the ph scale alkaline acid neutral hydrogen ions make acidic solutions hydroxide ions make...
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The pH scale
Alkaline
Acid
Neutral
•Hydrogen Ions make acidic solutions
•Hydroxide ions make basic/alkaline solutions.
•Bases are substances that can neutralise acids. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides.
•Alkalis are soluble bases
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Neutralisation
• The acid reacts with the alkali to form a salt and water which is a neutral solution. The hydrogen ions in the acid join with the hydroxide ions in the alkali to form a neutral water molecule. The gas in the acid reacts with the metal or ammonium in the alkali to form an ionic salt.
• E.g.
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide -> sodium chloride +water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> NaCl(aq) + H20 (l)
H+ (aq) + OH-
(aq) -> H2O (l)
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Reactions of Salts
Acid + Metal -> a salt + hydrogen
E.g. Sulphuric acid + potassium -> potassium sulphate + hydrogen
This is a displacement reaction
Acid + Base -> a salt + water
E.g. Sulphuric acid + sodium oxide -> sodium sulphate + water
This is a Neutralisation reaction
Acid + Alkali -> a salt + water
E.g. Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide -> potassium sulphate + water
This is a neutralisation reaction
Acid + Carbonate -> a salt + water + carbon dioxide
E.g. Sulphuric acid + copper carbonate -> copper sulphate + water + carbon dioxide
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Naming Salts
Sodium Chloride
type of metal or ammonium in the
base/alkali/metal/carbonate which reacts with the acid
This comes from the acid
Remember
•Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts
•Sulphuric acid makes sulphates
•Nitric acid makes nitrates
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Precipitation Reactions
• This is a reaction where a solid insoluble salt is produced when two soluble salt solutions are mixed together. This type of reaction is important when we want to remove heavy metal ions from polluted water.
• E.g. Lead nitrate + Sodium chloride -> lead chloride + sodium nitrate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) -> PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
• E.g.
Silver nitrate + potassium iodide -> silver iodide + potassium nitrate
AgNO3(aq) + KI2(aq) -> AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)
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Questions1. Name the salt which is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts
with ammonium hydroxide.
2. Which ions make acidic solutions?
3. What is an alkali?
4. Write the balanced symbol equation for sulphuric acid + potassium. Include the state symbols
5. What is produced in a precipitation reaction?
6. What is the equation for a neutralisation reaction?
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Answers
1. Ammonium Chloride
2. Hydrogen Ions
3. A soluble base
4. H2SO4(aq) + K(s) -> KSO4(aq) + H2(g)_
5. An insoluble salt
6. H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O (l)