The Phoenicians and the The Phoenicians and the Lydians along with Lydians along with

JudaismJudaism

CH 2 Section 5 & 6CH 2 Section 5 & 6

Chapter reviewChapter review

Who was Gilgamesh?Who was Gilgamesh? Why was Persian rule effective?Why was Persian rule effective? The Hittites law code contained what The Hittites law code contained what

for minor offences?for minor offences? What is the name of the symbol What is the name of the symbol

based writing?based writing? What was different about the rivers What was different about the rivers

in the Fertile crescent?in the Fertile crescent?

The PhoeniciansThe Phoenicians The people of the western part of the Fertile The people of the western part of the Fertile

crescent did not create large empires, but crescent did not create large empires, but did have great influence over the regiondid have great influence over the region

The area we are talking about is modern day The area we are talking about is modern day Israel, Lebanon, and SyriaIsrael, Lebanon, and Syria

Back then the area was known as PhoeniciaBack then the area was known as Phoenicia It Consisted of a group of city-states each of It Consisted of a group of city-states each of

which was governed by a different kingwhich was governed by a different king The land was not fertile and the The land was not fertile and the

mountainous terrain made it hard to mountainous terrain made it hard to migrate, thus the people started a sea trademigrate, thus the people started a sea trade

The Phoenician empire. Obviously, very coastal and thus based on trade and maritime pursuits.

The Phoenician TradeThe Phoenician Trade The sea ports of Tyre and Sidon became world The sea ports of Tyre and Sidon became world

famous (or at least the known world)famous (or at least the known world) The Phoenicians were skilled sailors that used The Phoenicians were skilled sailors that used

small frail boats by today standards; but might small frail boats by today standards; but might have sailed as far away as Britain have sailed as far away as Britain

They reached their peak as world traders in the They reached their peak as world traders in the centuries after 1000 BC and they established centuries after 1000 BC and they established colonies throughout the Mediterranean colonies throughout the Mediterranean

Their one major export was lumber which was Their one major export was lumber which was used for building but did have other exportsused for building but did have other exports

They invented the art of glassblowing and the They invented the art of glassblowing and the City of Sidon became well known for its glassCity of Sidon became well known for its glass

Trade continuedTrade continued They had a shellfish called murex they They had a shellfish called murex they

used to make a purple dye. Cloth dyed in used to make a purple dye. Cloth dyed in this purple was prized by people this purple was prized by people throughout the worldthroughout the world

This purple was a favorite with royalty and This purple was a favorite with royalty and thus purple became known as royal purplethus purple became known as royal purple

{{This Purple cloth is what they became This Purple cloth is what they became famous forfamous for}}

Phoenician CulturePhoenician Culture They were known for imitating other cultures They were known for imitating other cultures

they came in contact with during tradethey came in contact with during trade Their religion offered people little comfort. They Their religion offered people little comfort. They

believed in an after life but tried to win the favor believed in an after life but tried to win the favor of the gods and would even sacrifice their kidsof the gods and would even sacrifice their kids

This was done very rarely but it was done if they This was done very rarely but it was done if they believed the gods were very angry with thembelieved the gods were very angry with them

{{They developed an alphabet that was adopted They developed an alphabet that was adopted by the Assyrians when they conqueredby the Assyrians when they conquered

This is the alphabet that the modern day This is the alphabet that the modern day alphabet is modeled afteralphabet is modeled after}}

The spread of the Phoenician alphabet is a The spread of the Phoenician alphabet is a good example of Cultural Diffusiongood example of Cultural Diffusion

The Phoenicians used writing in trade to draw The Phoenicians used writing in trade to draw up contracts and record billsup contracts and record bills

The advantage of having these records were The advantage of having these records were seen by all of the people that they traded withseen by all of the people that they traded with

Thus the Phoenician alphabet was spread to Thus the Phoenician alphabet was spread to the other cultures of the Mediterranean who the other cultures of the Mediterranean who in turn spread it to the people they would in turn spread it to the people they would come in contact withcome in contact with

The Greeks improved it by adding symbols for The Greeks improved it by adding symbols for vowels. The Romans adopted it and eventually vowels. The Romans adopted it and eventually developed the alphabet we use todaydeveloped the alphabet we use today

The Phoenician alphabet.

The LydiansThe Lydians In ancient times the Western part of Asia In ancient times the Western part of Asia

was known as called Lydia (modern day was known as called Lydia (modern day Turkey)Turkey)

They did not create a Empire but are known They did not create a Empire but are known as the first to use coined moneyas the first to use coined money

They made small kidney shaped coins made They made small kidney shaped coins made of a silver gold mixtureof a silver gold mixture

The precursor to coins was the barter The precursor to coins was the barter system where you needed to find someone system where you needed to find someone who wanted what you offered who wanted what you offered

BarterBarter is the exchange of one good or is the exchange of one good or service for another; {service for another; {Goods that have value Goods that have value are known as are known as commoditiescommodities}}

Lydians ContinuedLydians Continued In contrast money allowed traders to set In contrast money allowed traders to set

prices for their goods and services prices for their goods and services {{The The Money EconomyMoney Economy that was that was

developed was based on the use of moneydeveloped was based on the use of money as a measure of value and unit of as a measure of value and unit of account}account}

This was passed on to the Greeks and This was passed on to the Greeks and Persians who in turn passed it on to the Persians who in turn passed it on to the people they came in contact with in other people they came in contact with in other parts of the worldparts of the world

The Origins of The Origins of JudaismJudaism

Section 6Section 6

The Hebrews The Hebrews South of Phoenicia was the land known as South of Phoenicia was the land known as

Canaan which was inhabited by a series of Canaan which was inhabited by a series of peoplepeople

At times the Assyrians, Babylonians, At times the Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, dominated the Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, dominated the regionregion

One group that lived here were the Hebrews One group that lived here were the Hebrews ancestors of the modern Jewsancestors of the modern Jews

According to the bible the Abraham (founder According to the bible the Abraham (founder of the Hebrews) once lived in Sumerof the Hebrews) once lived in Sumer

Modern Jews trace their heritage through Modern Jews trace their heritage through Jacob, Abrahams grandson. His 12 children Jacob, Abrahams grandson. His 12 children established the established the Twelve tribes of IsraelTwelve tribes of Israel

The ExodusThe Exodus

The Decedents of Abraham left Canaan and The Decedents of Abraham left Canaan and traveled into Egypt probably to escape faminetraveled into Egypt probably to escape famine

They lived in Egypt peacefully for some time They lived in Egypt peacefully for some time but at some point fell from favorbut at some point fell from favor

Some believe they entered as slaves of the Some believe they entered as slaves of the Hyksos when they invaded EgyptHyksos when they invaded Egypt

After the Hyksos were driven out the Hebrews After the Hyksos were driven out the Hebrews became slaves of the Egyptians for 400 yearsbecame slaves of the Egyptians for 400 years

{{They were led out of slavery by Moses where They were led out of slavery by Moses where they fled into the desert and wandered in the they fled into the desert and wandered in the wilderness this is known as the Exoduswilderness this is known as the Exodus}}

A map of the traditional route of the ‘Exodus’ from Egypt.

The ten commandmentsThe ten commandments During this time of wandering Moses During this time of wandering Moses

claimed to the top of Mt. Sinai claimed to the top of Mt. Sinai He returned with the Ten Commandments, He returned with the Ten Commandments,

or laws of the Hebrew god Yahweh, given or laws of the Hebrew god Yahweh, given to Moses by god himselfto Moses by god himself

The first four establish the relationship The first four establish the relationship between the people and Yahwehbetween the people and Yahweh

The rest deals with self-restraint and The rest deals with self-restraint and underscore the importance of family underscore the importance of family

The Hebrews entered into a covenant, or The Hebrews entered into a covenant, or solemn agreement, with Yahwehsolemn agreement, with Yahweh

Continued…Continued…

Moses announced that Canaan was the Moses announced that Canaan was the land promised to his ancestorsland promised to his ancestors

He also announced he was sent to found a He also announced he was sent to found a holy nation for Yahweh holy nation for Yahweh

They wandered the desert for many years They wandered the desert for many years until they came to the land of Canaan and until they came to the land of Canaan and expected to find the promised land expected to find the promised land “flowing with milk and honey”“flowing with milk and honey”

It was not It was not

The Founding of IsraelThe Founding of Israel The Hebrews remained a lose confederation The Hebrews remained a lose confederation

of tribes maintaining a strong central shrine of tribes maintaining a strong central shrine for the for the ark of the covenantark of the covenant containing containing the ten commandments the ten commandments

Leaders of these tribes called Judges Leaders of these tribes called Judges enforced these laws and settled disputes enforced these laws and settled disputes between the tribesbetween the tribes

They also listened to prophets that came They also listened to prophets that came from time to time to warn that the people from time to time to warn that the people were incurring gods wrathwere incurring gods wrath

The Hebrews fought the Canaanites and the The Hebrews fought the Canaanites and the Philistines over the land north of the Sinai Philistines over the land north of the Sinai PeninsulaPeninsula

Continued…Continued… The Hebrews fought over this land for the The Hebrews fought over this land for the

next 200 years conquering the Canaanites next 200 years conquering the Canaanites firstfirst

The Philistines were eventually driven to The Philistines were eventually driven to the coast but never conqueredthe coast but never conquered

The 12 Tribes of IsraelThe 12 Tribes of Israel As nomads the Hebrews had divided As nomads the Hebrews had divided

themselves into 12 different tribesthemselves into 12 different tribes {{These tribes had been united during their These tribes had been united during their

years of fighting by years of fighting by SaulSaul who was the first who was the first king of the united Israelking of the united Israel}}

SaulSaul was Succeeded by was Succeeded by David David who who occupied the city of Jerusalem and made it occupied the city of Jerusalem and made it their capitaltheir capital

Under Under David'sDavid's son son Solomon Solomon Israel reached Israel reached the height of its power and wealththe height of its power and wealth

Solomon used the money gained to build a Solomon used the money gained to build a magnificent temple to God. The temple magnificent temple to God. The temple became the center of religious life in Israel became the center of religious life in Israel

Solomon’s DeathSolomon’s Death Following Solomon’s death the Israelite Following Solomon’s death the Israelite

nation was split due to fights for political nation was split due to fights for political power leading the kingdom to split in two.power leading the kingdom to split in two.

These two kingdoms lacked the strength These two kingdoms lacked the strength to withstand the attacks from outsidersto withstand the attacks from outsiders

In 722 BC the Assyrians came in and In 722 BC the Assyrians came in and conquered Israel, later the Chaldeans conquered Israel, later the Chaldeans conquered Judah and destroyed Solomon's conquered Judah and destroyed Solomon's templetemple

Later when the Persians came in they Later when the Persians came in they allowed the Hebrews to return to their allowed the Hebrews to return to their homeland and rebuild the great templehomeland and rebuild the great temple

Solomon's TempleSolomon's Temple

The Development of JudaismThe Development of Judaism The Hebrew scriptures tell of the creation of The Hebrew scriptures tell of the creation of

the world and the special mission of the the world and the special mission of the HebrewsHebrews

This is known as the Old Testament in the This is known as the Old Testament in the Christian BibleChristian Bible

The First five books of the old testament are The First five books of the old testament are the the TorahTorah which includes the Ten which includes the Ten Commandments Commandments

It also included Mosaic law which placed a It also included Mosaic law which placed a higher value on human lifehigher value on human life

It demanded kindness toward the poor and It demanded kindness toward the poor and slavesslaves

It stated that all people deserved kindness and It stated that all people deserved kindness and respectrespect

The ReligionThe Religion The Early Hebrews worshiped Yahweh as The Early Hebrews worshiped Yahweh as

the only godthe only god They believed that Yahweh protected They believed that Yahweh protected

them from enemies and provided them them from enemies and provided them with food and waterwith food and water

If you sinned against him you would be If you sinned against him you would be punished along with your children and punished along with your children and future generationsfuture generations

There for you have a god you should fear There for you have a god you should fear which should explain the Old Testament. which should explain the Old Testament. (the stories of the Flood, the seven (the stories of the Flood, the seven plagues, fire and brimstone)plagues, fire and brimstone)

YahwehYahweh

Change in understandingChange in understanding People came to believe that you had a People came to believe that you had a

choice between good and evil which you choice between good and evil which you were held responsible for were held responsible for

The good news for is that you had the The good news for is that you had the freedom to chosefreedom to chose

The Hebrews came to think of {The Hebrews came to think of {Yahweh as Yahweh as a god who lived in your heart, you served a god who lived in your heart, you served him out of love not fearhim out of love not fear}}

He was a spiritual force. Not a human like He was a spiritual force. Not a human like god with human attributes like the Roman god with human attributes like the Roman or Greek godsor Greek gods

Continued…Continued… {{The Hebrew religion was monotheistic or The Hebrew religion was monotheistic or

based on the belief in one godbased on the belief in one god It emphasized ethics or proper conduct and It emphasized ethics or proper conduct and

is sometimes called is sometimes called ethical monotheismethical monotheism}} The Jewish system of ethics was carried over The Jewish system of ethics was carried over

to the founding of Christianityto the founding of Christianity Many people refer to the these values first Many people refer to the these values first

established by the Hebrews as established by the Hebrews as Judeo-Judeo-Christian ethics Christian ethics

These ideas rank among the Hebrews most These ideas rank among the Hebrews most important contributions to western important contributions to western civilizationcivilization

Section ReviewSection Review This _______cloth is what Phoenicians This _______cloth is what Phoenicians

became famous forbecame famous for What alphabet is the modern day What alphabet is the modern day

alphabet based on?alphabet based on? Goods that have value are known as Goods that have value are known as

____________________ What is the Exodus?What is the Exodus? Who united the 12 tribes of Israel?Who united the 12 tribes of Israel?

Darwin AwardDarwin Award

The Exodus. Really.