The People Who The People Who Influenced California in Influenced California in

the 1800’sthe 1800’s

The Exploration of The Exploration of CaliforniaCaliforniaJohn C. FremontJohn C. Fremont

Jedediah SmithJedediah Smith

John BidwellJohn Bidwell

John Charles FremontJohn Charles Fremont Traveled from Missouri Traveled from Missouri

to the West.to the West. His lively map reporting His lively map reporting

enticed Americans, enticed Americans, from the east coast, to from the east coast, to travel to Californiatravel to California

Traveled to the Great Traveled to the Great Salt Lake region in Salt Lake region in 18431843

The Mormons were The Mormons were encouraged, by encouraged, by Fremont’s detail, to Fremont’s detail, to travel to Californiatravel to California

John C. FremontJohn C. FremontHighlightsHighlights

Ran for political Ran for political office in 1856.office in 1856.

Fought in the Civil Fought in the Civil War.War.

First Senator from First Senator from CaliforniaCalifornia

Governor of Governor of Arizona,1878-81Arizona,1878-81

Died in New York Died in New York City, July 13, 1890City, July 13, 1890

HARPER'S WEEKLY: JULY 13, HARPER'S WEEKLY: JULY 13, 1861.1861.

View of the Wind River Range. Illustration from View of the Wind River Range. Illustration from Fremont's 1st and 2nd Western Expedition Book Fremont's 1st and 2nd Western Expedition Book

published 1845. published 1845.

1842 and 1843, Eruptions of Mount St. Helens 1842 and 1843, Eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier, and Mount Rainier,

and map detail of the peaks of the Cascade and map detail of the peaks of the Cascade Range Range

(Published in 1845) (Published in 1845)

Fremont in the KlamathFremont in the Klamath

On his journey from California, Fremont and his expedition party were On his journey from California, Fremont and his expedition party were attacked by Indians in Southern Oregon.attacked by Indians in Southern Oregon.

Jedediah SmithJedediah Smith1799-18311799-1831

““I wanted to be I wanted to be the first to view a the first to view a country on which country on which the eyes of a the eyes of a white man had white man had never gazed and never gazed and to follow the to follow the course of rivers course of rivers that run through that run through a new land."a new land."

Jedediah SmithJedediah Smith Traveled to Arizona Traveled to Arizona

through Mojave Desertthrough Mojave Desert 11stst American to travel American to travel

through California and through California and through the southwest.through the southwest.

He also crossed the Great He also crossed the Great Basin of CaliforniaBasin of California

““The heat became so The heat became so unbearable Smith and his unbearable Smith and his men had to bury men had to bury themselves in sand to themselves in sand to keep cool. “keep cool. “

Jedediah Smith’s TravelsJedediah Smith’s Travels

John BidwellJohn Bidwell

Traveled from Traveled from Missouri to Missouri to CaliforniaCalifornia

He fought He fought alongside John C. alongside John C. Fremont in the Fremont in the Mexican WarMexican War

John Bidwell John Bidwell Travels through CaliforniaTravels through California

He seemed considerably He seemed considerably agitated, and reported that agitated, and reported that at the Mission of San José, at the Mission of San José, some fifteen miles this side some fifteen miles this side of the town of San José, all of the town of San José, all the men had been arrested the men had been arrested and put in prison by General and put in prison by General Vallejo, Mexican commander- Vallejo, Mexican commander- in-chief of the military under in-chief of the military under Governor Alvarado, he alone Governor Alvarado, he alone having been sent back to tell having been sent back to tell Marsh and to have him come Marsh and to have him come forthwith to explain why this forthwith to explain why this armed force had invaded the armed force had invaded the country. We reached Marsh’s country. We reached Marsh’s after dark.after dark.

John Bidwell John Bidwell Travels to Fort SutterTravels to Fort Sutter

““We got out of provisions and were about three days without We got out of provisions and were about three days without food. Game was plentiful. but hard to shoot in the rain. food. Game was plentiful. but hard to shoot in the rain. Besides, it was impossible to keep our old flint-lock guns dry, Besides, it was impossible to keep our old flint-lock guns dry, and especially the powder dry in the pans. On the eighth day and especially the powder dry in the pans. On the eighth day we came to Sutter’s settlement; the fort had not then been we came to Sutter’s settlement; the fort had not then been begun. Sutter received us with open arms and in a princely begun. Sutter received us with open arms and in a princely fashion, for he was a man of the most polite address and the fashion, for he was a man of the most polite address and the most courteous manners, a man who could shine in an most courteous manners, a man who could shine in an society. Moreover, our coming was not unexpected to him.society. Moreover, our coming was not unexpected to him. “ “

John Bidwell’s DiaryJohn Bidwell’s Diary

John Bidwell John Bidwell Meets John SutterMeets John Sutter

We got out of provisions and were We got out of provisions and were about three days without food. about three days without food. Game was plentiful. but hard to Game was plentiful. but hard to shoot in the rain. Besides, it was shoot in the rain. Besides, it was impossible to keep our old flint-impossible to keep our old flint-lock guns dry, and especially the lock guns dry, and especially the powder dry in the pans. On the powder dry in the pans. On the eighth day we came to Sutter’s eighth day we came to Sutter’s settlement; the fort had not then settlement; the fort had not then been begun. Sutter received us been begun. Sutter received us with open arms and in a princely with open arms and in a princely fashion, for he was a man of the fashion, for he was a man of the most polite address and the most most polite address and the most courteous manners, a man who courteous manners, a man who could shine in an society. could shine in an society. Moreover, our coming was not Moreover, our coming was not unexpected to him.unexpected to him.

John Bidwell’s DiaryJohn Bidwell’s Diary

James BeckwourthJames Beckwourth 11stst African-American who documented African-American who documented

his travels through Californiahis travels through California Born as a slaveBorn as a slave Lived with Crow IndiansLived with Crow Indians Fought in California RevolutionFought in California Revolution He was a scout for John C. FremontHe was a scout for John C. Fremont In 1850 in the Sierra Nevada, In 1850 in the Sierra Nevada,

Beckwourth found an important and Beckwourth found an important and safer pass that led pioneers and gold safer pass that led pioneers and gold seekers to the fields of California (now seekers to the fields of California (now called "Beckwourth Pass"). called "Beckwourth Pass").

Beckwourth PassBeckwourth Pass

The Gold RushThe Gold RushJohn SutterJohn Sutter

James MarshallJames Marshall

Sam BrannanSam Brannan

John SutterJohn Sutter(1803-1880)(1803-1880)

He was a trader who He was a trader who traveled through the traveled through the Oregon trail, San Oregon trail, San Francisco Bay, Hawaiian Francisco Bay, Hawaiian Island to Sitka, AlaskaIsland to Sitka, Alaska

He established a He established a settlement in Yerba Buena settlement in Yerba Buena (east of San Francisco)(east of San Francisco)

He made his headquarters He made his headquarters along the American River along the American River at junction with at junction with Sacramento RiverSacramento River

Established Fort SutterEstablished Fort Sutter Died a poor manDied a poor man

Fort SutterFort Sutter

It was established in It was established in 1841.1841.

It was trading post for It was trading post for Americans traveling Americans traveling through California.through California.

Also, Sutter created a Also, Sutter created a myriad of myriad of relationships with relationships with immigrants which immigrants which provided political provided political protection when the protection when the Mexican War occured.Mexican War occured.

Fort SutterFort Sutter

With the discovery of gold, Fort Sutter collapsed With the discovery of gold, Fort Sutter collapsed because of the influx of gold rushers and because of the influx of gold rushers and squatters.squatters.

Sutter described it this way: "Everyone left, from Sutter described it this way: "Everyone left, from the clerk to the cook, and I was in great the clerk to the cook, and I was in great distress." distress."

Discovery of Gold“I went in the race and

picked up several pieces of this gold, several of the

laborers gave me some which they had picked up,

and from Marshall I received a part. I told

them that I would get a ring made of this gold as

soon as it could be done in California; and I have had a heavy ring made, with my family’s cost of arms engraved on the outside, and on the inside of the ring is engraved, “The

first gold, discovered in January, 1848.” Sutter’s Diary

James MarshallJames Marshall

He was building a He was building a sawmill for John sawmill for John Sutter.Sutter.

He discovered gold He discovered gold nuggets on January nuggets on January 24, 1848.24, 1848.

Sutter’s SawmillSutter’s Sawmill

James Marshall at Sutter's Sawmill, Coloma, California, 1851

James Marshall discovery of James Marshall discovery of goldgold

I went down as usual, and after I went down as usual, and after shutting off the water from the race I shutting off the water from the race I stepped into it, near the lower end, stepped into it, near the lower end, and there, upon the rock, about six and there, upon the rock, about six inches beneath the surface of the inches beneath the surface of the water, I discovered the gold. I then water, I discovered the gold. I then collected four or five pieces and went collected four or five pieces and went up to Mr. Scott (who was working at up to Mr. Scott (who was working at the carpenter's bench making the the carpenter's bench making the mill wheel) and the pieces in my mill wheel) and the pieces in my hand and said, 'I have found it.'hand and said, 'I have found it.'

'What is it?' inquired Scott.'What is it?' inquired Scott.

'Gold,' I answered.'Gold,' I answered.

'Oh! No,' returned Scott, 'that can't 'Oh! No,' returned Scott, 'that can't be!'be!'

I replied positively, 'I know it to be I replied positively, 'I know it to be nothing else.'" nothing else.'"

Sam BrannanSam Brannan He publicized the He publicized the

discovery of gold discovery of gold Became Became

California’s 1st California’s 1st millionaire by millionaire by selling goods and selling goods and supplies to miners.supplies to miners.

Died poor and Died poor and lonelylonely

“Gold! Gold on the American River!“Sam Brannan yelled in the streets

The Gold RushThe Gold Rush

The Women The Women of theof the 1800’s1800’sMary TapeMary Tape

Louise ClappLouise ClappHelen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson

Bernanda RuizBernanda Ruiz

Louise ClappLouise Clapp

Louise wrote the life and times of living near the gold Louise wrote the life and times of living near the gold mines.mines.

She wrote letters to her sister, Molly, who lived in New She wrote letters to her sister, Molly, who lived in New England.England.

Her letters were published under Dame Shirley in 1854Her letters were published under Dame Shirley in 1854

Dame ShirleyDame Shirley

““Really, everybody Really, everybody ought to go to the ought to go to the mines just to see mines just to see how little it takes how little it takes to make people to make people comfortable in the comfortable in the world.”world.”

By Dame By Dame ShirleyShirley

Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson

She wrote about the She wrote about the unfair treatment of unfair treatment of the Indians at the the Indians at the hands of the hands of the government.government.

Her most famous Her most famous books were books were Ramona Ramona and and AA Century of Century of DishonorDishonor

A quote from A quote from A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor

The history of the The history of the Government connections Government connections with the Indians is a with the Indians is a shameful record of broken shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled treaties and unfulfilled promises. The history of the promises. The history of the border white man's border white man's connection with the Indians connection with the Indians is a sickening record of is a sickening record of murder, outrage, robbery, murder, outrage, robbery, and wrongs committed by and wrongs committed by the former, as the rule, and the former, as the rule, and occasional savage outbreaks occasional savage outbreaks and unspeakably barbarous and unspeakably barbarous deeds of retaliation by the deeds of retaliation by the latter, as the exception.latter, as the exception.

A quote from A quote from A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor

““Cheating, robbing, breaking promises-Cheating, robbing, breaking promises-these three are clearly things which must these three are clearly things which must cease to be done. One more thing, also, and cease to be done. One more thing, also, and that is the refusal of the protection of the that is the refusal of the protection of the law to the Indian's rights of property, "of law to the Indian's rights of property, "of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

Mary TapeMary TapeJoseph and Mary Tape, tried to enroll their 8-year-old Joseph and Mary Tape, tried to enroll their 8-year-old U.S.-born daughter in San Francisco's all-white SpringU.S.-born daughter in San Francisco's all-white Spring

Valley School in September 1884.Valley School in September 1884.

Joseph, Emily, Mamie, Frank & Mary Tape circa 1884–85

California Political Code had been repealed by the state California Political Code had been repealed by the state legislature in April 1880. Section 1662 of the revised Code legislature in April 1880. Section 1662 of the revised Code

read:read: Every school, unless otherwise provided by Every school, unless otherwise provided by

law, must be open for the admission of all law, must be open for the admission of all children between six and twenty-one years of children between six and twenty-one years of age residing in the district; and the board of age residing in the district; and the board of trustees, or city board of education, have trustees, or city board of education, have power to admit adults and children not power to admit adults and children not residing in the district whenever good reason residing in the district whenever good reason exists therefore. Trustees shall have the exists therefore. Trustees shall have the power to exclude children of filthy and vicious power to exclude children of filthy and vicious habits, or children suffering from contagious habits, or children suffering from contagious or infectious diseases. or infectious diseases.

Mary Tape’s Letter to School Mary Tape’s Letter to School Board, 1885Board, 1885

  Dear Sirs: I see that you are going to make Dear Sirs: I see that you are going to make all sorts of excuses to keep my child out off all sorts of excuses to keep my child out off the Public schools. Dear sirs, Will you the Public schools. Dear sirs, Will you please to tell me! Is it a disgrace to be Born please to tell me! Is it a disgrace to be Born a Chinese? Didn’t God make us all!!! What a Chinese? Didn’t God make us all!!! What right have you to bar my children out of the right have you to bar my children out of the schools because she is a Chinese schools because she is a Chinese Descend…. Do you call that a Christian act Descend…. Do you call that a Christian act to compel my little children to go so far to a to compel my little children to go so far to a school that is made in purpose for them. My school that is made in purpose for them. My children don’t dress like the other children don’t dress like the other Chinese…. Her playmates is all Caucasians Chinese…. Her playmates is all Caucasians ever since she could toddle around. If she is ever since she could toddle around. If she is good enough to play with them! Then is she good enough to play with them! Then is she not good enough to be in the same room not good enough to be in the same room and studie with them?… It seems no matter and studie with them?… It seems no matter how a Chinese may live and dress so long how a Chinese may live and dress so long as you know they Chinese. Then they are as you know they Chinese. Then they are hated as one. There is not any right or hated as one. There is not any right or justice for them.justice for them.

1885 Court Ruling1885 Court Ruling On 9 January 1885, On 9 January 1885,

Superior Court Judge Superior Court Judge McGuire decided the McGuire decided the case in favor of the case in favor of the parents, writing, “To parents, writing, “To deny a child, born of deny a child, born of Chinese parents in this Chinese parents in this State, entrance to the State, entrance to the public schools would be public schools would be a violation of the law of a violation of the law of the State and the the State and the Constitution of the Constitution of the United States.”United States.”

School Superintendent Andrew Jackson Moulder School Superintendent Andrew Jackson Moulder lobbied a compliant state legislature to introduce lobbied a compliant state legislature to introduce

Assembly Bill 268, which was passed under an Assembly Bill 268, which was passed under an “urgency provision.”“urgency provision.”

...and also to ...and also to establish separate establish separate schools for children schools for children of Mongolian or of Mongolian or Chinese descent. Chinese descent. When such separate When such separate schools are schools are established Chinese established Chinese or Mongolian or Mongolian children must not children must not be admitted into be admitted into any other schools. any other schools.

Bridget "Biddy" MasonBridget "Biddy" Mason(1818-1891)(1818-1891)

She was born a slaveShe was born a slave Traveled with Robert Smith Traveled with Robert Smith

who was a Mormon and who was a Mormon and moving to Utah territorymoving to Utah territory

She handled his cattleShe handled his cattle Biddy settled in CaliforniaBiddy settled in California She petitioned to be freed.She petitioned to be freed. One of the first women to One of the first women to

own land in Los Angelesown land in Los Angeles Buried in Boyle Heights Buried in Boyle Heights

(Evergreen Cemetery)(Evergreen Cemetery) With the Compromise of With the Compromise of

1850, Mason challenged 1850, Mason challenged her freedomher freedom

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California. would California. would be freebe free

Mexican states Mexican states would be divided would be divided - they decide if - they decide if they want slavesthey want slaves

slave trade slave trade would end in would end in D.C. but not D.C. but not slaveryslavery

California California ConstitutionConstitution

Bernarda Ruiz brokered a peace treaty between Bernarda Ruiz brokered a peace treaty between Pico and FremontPico and Fremont

during the Mexican Warduring the Mexican War

The peace meeting The peace meeting was on January 13, was on January 13, 1847 1847

The peace meeting The peace meeting was at the was at the Cahuenga PassCahuenga Pass

She led a peace She led a peace compromise compromise between Andres between Andres Pico and John C. Pico and John C. Fremont Fremont

Andres Pico

John Charles Fremont

Bennett RileyBennett Riley

He was responsible for He was responsible for creating California’s creating California’s constitution in 1849.constitution in 1849.

The Californians met The Californians met in Monterey from in Monterey from Sept. to Oct. It was Sept. to Oct. It was ratified on Nov. 13, ratified on Nov. 13, 1849.1849.

California was California was admitted to the union admitted to the union in 1850 as the 31in 1850 as the 31stst state.state.

California ConstitutionCalifornia Constitution

Hubert Howe Bancroft, in describing the Hubert Howe Bancroft, in describing the convention, stated: convention, stated:

““Never in the history of the world did a Never in the history of the world did a similar convention come together. They similar convention come together. They were there to form a state out of were there to form a state out of unorganized territory; out of territory only unorganized territory; out of territory only lately wrested from a subjugated people, lately wrested from a subjugated people, who were allowed to assist in framing a who were allowed to assist in framing a constitution in conformity with the political constitution in conformity with the political views of the conquerors."views of the conquerors."

California DelegatesCalifornia Delegates ““June 3, 1849, issued by Bvt. Brigadier-General June 3, 1849, issued by Bvt. Brigadier-General

Bennet Riley, U.S.A., the then Military Governor, Bennet Riley, U.S.A., the then Military Governor, which recommended "the formation of a State which recommended "the formation of a State constitution or a plan for a territorial constitution or a plan for a territorial government." government."

According to this proclamation, the convention According to this proclamation, the convention was to consist of thirty-seven delegates, to be was to consist of thirty-seven delegates, to be chosen as follows: two from San Diego; four from chosen as follows: two from San Diego; four from Los Angeles; two from Santa Barbara; two from Los Angeles; two from Santa Barbara; two from San Luis Obispo; five from Monterey; five from San Luis Obispo; five from Monterey; five from San Jose; five from San Francisco; four from San Jose; five from San Francisco; four from Sonoma; four from Sacramento; and four from Sonoma; four from Sacramento; and four from San Joaquin. “San Joaquin. “

General Riley issued this General Riley issued this proclamation to the People of proclamation to the People of

CaliforniaCalifornia""The people are now called upon to form The people are now called upon to form a government for themselves, and to a government for themselves, and to designate such officers as they desire to designate such officers as they desire to make and execute the laws. That their make and execute the laws. That their choice may be wisely made, and that the choice may be wisely made, and that the government so organized may secure the government so organized may secure the permanent welfare and happiness of the permanent welfare and happiness of the people of the new State, is the sincere people of the new State, is the sincere and earnest wish of the present and earnest wish of the present Executive, who, if the Constitution be Executive, who, if the Constitution be ratified, will, with pleasure, surrender his ratified, will, with pleasure, surrender his powers to whomsoever the people may powers to whomsoever the people may designate as his successor."designate as his successor." ( part of the ( part of the proclamation)proclamation)   

Peter BurnettPeter Burnett

First Civilian First Civilian governor for governor for California in California in 18491849

Mariano Guadalupe VallejoMariano Guadalupe Vallejo He protected the interest He protected the interest

of the Californians of the Californians The Treaty of Guadalupe-The Treaty of Guadalupe-

Hidalgo was supposed to Hidalgo was supposed to protect the rights of the protect the rights of the Californians.Californians.

Vallejo lost much of his Vallejo lost much of his land and power with the land and power with the Gold Rush.Gold Rush.

American Settlers took American Settlers took Vallejo’s landholdings. Vallejo’s landholdings.

Pio PicoPio Pico

Last Mexican Last Mexican Governor of CaliforniaGovernor of California

He served a brief term He served a brief term in 1832 and again in 1832 and again from March 1845 to from March 1845 to July 1846. July 1846.

One of the key events One of the key events during his during his administration was the administration was the finalization of the finalization of the secularization of secularization of California’s missions. California’s missions.

Chinese Immigrants Chinese Immigrants Influenced California’s Influenced California’s

EconomyEconomy

Chinese Influence in the Chinese Influence in the RailroadRailroad

The great curved trestle at Secret Town was the largest structure of its type on the railroad. In this remarkable photograph, which shows the Chinese laborers bringing a never ending supply of dirt from the mountainside, the trestle is being filled in to eliminate the fire hazard and avoid replacement of the aging timbers.

Chinese Working in Chinese Working in CaliforniaCalifornia

In 1851, 3,000 In 1851, 3,000 Chinese arrived in Chinese arrived in California to California to worked the mines.worked the mines.

In 1852, 20,000 In 1852, 20,000 arrived.arrived.

The worked was The worked was primarily in primarily in Calaveras, El Calaveras, El Dorado and Dorado and Amador counties Amador counties

Chinese working the gold Chinese working the gold minesmines

The Chinese and the The Chinese and the RailroadRailroad

In 1865, there was a labor shortage building the In 1865, there was a labor shortage building the Central Pacific railroad.Central Pacific railroad.

There was friction between the Irish immigrants and There was friction between the Irish immigrants and the Chinese immigrants.the Chinese immigrants.

The Chinese proved to be reliable and efficient The Chinese proved to be reliable and efficient workers.workers.

Charles Crocker contracted the Charles Crocker contracted the Chinese to work on the railroadChinese to work on the railroad

Wherever we put them, we found them

good," Crocker recalled, "and they worked themselves

into our favor to such an extent that if we found we were in a hurry for a job of

work, it was better to put Chinese on at

once."

Chinese labor force was Chinese labor force was reliable and efficientreliable and efficient

The Chinese were The Chinese were punctual, willing punctual, willing and well-behaved.and well-behaved.

They were known They were known as “Celestials” for as “Celestials” for their spiritual their spiritual beliefs.beliefs.

The Caucasian The Caucasian counterparts began counterparts began to feel resentment to feel resentment towards the towards the Chinese workers.Chinese workers.

How were the Chinese treated in US in the political?How were the Chinese treated in US in the political?

Who is the woman Who is the woman in the illustration?in the illustration?

Why is the man Why is the man sitting down?sitting down?

What are the men What are the men are doing?are doing?

What words are on What words are on the poster? the poster?

Website used for this power Website used for this power pointpoint

Coloma Valley Historical SocietyColoma Valley Historical Societyhttp://www.coloma.com/gold/http://www.coloma.com/gold/

California State ParksCalifornia State Parkshttp://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23741http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23741

PBS and the WestPBS and the Westhttp://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/

s_z/sutter.htms_z/sutter.htm

Sutter’s Diary” San Francisco MuseumSutter’s Diary” San Francisco Museumhttp://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/grush.htmlhttp://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/grush.html

Fremont BiographyFremont Biographyhttp://historytogo.utah.gov/people/http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/

johncharlesfremont.htmljohncharlesfremont.html

John C. Fremont’s picturesJohn C. Fremont’s pictureshttp://www.museumoflocalhistory.org/http://www.museumoflocalhistory.org/

fremont/gallery.phpfremont/gallery.php

Mary TapeMary Tapehttp://www.berkeleyheritage.com/essays/http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/essays/

tape_family.htmltape_family.html

Caliornia ConstitutionCaliornia Constitutionhttp://www.militarymuseum.org/http://www.militarymuseum.org/

Constitution.htmlConstitution.html

Quotes related to Helen Hunt JacksonQuotes related to Helen Hunt Jacksonhttp://www.nativevillage.org/http://www.nativevillage.org/

Chinese and the railroadChinese and the railroadhttp://www.nps.gov/archive/gosp/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gosp/

research/chinese%26rr.htmresearch/chinese%26rr.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tcrr/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tcrr/peopleevents/p_cprr.htmlpeopleevents/p_cprr.html