data-rate, low-latency and

packet optimized radio-access technology[3].

2. Architecture Network Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The overall 3GPP network architecture has been also undergoing an evolution, termed

System Architecture Overview (SAE), including both the radio access network LTE and the

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. The LTE and the EPC together are called the Evolved

Packet System (EPS), where both the core network and the radio access are fully packet-

switched[4]. LTE network architecture is designed for the purpose of supporting traffic

packet switching with high mobility, quality of service (QOS), and small latency. This packet

switching approach allows all services including voice services using packet connection.

Therefore, the LTE network architecture is designed as simple as possible, which only

consists of two nodes, namely eNodeB and mobility management entity / gateway (MME /

GW). This is very different from the architecture of GSM and UMTS technologies that have

a more complex structure with the radio network controller (RNC). Some of the advantages

that can be obtained with only the presence of a single node in the access network is a

reduction in latency and load distribution process for several eNodeB RNC. Elimination of

the RNC in the access network allows for LTE does not support soft handover.

architecture for Long Term Evolution can be seen as follows:

User Equipment (UE)

UE device contained on the end user that is used to communicate, a device that can be

grasped as a smart phone or a data card as used in 2G and 3G, or which can be saved as a

laptop.

eNodeB

LTE access network consists of a single element, namely the eNodeB. An eNodeB is

located at each site location to enable the communications between the User Equipment

(UE) and the network[5]. eNodeB (ENB) is an interface to the UE (User Equipment).

eNodeB serves to Radio Resurce Management (RRM) and a transceiver. As RRM,

eNodeB function is to control and supervise the delivery of signals carried by radio

signals, plays a role in controlling the authentication or reliability of the data will pass

through eNodeB, and to set the scheduling.

Serving Gateway (SGW)

SGW is composed of two parts, namely 3GPP SAE Anchor and Anchor. 3GPP Anchor

serves as a gateway packet data derived from the 3GPP network, while the SAE Anchor

serves as a non-3GPP network gateway. SGW routing and forwarding packets datauser,

while also functioning as a mobility anchor when handover between LTE eNodeB and to

connect with other existing networks.

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

MME can be analogous to the MSC in the GSM network. MME is a node-primary control

on LTE access network. He is responsible for the paging procedure for EU idlemode

including retransmissions. MME is also responsible in the process of activation /

deactivation and user authentication (with the help of HSS). The MME is selected based

on the network topology, the eNB trying to select the MME that minimizes the

probability of doing handovers and that provides load balancing with other MMEs[6], or

choose SGSN to handover the access network 2G / 3G.

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

HSS is a primary database that is on the LTE network, authenticates subscribers, provides

mobility management, and provides call and session establishment support[7]. HSS is a

super HLR which combines the functions of a database HLR and AuC as authentication.

HSS saves a copy of the master customer profile, which contains enough information

about the services to users, including information about in allowing PDN connection, as

well as allow or not to roaming to a particular network . HSS connect with each MME on

all networks, which allowed the EU can to move. At each UE, the MME HSS record at a

time, and immediately report the new MME serving the UE, the HSS will cancel the

location of the previous MME.

For simplification of the network architecture and implementation of a radio network, core

network and interface, LTE uses IP network architecture so that the wireless industry can

operate like the fixed-line network.

LTE network architecture similar to GSM and UMTS technology in which the network is

divided into two, namely the radio network and the core network. However, the number of

parts is reduced to a simplification of logical network architecture as a whole and reduce the

cost and latency in the data jaringan.Transmisi LTE network and is controlled by the control

system is controlled by the eNode-B.

3. LTE Technology

LTE aims to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using the latest digital

signal processing techniques and modulation techniques, then redesign and simplify into an

IP-based network architecture to reduce the transfer latency of 3G architecture. LTE wireless

interface is compatible with 2G and 3G networks, so it should be operated on a separate

wireless spectrum.

The technology used is the LTE OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

on the downlink. OFDMA is a transmission technique with some frequency (multicarrier)

perpendicular (orthogonal). Orthogonal multiple access was a reasonable choice for

achieving good system-level throughput performance in packet-domain services with simple

single-user detection[8]. As for the uplink, LTE SC-FDMA used (Single Carrier Frequency

Division Multiple Access). SC-FDMA and OFDMA has a lot in common. SC-FDMA uplink

been on hand since the value of PAPR (Peak Average Power Ratio) which is smaller than

OFDMA. High PAPR reduces the RF (Radio Frequency) power amplifier efficiency[9]. For

antennas, LTE uses the concept of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna that can

send large data after previously broken and shipped separately. The highest data rate is 75

Mbps uplink and 300 Mbps on the downlink. MIMO requires a multipath environment

between transmit and receive antennas in combination with a high signal-to-noise ratio[10].

MIMO is one of the most important means to achieve the high data rate objectives for LTE is

multiple antenna transmission[11].

LTE modulation techniques to transmit data over a lot of the radio spectrum that the

magnitude of each 180 kHz. The data stream is broken down into a slower stream and

transmitted simultaneously, so that multipath effects can be minimized. LTE transmission

channel is enlarged by adding radio spectrum operators without changing its parameters. LTE

should be able to adapt to the amount of bandwidth available to accelerate the overall

transmission.

LTE or E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network) which was introduced in

3GPP R8 is part of Evolved Packed Access System (EPS). It is very important for the new

access network is a high spectral efficiency, speed data rate, short transmission flexible in

frequency and bandwidth. LTE access network is a network base station which developed

into NodeB (ENB) to produce flat architecture. There is no centralized intelligent controller,

and eNBs interconnected via the X2-interface and is connected to the core network via the

S1-interface. Reason deployment of intelligent controllers between base stations in the LTE

is accelerating the connection set-up and reduce the time for handover as a connection set-up

session data in real time is crucial, especially in on-line games, where the end-user will end

the call if the handover is too long time. In the downlink direction, eNode-B in charge of

sending the data from the network to the user through the air. For information, the car must

submit a request to the eNode-B.

4. Quality of Service

As QoS are considered on the two different categories based on their traffic priorities:

Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR)

Non‐Guaranteed Bit Rate (NGBR)

GBR allows multimedia services such as VoIP, Video, and gaming: delay cannot be

neglected. NGBR doesn’t require guarantee bit rate to serve best effort services like FTP,

HTTP [12].

wide range of traffic scenarios are shown in the table. The traffic-traffic have different traffic

categories, among others: trafik real-time, best effort, interactive, streaming and interactive

real-time.

The types of traffic on LTE models

Application Traffic Category Percentage of Users

VoIP Real-time 30%

FTP Best Effort 10%

Web Browsing/HTTP Interactive 20%

Video Streaming 20%

Gaming Interactive real-time 20%

With the combination and speed downlink transmission (uplink) are unusually high, a more

flexible and efficient use of spectrum and can reduce packet latency, Long Term Evolution

promises an increase in mobile broadband services and adding new value-added services that

are very interesting. Huge usability for users include large-scale streaming, download and

share video, music and multimedia content more attractive, while for LTE business services

can provide a very large file transfer with high speed, high-quality video conferencing and

nomadic access secure to the corporate network. The entire service network requires

significant throughput and greater to be able to provide quality of service.

VoIP (Voice over IP)

Chance transition from state 0 (silence or inactive state) to state 1 (talking or active state)

namely α, while the opportunity still in state 0 is (1 - α). Moreover, the chance of transition

from state 1 to state 0 denoted by β, while the possibility remains in state 1 is (1 - β). Speech

encoder frame rate R = 1 / T, where T is the encoder typically 20 ms frame length. Occasion

when the state 0 and state 1 is denoted by P0 and P1 with the equation:

P0 = β/(α + β)…………………..................(4.1)

P1 = α/(α + β)………….……...……………(4.2)

α

β

(1 – α) (1 – β)

Figure 1. Two-state voice activity model

Figure 2. VoIP Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Silence (state 0)

Talking (state 1)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Files are assumed as best effort traffic, FTP is a file transfer sequence of separation by

reading time. Two main parameters of the FTP session is transferred file size S and D.

Examples reading time interval between the last download with the previous file and request

the user to the next file. FTP traffic modeling assumptions described in the downlink

transmission, although the model is expected to be well for the uplink side.

Figure 3. FTP Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Web Browsing/HTTP

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) or Web browsing is divided into active and passive

periods representing the download web page and intermediate reading time. Download web

page referred to as the packet call, active and passive period is a result of human interaction

which call package represents a web user requests for information and understand the needs

of reading time on the fundamental web page. Characteristics of the main parameters in the

web browsing traffic is the main object size SM, size of the object that is displayed is the SE,

the number of objects displayed ND, reading time D and the division of time TP.

Figure 4. HTTP Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Video Streaming

If on each frame of video data arriving at intervals determined by the number of T frames per

second. Each video frame composed in a fixed portion, each transmitted as a single packet.

The package size is modeled as part of the Pareto distribution. First video encoder encoding

delay interval between packets of a frame. This interval is also modeled as part of the Pareto

distribution. Streaming video traffic modeling parameters are shown in Figure 5. In this

model the video source rate is assumed to be 64 kbps.

Figure 5. Video Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Gaming

Modeling gaming traffic can be seen in figure 6. When the package arrives uniformly

distributed between 0 and 40 ms. Initialization time is considered to model the random timing

associated with packet traffic between the client who arrived with the frame boundary uplink

CDMA system 2000. In the LTE system only with a duration of 1 ms sub-frame, the

initialization time to calculate the resource request and scheduling are relative diinignkan

very little. Packages arrive time is deterministic with a package that appears every 40 ms. The

maximum delay time of 160 ms is applied to all uplink packet, the packet is dropped by the

EU for example, if some part of the package is not transmitted at the physical layer, 160 ms

after the entry into the buffer EU, the time delay of packets dropped packets counted in 180

ms. Gaming the user on the mobile network is out of range when the average packet delay is

greater than 60 ms, the average delay time is the average of the delay of all packets, including

the time delay of packets sent and the time delay packets dropped.

Figure 6. Gaming Uplink Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Modeling gaming traffic on the downlink can be seen in Figure 7. The initialization time

packet arrives didisttribusikan uniformly between 0 and 40 ms, the time interval and packet

downlink packet size on the magnitude of modeled using extreme value distribution.

Figure 7. Gaming Downlink Traffic Model Parameters [13]

Packet Loss

Packet loss can occur by a variety of factors, may decrease the signal in the network media,

corrupted packets that can not transit, beyond the network saturation, hadware error on the

network. Some network transport protocols such as TCP provides reliable packet delivery.

Packet Loss =Pt−Pr

𝑃𝑡∗ 100% ..............(4.3)[14]

Pt = Packet Transmitted

Pr = Packet Received

Delay

The time required for a packet to reach the destination, because of the long queues, or take

another route to avoid congestion. Delay the process on the LTE network consists of the

delay encapsulation and decapsulation delay. Encapsulation delay is the time it takes to add

the entire header in a packet. While the delay decapsulation that is the time required to

release the entire header of a packet.

Troughput

Throughput is the amount of data that is received correctly at each time unit. Throughput is

the actual capability of a network in transferring data, usually associated with bandwidth

throughput for throughput it can be referred to as the bandwidth in real conditions. More

bandwidth is fixed while the throughput nature is dynamic depending on the traffic that is

going on.

𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 =𝑁∗𝑆∗8

𝑊 .......................(4.4)[14]

N = Number of delivered packets

S = size of packets

W = Total duration of simulation.

5. Discussion of the Network

Here are simulated using multiple eNodeB and the four EU to look at the performance of

Long Term Evolution networks running on different bandwidth below 10 MHz and higher

running above 20 MHz, the comparison of the time delay downlink, uplink delay and

downlik throughput and uplink throughputh.

we will see in the analysis and designed four simulation scenarios on the same network

topology but in each scenario run on different bandwidth is eNodeB 10 MHz and the eNodeB

20 MHz.

Long Term Evolution Uplink Throughput

Figure 1: Long Term Evolution Uplink throughput for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

In the picture above we can see that the graph shows the uplink throughput at a frequency of

10 MHz bandwidth (blue line) looks bumpy it shows that at a frequency of 10 MHz

bandwidth is not stable and is lower than the red line, while the frequency of 20 MHz

bandwidth (line red) looks wavy red line that indicates that the frequency of 20 MHz

bandwidth in a more stable and higher than the bandwidth at a frequency of 10 MHz.

Long Term Evolution Downlink Throughput

Figure 2: Long Term Evolution Downlink throughput for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

In the graph above shows the same as the previous graph shows that the downlink throughput

for bandwidth that runs at a frequency of 10 MHz (blue line) is clearly visible lower and

visible also wavy lines that indicate the frequency of 10 MHz bandwidth is unstable, whereas

for downlink throuhput for bandwidth with a frequency of 20 MHz higher visible red line

with a blue stripe and red lines look wavy, it shows that the frequency of 20 MHz bandwidth

in a more stable.

Long Term Evolution Traffic Received

Figure 3: Long Term Evolution Traffic Received for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

In the graph above we can see for Traffic Received rate indicates that for the bandwidth that

runs at a frequency of 10 MHz (blue line) is clearly visible and less visible also wavy line that

shows the frequency of 10 MHz bandwidth is unstable, whereas for Traffic Received rate for

a 20 MHz bandwidth with a frequency higher visible red lines with blue lines and red lines

look wavy, it shows that the frequency of 20 MHz bandwidth is more stable.

Long Term Evolution Traffic Sent

Figure 4: Long Term Evolution Traffic Sent for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

As for Traffic Sent In the graph above we can see, the graph shows that for the bandwidth

that runs at a frequency of 10 MHz (blue line) looks at the frequency of 20 MHz and not look

wavy lines that indicate the frequency of 10 MHz bandwidth for Traffic Sent stable , as well

as Traffic Sent to the frequency of 20 MHz bandwidth with visible red line at the blue line

and red line does not look wavy, it shows that the frequency bandwidth of 20 MHz is also

stable.

Long Term Evolution Uplink Delay

Figure 5: Long Term Evolution Uplink Delay for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

For uplink delay in drawing the graph above we can see, the graph shows that for the

bandwidth that runs at a frequency of 10 MHz (blue line) has a time delay which is higher on

average 0.024s, while for uplink delay at the frequency of 20 MHz bandwidth has time delay

is lower on average 0,017s, it shows that the frequency of 20 MHz bandwidth for uplink

better delay performance compared with the frequency of 10 MHz.

Long Term Evolution Downlink Delay

Figure 5: Long Term Evolution Downlink Delay for Different Bandwidths of eNodeB [15]

For downlink delay in drawing the graph above we can see, the graph shows that for the

bandwidth that runs at a frequency of 10 MHz (blue line) has a time delay which is higher on

average 0.008s during data transfer (2m 0s), whereas for the uplink delay at the frequency of

20 MHz bandwidth has lower delay times on average 0,003s during data transfer (2m 0s), it

shows once again that the bandwidth in the frequency of 20 MHz for the downlink delay

better performance compared with the frequency of 10 MHz.

6. Conclusion

In Long Term Evolution, Performance of Analysis better in frequency 20 MHz than in

frequency 10 MHz, wheter that Throughput, delay, download and upload.

In Long Term Evolution, The setting is fully controlled by the eNode-B are also responsible

for the control plane functions. eNodeB is responsible for Radio Resource Management

(RRM), such as controlling the use of the radio interface, for example, the allocation of

resources based on the request, priority, and scheduling of traffic according to the

requirements of Quality of Service (QoS), and constantly monitors the resource usage

conditions. LTE uses IP network architecture to simplify the design and implementation of

LTE interface, radio network and the core network so that the wireless industry can operate

like the fixed-line network. Download rates of higher depending on the category of the device

used.

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