the physical world chapter 2. our solar system earth is part of a larger physical system that...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Physical World
Chapter 2
![Page 2: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Our Solar SystemEarth is part of a larger physical system
that contains other planets, moons and stars.
![Page 3: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The PlanetsPlanets – largest objects in the solar systemDwarf planets – small round bodies that
orbit the sun, but have not cleared the area around their orbits of other orbiting bodies.
Terrestrial Planets – have solid, rocky crusts. Ex. Mars, Earth, Venus, Mercury.
Gas Giant Planets – More gaseous and less dense planets. Ex. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
![Page 4: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Asteroids, Comets and MeteoroidsAsteroids – small, irregularly shaped,
planet-like objectsComets – made mostly of icy dust particles
an frozen gases, look like bright balls with long, feathery tails.
Meteoroids – chunks of space debris, chunks of rock and iron.
![Page 5: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Getting to Know EarthEarth’s surface is a complex mix of
landforms and water systems
![Page 6: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Water, land and AirHydrosphere – surface of the earth made
up of water, about 70 percentLithosphere – the earths crust, about 30
percent of the earths surfaceAtmosphere – layer of gases extending
above the planets surface.Biosphere – the part of the earth that
supports life, on or close to the earths surface or in the atmosphere.
![Page 7: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LandformsLandforms – natural features of the earth’s
surface. Continental Shelf – underwater extension of
the coast. Continental shelves slope out from land.
Continental Slope – sharp drop off to the ocean floor
![Page 8: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Earth’s Heights and DepthsHighest Point – Mount Everest – 29,028 ftLowest Point – Mariana Trench – 35,827 ft
below sea level
![Page 9: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. Forces of ChangeThe Earth’s internal and external structure,
including the tectonic plates, is responsible for the creation of the continents, oceans and mountain ranges.
![Page 10: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Layered PlanetCore – hot, solid center of EarthMantle – thick layer of hot dense rock,
middle layer of earthCrust – rocky shell forming the Earth’s
surface
![Page 11: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plate MovementContinental Drift – theory that the
continents were once joined and then slowly drifted apart
Pangaea – SupercontinentPlate Tectonics – scientists theorize that
plates moving slowly around the globe have produced Earth’s largest features
Magma – molten rock
![Page 12: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Internal Forces of ChangePlate Tectonics is responsible for folding,
lifting, bending and breaking parts of the Earth’s surface.
![Page 13: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Colliding and Spreading PlatesMountains are formed in areas where giant
continental plates collide. Subduction – heavier sea plate dives
beneath the lighter continental plate. Accretion – as sea plate slides under
continental plate, debris buildup causes continents to grow outward.
Spreading – sea plates pull apart.
![Page 14: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Folds and FaultsFolds – bends in layers of rock.Faults – cracks in earths surface.Faulting – occurs when earth cannot be
bent any further, crust cracks and breaks into huge blocks.
![Page 15: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EarthquakesEarthquakes are sudden, violent
movements of tectonic plates along a fault line.
![Page 16: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes are mountains formed by lava or
by magma that breaks through the Earth’s crust.
![Page 17: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
External Forces of ChangeExternal forces such as weathering and
erosion also shape the surface of the Earth.
![Page 18: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
WeatheringWeathering – breaks down rocksErosion – wears away the Earths surface
![Page 19: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Glacial ErosionGlaciers – large bodies of ice that move
across the Earth’s surface.Glacial movement changes the landscape.Moraines – large piles of rocks and debris
left behind by glaciersSheet glaciers – flag, broad sheets of ice.
Ex. Greenland and Antarctica. Mountain glaciers – located in high
mountain valleys where the climate is cold.
![Page 20: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Water ErosionWater erosion begins when spring water
and rainwater flow downhill in streams, cutting into the land and wearing away the soil and rock.
Oceans also cause erosion by pounding the coastlines with their waves.
![Page 21: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3. Earth’s Water
![Page 22: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Water CycleThe water cycle is the name given to the
regular movement of water. Earth’s water is constantly moving, from the
oceans, to the air, to the land and back to the oceans.
Evaporation – changing of liquid water into vapor.
Condensation – when warm air cools, it cannot retain all of its water vapor, so the excess water vapor changes into liquid water.
Precipitation – rain, snow or sleet
![Page 23: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Bodies of Salt WaterSalt water covers much of the earth’s
surface.
![Page 24: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
OceansAbout 97 percent of Earth’s water is ocean
waterThis water is salt waterToo salty for drinking, farmingDesalination – turning ocean water into
freshwater
![Page 25: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bodies of FreshwaterAlthough there is a small amount of
freshwater on Earth, it is necessary to sustain life.
![Page 26: The Physical World Chapter 2. Our Solar System Earth is part of a larger physical system that contains other planets, moons and stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697bf711a28abf838c7ddc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lakes, Streams and RiversOnly about 3 percent of Earth’s water is
freshwaterLakes, Streams and Rivers contain less
than 1 percent of Earth’s waterGroundwater – freshwater that lies beneath
the Earth’s surface, comes form rain and melted snow that filter through the soil and from water that seeps into the ground from lakes and rivers.
Aquifer – underground porous rock layer often saturated by very slow flows of water